History of Pharmacy PDF

HISTORY OF PHARMACY: Mohd b. Makmor Bakry, Ph.D., R.Ph. A HISTORICAL JOURNEY OF Professor of Pharmaceutical Care Faculty of Pharmacy PHARMACEUTICAL CARE ANCIENT: BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY  Le...

HISTORY OF PHARMACY: Mohd b. Makmor Bakry, Ph.D., R.Ph. A HISTORICAL JOURNEY OF Professor of Pharmaceutical Care Faculty of Pharmacy PHARMACEUTICAL CARE ANCIENT: BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY  Learned from instinct, from observation of birds and beasts.  Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was first used for soothing application (crude methods).  By trial, they learned which served the best.  Eventually, the knowledge was applied to benefit the others. ‘PHARMACY’ IN ANCIENT BABYLON  Ancient Mesopotamia, the earliest practice of the apothecary art.  About 2600 B.C., practitioners of healing 00 were priest, pharmacist and physician.  Clay tablets record the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods. Priestrole 4 invoking gods Patients forhealing PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA  About 2000 B.C., Chinese Pharmacy stems from Emperor Shen Nung  Investigated the medicinal value of several hundred 000 herbs, barks and roots.  Tested herbs on himself, and written the Pen T-Sao (native herbal) recording 365 drugs.  “Pa Kua,” a mathematical design symbolizing creation and life.  p800prescriptions 700drugs ANCIENT EGYPT: DAYS OF THE PAPYRUS EBERS  About 2900 B.C., Egyptian medicine was best known  ‘Papyrus Ebers’ (1500 B.C.), a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning t.in man 700 drugs. Finia  Pharmacy (House of Life) was conducted by two or more echelons: gatherers and preparers of drugs, and chiefs of fabrication/head pharmacists. epidaritacy THEOPHRASTUS – FATHER OF BOTANY it  Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.), early Greek philosophers and natural scientists, is called the “father of botany.”  His observations and writings dealing with the o medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs are unusually accurate. specific characterization of plants THE ROYAL TOXICOLOGIST – MITHRIDATES VI  Mithridates VI, King of Pontus Rome (about 100 B.C.), masters the art of poisoning and the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning.  He used himself and his prisoners as “guinea pigs” to test poisons and antidotes.  His famed formula of pan- antidotal (universal 00 antidote), ‘Mithridatum’. unique A finding TERRA SIGILLATA (SEALED EARTH)  The first therapeutic agent with trademark was Terra Sigillata, originating on the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C.  One day each year clay was dug from a pit in the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries.  The clay was processed and formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then sun- dried. someclayarestillusedin moderndrugs mania  I DIOSCORIDES: A SCIENTIST LOOKS AT DRUGS  Pedanios Dioscorides (first century A.D.), contributed to the transition in Pharmacy. standardizetypeof doc  In order to study materia medica, Dioscorides traveledwith accompanied the Roman armies throughout the known world.  He recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for collection, storage and use.  His texts were considered Averydetailed basic science as late as the document useas sixteenth century. reference by using thepants i iiii.FI E iti Eaicina Dioscorides de Materia Medica, Codex Neapolitanus, 7th century GALEN, EXPERIMENTER IN DRUG COMPOUNDING  Galen (130-200 A.D.) practiced and taught both Yum Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome.  His principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500 years.  Class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical methods – GALENicals.  He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream. Howto mixmedication MONASTIC PHARMACY ihredphpentation is main morereference  During the Middle Ages remnants of the Western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were preserved in the monasteries (5th to 12th centuries).  These scientists are known to have been taught in the cloisters as early as the seventh century.  Manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for monastery libraries. ISLAM & PHARMACY “The professional who is specialized in the collection of all drugs, choosing the very best of each simple or compound, and in the preparation of good remedies from them following the most accurate methods stay and techniques as recommended by experts in the healing arts.” [Abu al-Rayan al-Biruni, c. 1045 CE] A pharmacist prepares medicines to treat a patient suffering from smallpox in this illustration from a 17th-century Ottoman manuscript of Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine. FIRST APOTHECARY SHOP First Pharmary shop  The first privately owned drug store. was established in Baghdad late in the eighth century (754)  They preserved much of the Greco-Roman wisdom, added to it, developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids.  The Moslems carried the new pattern of Pharmacy when they swept across Africa, Spain and southern France, which then western Europe soon assimilated. IBN SINA– THE “PERSIAN GALEN”  A brilliant contributor to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine during the Arabian era – the Persian, Ibn Sina (about 980-1037 A.D.).  Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat, a favorite of Persian princes and rulers.  His pharmaceutical teachings were accepted as authority in the West until the 17th century; and still are dominant influences in the Orient. ARABIAN PHARMACY TEACHING iii  About 700 until 1300 A.D., the flowering of all branches of knowledge was magnificent.  Many works were written about medicine, health and disease, pharmacy, and materia medica—most of which are extant, but in Persian.  Two materia medica (the Al Kindi and Al-Samarqandi) brought the practice of herbalism to a high degree of skill.  making it a profession in a SEPARATION OF PHARMACY & MEDICINE formal way  About 1240 A.D. in Sicily and southern Italy, Pharmacy was separated from Medicine.  Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, who was Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, was a living link between Oriental and Occidental worlds.  At a palace in Palermo, the responsibilities of pharmacists were completely separated from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for pharmacy professional practice were established. doctor the und 9 pharmacy understand thedrugs FIRST PHARMACOPOEIA in theform of extract  The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to be followed by all apothecaries, originated in Florence.  The Nuovo Receptario, originally written in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498.  It was the result of collaboration of the Guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society – one of the earliest manifestations of constructive interprofessional relations  theoriginalnameof pharmaly SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES  In the British Isles, it was monopolized by the Guild of Grocers, which had jurisdiction over the apothecaries.  After years of effort, the apothecaries found allies among court physicians.  Upon persuasion by the philosopher-politician (Francis Bacon), King James I granted a charter in 1617 which formed a separate company known as the “Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London”. THE PHARMACOPOEIA COMES OF AGE pure compound  The first “United States Pharmacopoeia” (1820) was the work of the medical profession.  In 1877, the ‘U.S.P.’ was in danger of dissolution due to the lack of interest of the medical profession.  Dr. Edward R. Squibb, manufacturing pharmacist as well as physician, took the problem to The American Pharmaceutical Association convention.  Pharmacists formed a “Committee on Revision” chaired by hospital pharmacist Charles Rice, assisted by pharmacist- educator Joseph P. Remington and Dr. Squibb. INTRODUCTION OF PHARMACY TO MALAYSIA Aktarasan Akta Dadah 1957 1961 – 1965 Bernanaya 1952 2nd Malaysian Plan Poison Act, Dangerous Drugs Act 1960s 1950s 1951 1969 Government Pharmaceutical Registration of Pharmacist Act RUPA Laboratories and Stores (GPLS) Complex in Petaling Jaya Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division Procurement, storage and E (Pharmaceutical Chemistry distribution of drugs from the Superintendant = Pharmacist) United Kingdom through the Crown Agents In PHARMACEUTICAL CONTROL ERA Badantertinggi Yadafita up p's Jan 1985 1st Jan 1974 Drug Control Authority (DCA) GPLS Pharmaceutical (Chairmanship of the Director General of Services Division I EE Health Malaysia) 1980s 1970s 1st Jan 1976 Oct 1978 Jun 1984 Pharmacy National Pharmaceutical Control of Drugs and Cosmetics Enforcement Unit Control Laboratory Regulations National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB) Recognition of the expanding role of the pharmaceutical service in the health sector Regulatory Era PHARMACIST & PRACTICE ERA 2019 Subject Matter Expert Post 1957 Creation 23 RPh in Public Sector 2020s 2010s 2000s 1960s-1990s 1950s 2015 NPCB  National 1951 2004 Pharmacy Regulatory Malaysian Enforcement of the Registration of Agency Pharmacy Pharmacists Act (Amendment) 2003 Board (20 RPh) Compulsory Service Pharmaceutical Care Era / Clinical Pharmacy YESTERDAY, TODAY & FUTURE Spiritual + Pharmaceutical Chemistry ++ ++++ +++ + + Pharmacology + +++ +++ +++ +++ Pharmaceutics ++ ++++ +++ +++ Clinical Pharmacy/Practice + + ++++ ++++ PHARMACIST & INDIVIDUALISED THERAPEUTICS PERSON CENTRED 4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHALLENGES DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION & ADHERENCE Digital therapeutics  Smart administration/monitoring devices  Ingestible pill sensor Wearable technology Mobile applications Smart Pill Containers INGESTIBLE PILL SENSOR WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY  Tracking health status  Feedback to user  Reminder/Notification  Patient engagement  Collecting and sending data to healthcare providers  Information resource MOBILE APPLICATIONS Past and current medication list Medication intake schedule, reminder and documentation Information about the medications Video on medication device usage Communication with health care providers SMART PILL CONTAINERS THANK YOU