Ch. 3 Outline PDF - AP Human Geography

Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION OUTLINE *indicates information specific to the text and is not in the AP Human Geography course **indicates information is background or foundational to building further underst...

Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION OUTLINE *indicates information specific to the text and is not in the AP Human Geography course **indicates information is background or foundational to building further understanding and development I. Key Issue 1: Where are Migrants Distributed? A. Migration & Geography 1. Definitions a migration—permanent move to a new location b mobility—movement between locations 2 Reasons for migration a economic opportunity b cultural freedom c environmental comfort 3 Migration principles a migration transition—mirrors economic and population changes of the demographic transition B. International & Internal Migration 1. International Migration a voluntary migration b forced migration c migration flows** i. Latin America to North America ii. Asia to Europe iii. Asia to North America 2. Internal Migration a interregional migration b intraregional migration C. Immigration & Emigration 1. Definitions a emigration—migration from a location b immigration—migration to a location c net migration—difference between immigration and emigration 2. Migration flows** a involve two-way connections b Asia, largest number of migrants c U.S. has a higher number of foreign-born residents than any other country d highest in-migration rates are in the petroleum-exporting countries of Southwest Asia e largest flow of migrants from Mexico to the United States 89 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography 3. Migration Patterns in Europe** a About 10 percent of Europe’s population are immigrants b Highest foreign-born population in Luxembourg (41%) c Russia has the largest number of emigrants d Russia has a net in-migration e Large influx of refugees to Europe in recent years 4. Changing U.S. Immigration** a at independence i. Europe, primarily from British Isles ii. Atlantic seaboard, Jamestown, Plymouth iii. Sub-Saharan Africa—imported slaves b Nineteenth-century immigration** i. 1840s–1850s—Ireland and Germany ii. 1870s—Ireland and Germany iii. 1880s—Scandinavia iv. 1905–1914—Southern and Eastern Europe c Recent immigration** i. Latin America ii. Asia iii. Mexico is now the largest country of origin for migrants to the United States II. Key Issue 2: Where do People Migrate within Countries? A. Interregional Migration, United States** 1 1790, hugging the coast 2 1800–1840, crossing the Appalachians 3 1850–1890, rushing to the gold 4 1900–1940, filling in the Great Plains 5 1950–2010, moving South B. Interregional Migration in Other Large Countries** 1 China a primarily rural to urban b immigration restrictions lifted by government 2 Brazil a encourage movement to interior through the building of Brasilia b net out-migration from coastal cities 3 Canada a Alberta largest in-migration b Quebec-largest out-migration 90 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes 4 Russia a population clustered in the western European part b resources in the east c Soviets used forced migration to exploit resources d now, net in-migration to cities in the west near Europe C. Intraregional Migration 1 Rural to Urban a began with the Industrial Revolution b migrants seek employment opportunities in cities c also evident in developing countries 2 Urban to suburban a developed countries b attracted to suburban lifestyle with single family homes, etc. c development may impinge on urban lands 3 Urban to rural a developed countries b counterurbanization—net migration from urban to rural areas c facilitated by communication technologies III. Key Issue 3: Why do People Migrate? A. Ravenstein’s Principles 1 Most people migrate for economic reasons 2 Political and environmental reasons also induce migration, although not as frequently as economic reasons B. Definitions 1 Push factor—factor that induces people to leave the old location 2 Pull factor—factor that attracts people to a new location 3 Intervening obstacles—an environmental or cultural feature that inhibits migration C. Forced Migration of Native Americans 1 Trail of Tears D. Forced Political Migration 1 Refugee a 25.4 million (2017) b largest numbers from Afghanistan, Syria, Myanmar, South Sudan (2017) c tend to migrate to neighboring countries 2 Internally displaced persons (IDPs)—40 million (2017) 3 Asylum seekers—3.1 million (2017) 91 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography E. Environmental Reasons for Migrating 1 Push Factor: Katrina Flooding a New Orleans located on a floodplain b most migrants were African Americans c population levels have yet to reach pre-migration levels 2 Push Factor: hurricanes Harvey & Maria 3 Pull Factor: Attractive environments a mountains and highlands b warm winters c coastal environments F. Economic Reasons for Migrating 1 Developing Countries a South and East Asia—largest source region for employment-seeking migrants b Southwest Asia i oil producing countries major destinations for other Asians ii immigrants are 84% of population of the United Arab Emirates 2 Developed Countries 3 U.S. and Canada leading destinations for economic migrants 4 Remittances a migrants working in another country transfer monies to people in the country from which they emigrated. b most remittances sent to India G. Gender & Age of Migrants*/** 1 Ravenstein’s theory a most long-distance migrants are male b most long-distance migrants were adult individuals rather than families with children 2 Age of Migrants (patterns in the U.S.) a for the most part, Ravenstein’s theory hold true b most immigrants are young adults (between 20 and 39) c immigrants from developing countries are more likely to be elderly, than children d number of unaccompanied minors has increased 3 Gender of Migrants a true for migration to the U.S. in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth centuries b Female migrants to the U.S. began to outnumber male migrants around 1970 c in developing countries female migrants to developing countries has increased i high percentage of women working in developed countries attracts female immigrants ii wives may be joining husbands who had already migrated 92 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes IV. Key Issue 4: Why do Migrants Face Challenges? A. Government Immigration Policies** 1 Maintain the current level of immigration, 120 countries 2 Increase the level of immigration, 24 countries 3 Reduce immigration, 25 countries 4 No formal policy B. Unauthorized Immigration* 1 Definition—migrants who enter a country without proper documents 2 Characteristics of U.S. undocumented immigrants a source country—most from Mexico, other Latin American countries b destination—California and Texas c children—1 million of 11 million unauthorized migrants d years in United States—residency in U.S. increasing, most at least 10 years e labor force, 8 million employed, likely to work in construction, hospitality jobs C. Quotas** 1 Definition—establishes the maximum number of people who can migrate into a country 2 U.S. Quota Acts* a 1921 i 3 percent of residents from that country already living in the U.S. ii favored migrants from Northern and Western Europe b 1924 i based on 1910 census ii 2 percent of the number from that country already in the U.S. c 1965—country quotas replaced with hemisphere quotas d 1978—global quota set e 1990—global quota increased 3 Skill and Family-based Migration* a current preferences for applicants i family reunification, ¾ of migrants ii skilled workers iii diversity lottery for people from countries with few historical immigrants to the U.S. b quotas do not apply to refugees c brain drain—sending countries negatively affected by emigration of their highly educated and skilled people D. U.S. Mexico Border Issues* 1 Border issues* a border security b workplace c civil rights d local initiatives 2 Diverse Border Crossings* a 67 border crossings between the U.S. and Mexico b urban areas San Diego, CA; Brownsville, TX c pedestrian only crossings 93 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography d sparsely inhabited areas E. European Immigration Issues 1 Guest workers** a policy of the 1960s and 1970s workers admitted temporarily to fill employment needs b expected workers would return home (circular migration) c these programs no longer exist d guest workers and families remained in host country 2 Attitudes toward immigrants* a plank of some political parties b immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment, etc. c friction between different cultural customs and those of the host country d religious conflict between Muslim immigrants and predominantly Christian Europe 94 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.