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Population and Migration Manon van der Heijden Discover theDiscover world at the Leiden world University at Leiden University Population growth Most important features of cities: 1. Large human population 2. Density of population 3. Services Why did cities grow? Before 1800 migration key factor...

Population and Migration Manon van der Heijden Discover theDiscover world at the Leiden world University at Leiden University Population growth Most important features of cities: 1. Large human population 2. Density of population 3. Services Why did cities grow? Before 1800 migration key factor Beijing 1213-1214 Discover the world at Leiden University How did cities grow? • High mortality • Urban growth promoted by three interlinked factors: 1. Movement from the countryside to the city 2. Agrarian development 3. Growth of long-distance trade > transnational trading networks across Europe, the Middle East and Asia Migration Discover the world at Leiden University Types of migration Three important distinctions in migration history: 1. Forced migration and voluntary migration 2. Temporary and permanent migration 3. Rural-urban migration and interurban migration Alexander the Great, 356-353 BC Discover the world at Leiden University Urban Graveyard effect Premodern towns are characterized by: 1. Death rates exceeded birth rates: • High infant mortality • Epidemics (plague, smallpox) 2. Urban centers could only survive through permanent influx of migration 3. Increase of urban population required twice as many people moving to the city Discover the world at Leiden University Cemetery Milan Problems counting early urban population - No solid information about size - Numbers related to hectares of domestic space Uruk (Mesopotamia - Iraq) c. 3200 BC: 20.000 – 30.000 inhabitants Rural – urban migrations and farmers with urban residence Discover the world at Leiden University Why did people migrate to early cities? Mesopotamia • Rural insecurity (land and water scarcity) • Urban residence expresses membership (and power) of early citystate community • Forced migration: slaves Discover the world at Leiden University Slaves in Mesopotamia: probably war captives Ancient Greece c. 4th- 5th centuries BC • City-states • 60% of the population lived in cities • Farming populations • Athens: c. 40.000 inhabitants • Including many slaves and exslaves Graves: an important source of information Discover the world at Leiden University Roman Italy 4th- 1st centuries BC • Latin colonies: walled urban centers with various functions. • State-sponsored migration and voluntary migration • Urbanization level 20 to 32%: farming population did not live in cities • Imperial Rome: 1 million inhabitants Debate on the factor of migration in Rome! Discover the world at Leiden University Portus project: skeletons and dental material as source for migration patterns China From 2600-2000 BC onwards large cities • City-states • Capital cities with walls and fortifications • Zhenzhou (1600-1046 BC): 100,000 inhabitants? No reliable information about size and level of urbanization • Forced migration of families However, too little reliable data on migration to cities. Discover the world at Leiden University Yancheng, one of the most wellpreserved ancient cities in China South Asia c. 3000 BC • Large urban settlements across India • Little information because of a lack of readable texts • Harappa: ca. 40.000 inhabitants Much is unknown: - No reliable counts of urban settlements - Indus Civilization a state? - Why did the urban centers collapse? Not enough evidence yet Discover the world at Leiden University Indus Valley – ancient cities The importance of migration to cities between 1500 and 1800 Migration remains vital to cities in early modern period Europe 1500-1800 Average level of urbanization: 13% Ca. 30% of urban inhabitants are migrants • Young people, single adults, temporary stay: sojouners Long-term increase of urban population • High rural-urban labour mobility Discover the world at Leiden University China Ming-Qing period (1368-1912) China from 16th century onward • Average level of urbanization 5% • No figures on proportion of migrations (but presumably important) Relative decline of urbanization, though overall population growth Rural migration more important Caused by state-supported expansion and colonization Huge difference between China and Europe! Discover the world at Leiden University Changzhou, ca. 1690 The Urban Migration Pyramid Europe Large majority from the hinterland: • Apprentices, domestic servants, day labourers • Non specialized, low skilled, temporary and seasonal • Many women Top of the pyramid intercity and longer distance: • Artisans, merchants, entrepreneurs • Specialized and skilled • Inter-state migration Discover the world at Leiden University Urban Migration Pyramid China Much less information, but … • Migrants from longer distances • Interregional • Skilled and specialized • Strong native-place lines • Merchants, artisans or officials (= top of the pyramid in Europe) • Low proportion of women Discover the world at Leiden University Regulation of migration in European cities Problems rising from urban migration: • Pressure on public services and poor relief • Tensions among migrants and native born • Overcrowding • Public Order 3 types of regulations: • Limitation overall freedom of movement • Entry restriction • Regulation settlement Important: urban autonomy vs state regulation Discover the world at Leiden University Integration 1500-1800 Urban Citizenship in Europe • Inclusion and exclusion through urban corporations • Marriage as integration mechanism • Less strong family ties Integration in China • Imperial household registration system • Native – place associations • Focus on ancestry: strong family ties Across the world economic prosperity key factor in attracting and regulating migration Discover the world at Leiden University Migration and urbanization patterns after 1800 Estimates urbanization c. 1800 c. 1900 Western Europe Japan Middle East 12-21 30 15 12 20 15 South East Asia 6-7 5-9 Americas Africa 3-7 2-4 10-32 4 Shift between 1800 and 1900: Level of urbanization Western world surpasses the rest of the world Explanation: 1. Industrial and agrarian revolutions 2. Population growth 3. Transport revolution Increasing migration and urbanization Discover the world at Leiden University 18 Different patterns across the world after 1900 Europe • Relatively small cities China • Large cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) • Integration market economy and rural hinterland • Lower levels of urbanization • High level of urbanization • Manufacturing in the countryside • Place of origin and family lines important • State policy: household registration to control Rural migrants have access to urban institutions Discover the world at Leiden University migration Other parts of the world • 1960 2000 North-America 58 77 Latin-America 33 75 14-19 30-42 13 37 Asia Africa Discover the world at Leiden University India • Top largest cities • Low urbanization degree: ca. 30% • Migration pattern: temporary, seasonal • Housing expensive • Poor urban welfare provisioning Discover the world at Leiden University Africa • Low urbanization degree: 37% • Large cities, but not in top largest • Primate cities > pull factor concentration of capital and administration and services (post colonial rule) • Mining towns: pull factor industry • Poor urban welfare provisioning Discover the world at Leiden University Debate on primate cities Major cities have a huge impact on future development Africa, Asia and South-America Benefits: - Development economy > higher productivity - Access to urban labour market - Governments can reach more citizens for infrastructure and services Costs: - Hight density leads to pollution, noise and lack of space - 50-60% of Africa’s population lives in slums - Housing, infrastructure and services fail to keep pace with population growth Discover the world at Leiden University Settlement practices in cities Lucassen (2013), chapter 35: Institutional arrangements the key to understand different practices across time and space • Access to urban service and the degree of exclusion or inclusion (quantity and quality of services and rights offered) • Dependency on ethnic and kin networks • Strength of rural-urban links Full citizens model (= access to services, low dependency on ethnic and kinship ties, weak rural-urban links) explains high levels of permanent migration in Europe Discover the world at Leiden University Conclusion trends in urbanization • Since 1950s rapid growth of urbanization across the world • Huge differences in the size of cities and the spread of urbanization within regions • Huge differences in the temporary and permanent migration Discover the world at Leiden University Next time Economy and the Great Divergence • Link between cities and economy • Link between urban economy and rural hinterland • Differences in economic systems • Great Divergence Literature: chapters 7, 21 and 34 Discover the world at Leiden University