Pharmacy Lecture 3-Fall 2024-2025 PDF

Pharmacy Bachelor of Pharmacy – PharmD program Fall 2024-2025 Pharmacy Orientation (PIP 111) Lecture 3: History of Pharmacy Associate Professor : Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Learning outcomes After finishing this lecture, y...

Pharmacy Bachelor of Pharmacy – PharmD program Fall 2024-2025 Pharmacy Orientation (PIP 111) Lecture 3: History of Pharmacy Associate Professor : Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Learning outcomes After finishing this lecture, you will acquire the following: 1. Understand the development of the profession of pharmacy in different historical periods. 2. Identify some of the plants used in historical periods to treat some diseases. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  The development of the profession of pharmacy in different historical periods AD: stands for “Anno Domini”, Latin for “in the year of the Lord” ‫ميالديا‬, while BC stands for “Before Christ” ‫ قبل الميالد‬.  CE (Common era) = AD ‫ميالديا‬ Note: Millennium = 1000 years Decade: a period of ten years Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby Pre-historic pharmacy: ▪ Pharmacy is as old as human civilization. ▪ Early man used plants as drugs around 50,000 BC. ▪ Knowledge of the healing properties of certain natural substances was known by trial and error. ▪ The world's first recorded prescriptions were etched on a clay tablet in a region in Iraq around 2100 B.C. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬  Antiquity means the period between about 4,500 BC (the beginnings of Western civilization) and about 450 CE (the beginning of the Middle Ages). ▪ Pharmacy is recognized as a part of medical practice since Sumerian times, around 2,000 to 1,500 BC. (Sumer was a region in Iraq) ▪ The earliest historical record for the preparation of drugs comes from Babylonia, 2600 BC. ▪ Some practitioners of healing of this era were priest, pharmacist, and physician, all in one. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ For Babylonians, medical care was provided by two classes of practitioners: The Asipu who relied more on spells and used magical stones far more than plant materials. The Asu that used large collection of drugs and made them into several dosage forms such as suppositories, pills, and ointments. ▪ The asipu and Asu were not in direct competition and sometimes cooperated on difficult cases. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ Among the used drug substances in this era: oils of cedar, Liquorice, and honey. ▪ Oil of cedar also called cedarwood oil can protect the body against harmful bacteria, facilitate wound-healing, and soothe cough. ▪ Liquorice was used against diseases of the upper respiratory tract. ▪ Honey was utilized for its antibacterial properties, honey can heal infected wounds. Oil of Cedar Liquorice Honey Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ Imhotep, was a physician and chief minister to King Djoser, who designed the Step Pyramid at Ṣaqqārah. ▪ Imhotep was regarded as the Egyptian God of Medicine and identified with the Greek God Asclepius. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ The Egyptian medical texts show a close connection between supernatural and empirical healing. E.g. Suggested recipes usually began with a prayer. ▪ Laxatives and enemas were the most prominent as healing power. ▪ There is a huge number of Egyptian documents from the time of the Pharaohs including topics related to pharmacy and pharmaceutical preparations. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ The papyrus is medical prescriptions written in hieratic Egyptian writing, concentrating on treatments for different problems of the urinary system, blood, hair, and bites. ▪ Note: Hieratic was a simplified form of hieroglyphics used by the ancient Egyptians for business purposes, as well as, scientific and religious texts. ▪ The papyrus itself was usually in the form of a scroll, and it nowadays corresponds to a formula book or collection of recipes. Scroll of papyrus Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ Example: The Kahun Papyrus of 2000 B.C., which dealt with veterinary medicines. Kahun Papyrus Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ Some of the drugs or preparations named in these papyri are as follows: Wine, vinegar, figs, and castor oil. Figs Castor oil ▪ Besides the vegetable products, a number of mineral compounds were used as well, such as iron, lead, and copper sulphate. ▪ Finely powdered precious stones such emeralds and sapphires were also used in the treatment of diseases. Emeralds Sapphires Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ From surviving papyrus scrolls, like the Ebers Papyrus, which dates from 1500 BC, we know that the Egyptians made and used ointments, lozenges, suppositories, lotions, enemas, and pills. ▪ The Ebers Papyrus includes 875 prescriptions and 700 drugs. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ Examples of ancient Egyptian medical plants with their usages: 1.Garlic: It has many uses; it is used to stimulate digestion. Fresh Garlic cloves are peeled, mashed and macerated in a mixture of vinegar and water. This can be used to gargle and rinse the mouth and to manage toothache, or taken internally to treat sore throats. Fresh Garlic cloves Peeled Garlic cloves Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ Examples of ancient Egyptian medical plants with their usages: ▪ Another way to take garlic both for prevention and treatment is to macerate several cloves of mashed garlic in olive oil. ▪ This macerate is taken internally for managing bronchial and lung complaints including colds. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ Examples of ancient Egyptian medical plants with their usages: 2. Thyme: used externally as antibacterial & antifungal and internally with honey for managing asthma. 3. Cumin: is a herb indigenous to Egypt. The seeds were considered to be effective against flatulence. ▪ Cumin powder mixed with some wheat flour as a binder and a little water was applied to relieve the pain of arthritic joints. Cumin Thyme seeds Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ 4. The Persian henna was grown in Egypt, and was used against hair loss. 5. Malachite: In Ancient Egypt, malachite was ground up and used in eye makeup as an eye- liner. It also had therapeutic value as germicidal in case of eye infections. Note: Malachite is a bright green copper carbonate hydroxide mineral. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ The Greek civilization: Greek were still using mix of supernatural healing in conjunction with empirical remedies. ▪ Greeks had a god named Asklepios (Asclepius) gradually superseded Apollo as the greatest of the healing gods. ▪ Some people traveled to a temple of the God Asklepios where they would sleep with the hope of being visited during the night by the god or his daughter Hygeia who carried a magical serpent and a bowl of healing medicine. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ Hippocrates is considered to be the father of modern medicine and the founder of ancient Greek medicine because in his books, which are more than 70, he described in a scientific manner, many diseases and their treatment. Hippocrates Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ Hippocrates focused on the “natural” treatment to manage the disease. ▪ Greek physician who followed the Hippocratic method favored dietary and life-style adjustments over drug use (Good diet, fresh air, exercise). ▪ If these methods failed, the Greek physician prepared his own medicines or left prescriptions behind for family members to compound and administer. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  Antiquity: ‫العصور القديمة‬ ▪ Most Greek medicines were prepared from plant. ▪ Galen, a Greek physician and surgeon and the father of pharmacy, who practiced in Rome in the 2nd century AD. ▪ Galen used a system based on balance the ill by using drugs of a contrary nature. ▪ For example, to treat an external inflammation, a follower of Galen might apply a cucumber, a cool and wet drug. ▪ His famous medicinal formula of herbal jam with 64 different ingredients that was a cure- all for many diseases, and an antidote to many poisons. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby Watch this video about:” Medical Practices in Ancient Civilizations” Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  The middle age ▪ The middle ages are defined as the period from the first fall of Rome (400 AD) to the fall of Constantinople (the capital of the Roman Empire) (1453). ▪ Among Islamic nations, Greek writings, including those dealing with medicine, were translated into Arabic. ▪ At first the Arabs accepted the authority of Greek medical writings totally, especially those of Galen. ▪ Then Islamic medical men like Rhazes added to the writings of the Greeks. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby The middle age ▪ Moreover, Arab physicians rejected the old idea that foul-tasting (having a bad taste) medicines worked best. ▪ Instead, they made effort to prepare elegant and palatable dosage forms, through the use of syrups for example. ▪ The first drugstores were established in the ancient city of Baghdad in the eighth century A.D. ▪ By the mid-13th century, Frederick II, the ruler of the kingdom of the two Sicilies (Italy), recognized pharmacy as a separate profession for the first time in Europe. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby  The renaissance and early modern Europe Note: Renaissance: the time period following the Middle Ages, from the 14th to the 17th century. ▪ It was a time for new ideas through re-interpretation of the old classical themes. ▪ The time was ripe for casting off the old concepts of diseases and drugs of Galen. ▪ Most drugs before 1900 were derived from the plant kingdom. Then, scientists tried to isolate pure chemicals that could be measured accurately and identified chemically. ▪ The separation, characterization and identification of chemicals contained in plant drugs were challenging as great as any exploration. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby The renaissance and early modern Europe ▪ The most important breakthrough occurred during the first decade of the 19th century when a pharmacist called Friedrich extracted morphine from crude opium and this was the start of the era of the isolation of several pure drugs from crude preparations. ▪ He called the isolated alkaloid "morphium" after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus. ▪ Friedrich became the first person to isolate the active ingredient associated with a medicinal plant or herb. Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby Associate Prof. Dr. Sally El-Zahaby