Models of Communication PDF

ASSH2203 Models of Communication Communication models are a representation of communication systems in different approaches. These are categorized into three types- linear, transactional, and interactional. Linear models are one-way communication and are commo...

ASSH2203 Models of Communication Communication models are a representation of communication systems in different approaches. These are categorized into three types- linear, transactional, and interactional. Linear models are one-way communication and are commonly used for mass communication. The senders send a message, and the receivers only receive it. It also does not require feedback. Transactional models are used for interpersonal communication. Feedback will act as a new message that will start another communication process. Interactional models are like Transactional, but it is commonly used in a wider platform like the internet. However, feedback in this type of communication model can take a long time since it has wider coverage than others. Aristotle’s Model of Communication Aristotle’s model is formed with five (5) elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect. This model focuses on public speaking that aims to persuade the audience. Example: During a meeting, the President orders the Coast Guard to capture, not to kill poachers venturing in local waters. Speaker: the President Speech: about his order regarding poachers Occasion: meeting Audience: members of the Coast Guard Effect: capture the poachers instead of killing them This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication. Berlo’s Model of Communication This model involves several factors in the communication process. 02 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 5  ASSH2203 The communicators or the source and the receiver are influenced by their characteristics demonstrated in their attitudes, communication skills, and knowledge. A fourth factor that influences the communicators is the social system and culture or the sociocultural system. The message comprises the content and the communicators’ treatment and coding of the content. The five senses are the channels of communication or how communication is transmitted. These are seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting. Berlo acknowledges the complexity of the communication process by including the influence of an all-encompassing sociocultural system (Pinzon & Jamandre 2017). Lasswell’s Model of Communication Harold Lasswell (1948) was a leading American political scientist and communications theorist who advanced one of the earliest communication process models. Laswell’s model described the communication process as a linear or one-way process in which communication is transmitted from a sender to a receiver. A verbal transmission model comprised five questions that described one of the earliest views on how communication works. This model underscores the function of communication in society. According to Lasswell (1948), communication in society has three functions: 02 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 5  ASSH2203 Surveillance of the environment – a function of surveillants such as political leaders and health officers designed to alert society to the dangers and opportunities it faces. Correlation of components of society – a function mainly carried out by institutions such as community development workers, educators, and poll-takers designed to gather, coordinate, and integrate into a meaningful form of responses of society toward changes in the environment. Cultural transmission between generations – a function carried out by institutions such as the family, church, school, and community to pass down their values, customs, and traditions to the next generation. Lasswell was concerned with mass communication and propaganda. He believed that communication must perform its key functions to protect, fortify, and enhance a nation’s stability. A country must be responsible for consolidating its strength by controlling the forces that interfere with efficient communication. The elements or formula of the model are explained as follows: Who? – control analysis What? – content analysis In which channel? – media analysis To whom? – audience analysis With what effect? – effect analysis Here is an example to illustrate how the model works. A family serves as the communicator (who) of values (message) through the practice of family rituals such as family dinners and birthday celebrations (channel) with the children, the next generation (to whom) who will preserve and pass on the culture to future generations (effect). The communication cycle continues with the next generation. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication Mathematician Claude Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver (1949) designed a mode, originally for telephone communication. It includes five components – the information source, a transmitter, a receiver, a destination, and noise. 02 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 5  ASSH2203 When we apply Shannon-Weaver’s model to a no-telephone communication situation, the information source is the speaker; the transmitter is the vocal mechanism, and the receiver and destination is the listener. The concept of noise is being added to this model. According to Shannon and Weaver’s model, noise is anything that interferes with or distorts the intended meaning of communication. Noise can be physical, psychological, physiological, or semantic. Physical noises are those distractions in the environment such as seatmates talking, the sound of the air conditioner or electric fan, or the traffic heard from outside the room. Psychological noises are thoughts that run through the communicator’s mind during the interaction that takes his/her attention away from it. For example, psychological noises are disturbances within the communicator’s body. When having a headache or feeling hungry, the communicator may have difficulty focusing on the conversation. Semantic noises are differences in the meaning or interpretation of words or messages. As a result, communicators become distracted or confused. Noise in the communication transaction must be avoided. Schramm’s Model of Communication Wilbur Schramm was a scholar and authority on the mass communication model, which was the interactive model which shows the concept of process and interaction in communication. The source is the speaker who encodes the message. The destination is the receiver, which decodes the message. Schramm’s first model highlights the importance of overlap in the communicators’ field of experience so that communication may occur. The common field of experience illustrates communicators' shared meanings, without which communication is impossible. Conversely, the common field of experience size determines the breadth and depth of communication between communicators. 02 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 5  ASSH2203 Schramm’s second model depicts the dual roles of communicators where they can be both senders or encoders and receivers or decoders. They are also interpreters in the process as they assign meaning to the message. The model also illustrates the circular sequential process in which one person interacts with another, sending feedback to the first person. References: Businesstopia. 2022. Models of Communication - Businesstopia. [online] Available at: [Accessed 15 February 2022]. Pinzon, M. J. L. (2017). Nature and Elements of Communication. In N. K. F. Jamandre (Ed.), Power Speak: Oral Communication in Context (pp. 9–10). essay, ABIVA Publishing House, INC. Kobiruzzaman, A. M. M. (2022, February 11). Models of communication, 3 types of communication models linear. Models of Communication, 3 Types of Communication Models Linear. Retrieved February 18, 2022, from https://newsmoor.com/3-types-of-communication-models-linear-interactive-transactional/ 02 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 5 of 5