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Questions and Answers
What was the primary use of Persian henna in Ancient Egypt?
What was the primary use of Persian henna in Ancient Egypt?
It was used against hair loss.
How was malachite utilized in Ancient Egyptian cosmetics?
How was malachite utilized in Ancient Egyptian cosmetics?
It was ground up and used as eye makeup, specifically as eyeliner.
What therapeutic value did malachite have in Ancient Egypt?
What therapeutic value did malachite have in Ancient Egypt?
It served as a germicidal agent for eye infections.
Where was Persian henna grown?
Where was Persian henna grown?
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What was the dual purpose of malachite in Ancient Egypt?
What was the dual purpose of malachite in Ancient Egypt?
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What is one example of an elegant and palatable dosage form mentioned?
What is one example of an elegant and palatable dosage form mentioned?
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In which ancient city were the first drugstores established?
In which ancient city were the first drugstores established?
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During which century were the first drugstores founded in Baghdad?
During which century were the first drugstores founded in Baghdad?
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What was the aim behind preparing elegant dosage forms like syrups?
What was the aim behind preparing elegant dosage forms like syrups?
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Why is the preparation of palatable dosage forms important in pharmacy?
Why is the preparation of palatable dosage forms important in pharmacy?
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Who contributed to the writings of the Greeks during the Islamic Golden Age?
Who contributed to the writings of the Greeks during the Islamic Golden Age?
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What idea did Arab physicians reject regarding medicines?
What idea did Arab physicians reject regarding medicines?
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What was a significant contribution of Rhazes in the medical field?
What was a significant contribution of Rhazes in the medical field?
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During which historical period did Arab physicians make these contributions?
During which historical period did Arab physicians make these contributions?
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Why is the rejection of foul-tasting medicines significant in the context of medical history?
Why is the rejection of foul-tasting medicines significant in the context of medical history?
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What time period does the Renaissance cover?
What time period does the Renaissance cover?
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What was a key characteristic of the Renaissance?
What was a key characteristic of the Renaissance?
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What significant cultural transition does the Renaissance signify?
What significant cultural transition does the Renaissance signify?
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Which historical period preceded the Renaissance?
Which historical period preceded the Renaissance?
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During which centuries did the Renaissance take place?
During which centuries did the Renaissance take place?
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Who was Imhotep?
Who was Imhotep?
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What was Imhotep's role in relation to King Djoser?
What was Imhotep's role in relation to King Djoser?
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What significant architectural achievement is attributed to Imhotep?
What significant architectural achievement is attributed to Imhotep?
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Which pyramid is associated with Imhotep?
Which pyramid is associated with Imhotep?
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What dual roles did Imhotep hold in ancient Egypt?
What dual roles did Imhotep hold in ancient Egypt?
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What does the development of pharmacy encompass?
What does the development of pharmacy encompass?
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Why is it important to study the historical development of pharmacy?
Why is it important to study the historical development of pharmacy?
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What key aspect is essential in understanding pharmacy's evolution?
What key aspect is essential in understanding pharmacy's evolution?
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How can historical knowledge of pharmacy influence modern practice?
How can historical knowledge of pharmacy influence modern practice?
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What historical factors might affect the practice of pharmacy today?
What historical factors might affect the practice of pharmacy today?
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Study Notes
Pharmacy Orientation (PIP 111) - Lecture 3: History of Pharmacy
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Learning Outcomes:
- Understand the development of the pharmacy profession across different historical periods.
- Identify plants used in historical periods to treat diseases.
The Development of Pharmacy Through Time
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AD: Anno Domini, Latin for "in the year of the Lord"
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BC: Before Christ
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CE: Common Era (same as AD)
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Millennium: 1000 years
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Decade: 10 years
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Timelines: Provide chronological relationship between events.
Pre-historic Pharmacy
- Pharmacy as old as human civilization.
- Early humans used plants as medicines around 50,000 BC.
- Knowledge of medicinal properties gained through trial and error.
- World's first recorded prescriptions on clay tablets in Iraq around 2100 BC.
Antiquity
- Antiquity: The period roughly between 4500 BC and 450 CE.
- Pharmacy recognized as part of medical practice as far back as Sumerian times (2000-1500 BC).
- Earliest recorded drug preparation from Babylonia (2600 BC).
- Medical practitioners of this era often were priest, pharmacist, and physicians.
- Two practitioner classes existed:
- Asipu: relied on spells and magical stones more than plants.
- Asu: used a wide range of drugs and made them into pills, suppositories, and ointments.
- Common drugs of Antiquity: Cedar oil (antibacterial, wound healing, cough relief); Liquorice (upper respiratory diseases); Honey (antibacterial, wound healing).
- Imhotep: A physician and chief minister to King Djoser, considered a god of medicine.
- Egyptian medical texts show links between the supernatural and empirical healing. Prayers often preceded treatments.
- Laxatives and enemas were prevalent.
- Papyrus scrolls: contain treatments for urinary problems, blood, hair, and bites.
- Hieratic script (simplified hieroglyphics), used for business, scientific, and religious purposes.
- Papyrus used as a formula book or collection of recipes.
- Example: Kahun Papyrus (2000 BC) focused on veterinary medicines.
- Common medical treatments: Wine, vinegar, figs, castor oil; minerals like iron, lead, and copper sulfate; precious stones like emeralds and sapphires.
- Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC): contained 875 prescriptions and 700 drugs.
- Included ointments, lozenges, suppositories, lotions, enemas, and pills.
- Examples of ancient Egyptian medical plants and their uses: Garlic (stimulating digestion, mouth rinses for toothaches and sore throats), Thyme (external antibacterial and antifungal agent for asthma), Cumin (flatulence relief), Persian henna (hair loss prevention). Garlic macerated in olive oil for bronchial and lung complaints.
The Middle Ages
- Period between the fall of Rome in 400 AD and the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
- Early Islamic medical practitioners translated and preserved Greek medical writings, including Galen's.
- Islamic doctors added to and improved on Greek medicine. Rhazes was an important figure.
- Arab physicians rejected the idea that foul-tasting medicines were the most effective. They emphasized elegant and palatable dosage formulations like syrups.
- First drugstores in Baghdad, 8th century AD
- Frederick II, ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, recognized pharmacy as a separate profession in 13th-century Europe.
The Renaissance and Early Modern Europe
- Period following the Middle Ages, 14th - 17th centuries.
- Re-interpretation of classical themes
- Re-evaluation of old concepts of diseases and drugs.
- Scientists isolated pure chemicals from plant-based drugs.
- Friedrich isolated morphine from opium in the early 1800s.
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Description
Explore the rich history of pharmacy from prehistoric times to antiquity. This quiz covers key developments, medicinal plants, and the chronological evolution of the pharmacy profession. Test your knowledge on the origins and advancements in pharmacy throughout different historical periods.
