Communication Models PDF

COMMUNICATION MODELS Linear Model of Communication Interactive Model of Communication Transactional Model of Communication Linear Model of Communication One-way Communication Method Linear Model of Communication In one-way communication, information is transferred from the sender to...

COMMUNICATION MODELS Linear Model of Communication Interactive Model of Communication Transactional Model of Communication Linear Model of Communication One-way Communication Method Linear Model of Communication In one-way communication, information is transferred from the sender to the receiver without any opportunity for the receiver to give feedback to the sender. One-way communication is most often used to give factual information or to persuade or manipulate the receiver to act a certain way. Aristotle’s Model of Communication Aristotle (5 BCE), a teacher of Rhetoric and a founder of an academy that produced good speakers, came up with the first and earliest model of communication. This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication. Speaker plays a very important role in public speaking. To influence or persuade his audience, he must first prepare his speech and analyze the audience before he speaks to them. ✓Oldest communication model Aristotle’s Model of Communication ✓Aristotle said, in order to communicate effectively, we need to consider these 5 elements within any communication event: oThe Speaker: the person delivering the message oThe Speech: the information and how it’s portrayed o The Occasion: the context surrounding the communication oThe Target Audience: who will be receiving the message oThe Effect: the goal of communication Aristotle’s Model of Communication ✓Three core elements which improve communication Ethos: credibility of the speaker and the authority they have in their space Pathos: connects the speaker to the audience through different emotions Logos: logic is important to ensure the message is decoded correctly Aristotle’s Model of Communication EXAMPLE SCENARIO: A politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes from the civilians (audiences) at the time of election (occasion). Lasswell’s Model of Communication Harold Dwight Lasswell ✓This communication model revolves around 5 key elements which are presented as questions the speaker needs to ask. The core components of Lasswell model include: WHO: Who was responsible for sending the message? WHAT: What information needs to be portrayed in the message? Lasswell’s Model of Communication WHICH: Which method/channel does the speaker use for communication? TO WHOM: Who is receiving the message? WHAT EFFECT: What impact is the message intended to have? Lasswell’s Model of Communication Librarian: I can Student: I am help you with looking for books books by Diane Ackerson Communicator: Librarian Communicator: Student Message: Declarative Message: Declarative regarding help regarding request Medium: Face to Face Medium: Face to Face To Whom: Student To Whom: Librarian Effect: Alert for help Effect: Alert to find help  Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver introduced the concept of noise. This model of communication is also known as the Telephone Model for this is based on the experience of using the telephone back in the 1940’s wherein the message was hindered by noise. Therefore, the message received by the listener was not necessarily the message sent by the sender.  Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication This model emphasizes the importance of encoding a message, by turning it into written words, voice, video or visuals. It also highlights the importance recipient of a recipient being able to make sense of the message through decoding. The Shannon – Weaver model of communication contains the following features: The originator of message or the SENDER information source selects desire message. ENCODER The transmitter which converts the message into signals Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or binary data which is compactable to transmit the messages through cables or satellites. For example: In telephone, the voice is converted into wave signals and it transmits through cables.  The reception place of the signal which DECODER converts signals into message, a reverse process of encode Note: The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is comfortable and understandable for receiver. Otherwise, receiver can’t receive the exact message, and it will affect the effective communication between sender and receiver The destination of the message from RECEIVER sender Note: Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feedback to sender. If the message is distracted by noise, it will affect the communication flow between sender and receiver.  The messages are transferred from NOISE encoder to decoder through channel. During this process the messages may be distracted or affected by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder, and crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process which affect the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct message.  Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication The Shannon-Weaver model was originally designed as a linear model with information moving from a sender to a receiver. However, Norbert Wiener added feedback to the model and turned it from linear to cyclical.  Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication The lecturer conducts online classes through the Zoom virtual meeting platform. However, a student cannot hear the lecture properly due to the raining sound and intermittent connection. Berlo’s Model of Communication This model of communication breaks communication down into four steps, with core components included in each of them. Berlo’s model follows the SMCR model S – Source M – Message C – Channel R – Receiver Berlo’s Model of Communication The SOURCE is where the message originates. The person should have communication skills like the ability to read, write, speak, and listen to the right attitude towards the listeners, subject, and oneself. The individual must be knowledgeable about the topic he is communicating and the audience’s familiarity with it. In communicating, the social system must be considered such as the culture of the audience. The sender of the message from where the message originates is referred to as the encoder. Berlo’s Model of Communication Content is the body of the MESSAGE, from beginning to the end like whatever the teacher teaches his students from the beginning up to the end. The speech must be accompanied by elements such as gestures, facial expression or body language so that listeners will not lose interest. Treatment is the way one treats his message. Berlo’s model asserts that a message must be properly structured in order to be conveyed clearly. The code in this model refers to the means through which a message is sent and in what form. It could be the language, gestures, expressions, music, and so on. The code should be correct in the communication. Only when the code is clear, the message will be clear. Berlo’s Model of Communication The C in the SMCR stands for CHANNEL. Channel refers to the five sense organs: hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting. These five senses help human beings to communicate with one another. When the RECEIVER message reaches the receiver, he tries to understand what the sender is trying to convey. This is also called decoding. Berlo’s Model of Communication According to Berlo’s model, the source and the receiver need to have some commonalities in order for communication to be effective. Berlo’s Model of Communication Watching television news The news presenter is the source of the news who disseminates the information. The report is the message, and television is the channel. The audiences are the message receivers who watch the news. Berlo’s Model of Communication  Interactive Model of Communication Two-way Communication Method It is more collaborative than linear frameworks  Interactive Model of Communication Feedback and responses are considered, as well as what a leader or individual says during their initial message.  Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication Introduced by Osgood and Schramm, this model details a circular model of communication, where everyone involved in an interaction is treated equally. The sender and receiver in this model aren’t differentiated, instead, they’re simply defined as two parts of a valuable conversation.  Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication The principles of the model includes: o Communication in circular: Individuals in the communication process are constantly switching between roles of “encoder” and “decoder”.  Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication o Communication should be equal and reciprocal: every party involved in the discussion is equally engaged ad able to share their voice.  Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication o Interpretation is crucial: messages need to be presented in a way that is easy to interpret for both sides of the party to be understood.  Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication The Osgood-Schramm model also suggests that real-time communication can reduce the amount of noise which can disrupt communications. Additionally, it believes ongoing clarification and active listening are crucial for positive conversations.  Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication You haven’t talked to your best friend in a while so you decide to call her. You take turns updating each other on your weekend, what you have planned for Christmas vacation, and how members of your respective families are doing. When you hang up, you promise to chat again soon. Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication Westley and Maclean Model of Communication According to this model, the communication process begins with environmental factors, rather than a sender or source producing information.  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication This framework consist of nine elements: environment, sensory experience, source or sender, object or orientation of the source, receiver, the orientation of the receiver, feedback, gatekeepers, and opinion leaders.  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication This model argues that how we communicate and the things we say are directly influenced by our perspective, background and who we are. Westley and Maclean Model of Communication The way we receive messages can influence how we feel about future interactions with a person.  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication 1. Environment (X) Communication starts with the environment around the speaker. Some stimulus in the environment will motivate the person to create a message and send it out. The culture or society in which you live Where you are when you send the message  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication 2. Sensory Experiences (X) The speaker experiences something in their environment which motivates them to send their message. Watching television Hearing something from a friend  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication 3. Source/Sender (A) The person who sends the message. Social media influencers Newscasters on television/radio A person talking to a friend  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication 4. Object of Orientation of the Source (X ) 2 Subjective beliefs or experiences of the person sending the message.  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication 5. Receiver (B) The receiver is the person who gets the message.  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication 6. Object of Orientation of the Receiver (X ) 3 Subjective beliefs or experiences of the person receiving the message. The receiver will decode a message using their own personal perspectives.  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication 7. Feedback (F) This model sees feedback loops as important for influencing how messages are sent.  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication 8. Gatekeepers (C) Gatekeepers are more common in mass communication than interpersonal communication. Editors of messages before they are passed on to the receiver  Westley and Maclean Model of Communication 9. Opinion Leaders One key person in the mass communication process is an opinion leader. Social media influencers Celebrities who have large following of fans Westley and Maclean Model of Communication Maria is going to a meeting. Thunderstorms and heavy rain start. The roads are all blocked. She will have to convey the message to the people who are conducting the meeting that she will not be reaching on time. Maria inform all others through phone. Westley and Maclean Model of Communication Maria is going to a meeting. Thunderstorms and heavy rain start. The roads are all blocked. She will have to convey the message to the people who are conducting the meeting that she will not be reaching on time. Maria inform all others through phone. Westley and Maclean Model of Communication Maria is going to a meeting. Thunderstorms and heavy rain start. The roads are all blocked. She will have to convey the message to the people who are conducting the meeting that she will not be reaching on time. Maria inform all others through phone.  Transactional Model of Communication Two-way conversations wherein the message becomes more complex as the event (discussion) progresses.  Transactional Model of Communication Transactional models are among the most dynamic modes of communication.  Transactional Model of Communication We don’t just share information through communication, but also form bonds, unlock value and create relationships.  Transactional Model of Communication Communication is a cooperative process whereby two people are responsible for influencing the outcome of the conversation. Barnlund’s Transactional Model o Barnlund’s model of transactional communication explores immediate-feedback (real-time) communication between people. o Both the receiver and sender of the message are responsible for ensuring the conversation leads to the right outcome. o This model suggest noise, which can cause differences in how we perceive things. Barnlund’s Transactional Model Helical Model of Communication The Helical Model of communication was developed by Frank Dance in 1967. He thought of communication similar to helix. Helix is a smooth curve like a spring that goes upwards and downwards. This model presents the concept of time where continuousness of communication process is very important. In helical model, communication is a dynamic process. Communication progresses as an individual gets older and his experience and vocabulary increases. Thank you for Listening!