Population & Migration Lecture 3 (Sept 23, 2024)

Population & Migration Week of Sept. 23, 2024 https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/55167/earths-city-lights Geog 1200 – Society & Space  Class Outline: 1. Population and Demography 2. Measuring Populations 3. Population Compos...

Population & Migration Week of Sept. 23, 2024 https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/55167/earths-city-lights Geog 1200 – Society & Space  Class Outline: 1. Population and Demography 2. Measuring Populations 3. Population Composition 4. Population Change 5. Health & Population 6. Government & Population 7. Migration 8. Types of Migrants 9. Reasons for Migration 10. Government & Migration Geographers interested in population ask: Where do people live? Why do people live where they do? How and why do populations vary from one place to the next?  Population Population = the sum total of all individuals who live in the same geographical area. Population can be applied to any scale. For example: Continent Country Province City  Size (how big is the population?) Age (how old or young is the population?) Gender (what is the male to female ratio of the Demography population?) Distribution (where is the population located?) Demography = the study Density (where is the population most of the characteristics of a concentrated?) Growth (how fast is a population growing and population. why?) Related socio-economic characteristics (e.g. income)  World Population As of: Sun. Sept. 22, 2024 https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#google_vignette Population Change  Measuring Population As of February 3, 2024: Canada’s Population https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2018005-eng.htm  Measuring Population Canada’s Population Distribution Population distribution = where on the Earth’s surface people live. Dot map = common way to visualize population distribution, where one dot represents a certain number of people, i.e., 1 dot represents 100,000 people  US Population = 345 Million Two out of three people in Canada live within 210 kms of the border.  Countries with the Largest Population 2023 (in millions) In 2022, India overtook China as the country with the largest population in the world, with more than 1.43 billion people. China now has the second-largest population in the world, with just above 1.4 billion inhabitants. https://www.statista.com/statistics/262879/countries-with- the-largest-population/ https://www.axios.com/2022/11/14/global-population-8- billion-data-world-humans-un  Measuring Population Population Density = a measure of total population in relation to total land area. It is the number of people located in a particular territorial unit. total population/land area in square kms Canada’s Population Density in 2021 = 4.35/km2 Canada’s low population density is a function of large expanses of land unsuitable for settlement. 0.02 Nunavut 15.9 27.2 Ontario PEI  Countries with Low Population Densities Mongolia 2.1 Canada 4.4 Australia 3.3 Countries with the Highest Population Densities France 118 United States 37 Macau (China) Bangladesh 21000 1200 Population Density – North America Megalopolis MEGALOPOLIS: Washington D. C. Baltimore Philadelphia New York City Boston New York City Population Density = 10, 194/km2 Mumbai Population Density = 22, 922/km2  Population Composition Population composition= characteristics of the population e.g. age, sex, ethnicity.  Population Pyramid A graph that shows the age and sex composition of a population in a given year. Post-reproductive years Reproductive years Pre-reproductive years What do these pyramids indicate about the populations? Characteristics of populations on the periphery: high growth rates high birth rates high mortality rates low life expectancies What do these pyramids indicate about the populations? Characteristics of populations in the core: low/stable growth rates low birth rates low mortality rates longer life expectancies  Changing Population Factors that account for population growth: natural increase immigration  Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) An indicator of population change that is calculated by subtracting the deaths from the births for the total population over a particular period of time. crude birth rate – crude death rate Crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 in a given year. Crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 in a given year.  Fertility Rate Fertility rates = the average number of births per woman of childbearing years, usually between 15 and 49. Replacement level= the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself; requires an average of 2.1 children per woman  Fertility Rates in Canada Total Fertility rate by geography, Canada, 1981-2011 Canada’s rate of natural increase has fallen below a replacement level of 2.1.  Fertility Rates in Canada, 1921-2016 https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-209-x/2018001/article/54956-eng.htm  Declining Fertility Rates A decline in fertility rate is related to a series of social and economic changes: Increasing number of women in the labor force Higher education levels among women and marrying later in life Family planning Annual Rates of Natural Increase, 2007-2015  Health and Population Dynamics Mortality rate = number of deaths in a year per 1000 people. Infant mortality = the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives; it is usually given in number of deaths per thousand. World Mortality, 2011 World Infant Mortality, 2011 Health and Population Dynamics Life Expectancy = an average that indicates how long a person might be expected to live. World Life Expectancy, 2011 Geographies of Disease  Geographies of Disease Predicted Population for 2035, without and with AIDS, South Africa Geographies of Disease  Population and Government Restrictive population policies are designed to reduce the rate of natural increase. The one-child policy was established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth in China  Population and Government Effects of the One-Child Policy in China Population and Government Expansive population policies are government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth.  Migration Migration is about the movement of people. More than that, migration is when the movement of people results in the permanent re-location of an individual or a group across significant distances. Migration takes place at different scales, from movement between neighborhoods to movement across international borders. This is known as transnational migration. Emigration vs. Immigration  Migration Net migration is the difference between in (immigration) and out (emigration) migration. Total Population increase is the sum of the natural increase and the net migration.  Migrants Migrants are “persons born in a country other than than in which they live” (United Nations).  Migrant Types Temporary Foreign Workers/Guest Workers: those who are permitted to work in another country where they do not have permanent residence have fewer rights and could face the threat of deportation or nonrenewal from future contracts visas restrict them to work for only 1 specified employer and to do only 1 specified type of work Migrant workers in a field.  Migrant Labour and Places of Origin A remittance is money sent back home by migrant workers. The countries receiving the highest levels of remittances are generally low- and middle-income countries, with India, China, the Philippines, and Mexico topping the list. https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2012/04/28/new-rivers-of-gold  Refugees The United Nations’ Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (est. 1951) defines a refugee as: “a person who has well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular group or political Asylum = shelter and protection in opinion” one state for refugees from another state. Regions of Dislocation Average Refugees by Country, 2000-2009  Reasons for Migration Geographers interested in migration ask: Where do people migrate? How do people, places and landscapes change as a result of migration? Why do people migrate? Forced Migration Forced migration is when authority or power is used to force people to move. Migrants from Serbia heading towards the Hungarian border.  Atlantic Slave Trade Volumes and Destinations, 1701-1810  Repatriation Repatriation is when refugees return to their home country. Sundanese refugees boarding a flight from Ethiopia back to their homes in the South Sudan. Voluntary Migration Voluntary migration is when people move based on their own decisions.  Push Factors that Influence Migration Push factors are the conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place. Push factors include: unemployment/work, cost of living, personal safety and security, environmental catastrophes, weather and climate  Political Circumstances A civil war been the northern largely Arab and Muslim population and the southern mostly black African Christian population displaced more than 5 million people in Sudan.  Armed Conflict and War 1990s – Hostilities between Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups in Rwanda led to the exodus of more than 1 million refugees into neighboring countries.  Environmental Conditions 1840s – The movement of hundreds of thousands of Irish citizens to North America was, in part, due to a failed potato crop and an ensuing famine. Environmental Conditions 1995 – The volcanic eruptions of Montserrat triggered migration flows off the small Caribbean island.  Culture and Traditions 1947 - The partition of British India into mainly a Hindu state and Pakistan into a Muslim state influenced the migration of millions.  Pull Factors that Influence Migration Pull factors are the circumstances that attract migrants to certain locations. They are usually positive conditions and perceptions that attract people to new locations. Pull factors include: positive images and expectations of the destinations, kinship connections, opportunity, freedom  Demand for Work Women from the Philippines in child care and domestic work. Chain Migration and Kinship Links As the chain gets established, the fewer barriers there are to migration. Government and Migration  Government and Migration Deportation Migrants who are illegally in a country can be deported. Border wall between US and Mexico. Politics of Immigration  Next Class Human and Environment Relations