History Of Pharmacy PDF

History of Pharmacy valid through Feb 2020  Mesopotamia (current Iraq and Iran) 2600BC They were the first to put medicinal knowledge into writing and so were regarded as the forerunner of the pharmacist. They were also credited for the discovery of oils (castor...

History of Pharmacy valid through Feb 2020  Mesopotamia (current Iraq and Iran) 2600BC They were the first to put medicinal knowledge into writing and so were regarded as the forerunner of the pharmacist. They were also credited for the discovery of oils (castor oil), spices, garlic, plant extracts and animal parts that are of therapeutic importance. Practitioners combined the responsibilities valid through Feb 2020 of priest, physician, and pharmacist in caring for the sick.  China (2000BC) According to legend, Emperor Shen Nung was the one who propagated Chinese pharmacy. He investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs and was believed to have tested then on himself. He recorded and published a book (the Great Herbal) where he recorded 365 native herbal drugs in the first pen T’sao. T The Chinese believed that diseases resulted from imbalance in forces acting on animals and humans so they produced herbal drugs with spiritual effect e.g. podophyllum, rhubarb, cinnamon, ginseng etc. valid through Feb 2020  Egypt 2900BC The Egyptians played significant role in the development of pharmacy. They developed the best known and most important pharmaceutical record from ancient history “Papyrus Ebers” which is a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs. They discovered dosage forms like decoction, enemas, infusions, inhalation, suppositories, ointments, plasters, and lotions. They also prepared drugs using mortar and pestle, hand-mill and weighing balance. Most of the Egyptian pharmacists were priests who were either gatherers/preparers valid through Feb 2020 of drugs, and “chiefs of fabrication,” or head pharmacists.  Greece They refined pharmacy. They took over medicinal knowledge starting with superstitions but later turned to intellectual and rational use of drugs. During the superstitious era was Asclepius (Asklepios), a god of healing which had a staff with serpent curling on it. It was believed that one gets healed when touched with the staff. (This is where physicians got their symbol from). Hygeia (Asclepius’ daughter) was also believed to heal by giving one a healing portion to drink from a bowel (This is where pharmacists got their symbol of mortar). valid through Feb 2020  Greek philosophers that contributed to the growth of pharmacy include: Hippocrates of Cos (460 BC) – a physician credited for being the first person to see medicine as a rational science and for writing the Hippocratic Oath. He also postulated the theory of the four humors that parallel the four elements – air (blood), water (phlegm), earth (black bile), fire (yellow bile). Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.)– a natural scientists, also called “father of botany” who covered most aspects of botany: descriptions of plants, classification, plant distribution, propagation, germination, and cultivation. Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.) – The royal toxicologist who spent his time studying the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning. Pedanios Dioscorides (40s) – a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of De Materia Medica (a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia on excellent rules for collection, storage and use of herbs and related medicinal substances). valid through Feb 2020 Galen (130-200 A.D.) –Father of Pharmacy- the greatest of all Greek philosophers who taught and practiced principles of preparing and compounding medicines by mechanical means (galenicals).  The birth of pharmacy as an independent, well-defined profession was established in the early ninth century by Muslim scholars. In Baghdad the first pharmacies, or drug stores, were established in 754, under the Abbasid Caliphate0 during the Islamic Golden Age. By the 9th century, these pharmacies were state- regulated. Towards the end of the 8th century, in Baghdad, al-Ma’mun founded a special translation school entitled “Bayti al-hikmah”, or“ House of Wisdom”, which later became the Academy of Sciences. Ibn al-Baitar Abu ar-Rayhan al-Biruni Hussain Ibn al-Haytham Rabbi Moses bin Maimon Yuhann ibn Masawah Abu Kasim al-Zahrawi  Hunayn bin Ishaq (809-873) in the West known as Johanitus Translator of the first translating school in Baghdad. He personally corrected the translation of Dioskorides Pharmacopeia, which is of crucial importance to pharmacy. He also wrote about 100 original books, including the book on complex drugs for ocular illnesses. valid through Feb 2020  Ali Ibn Sahl at-Taberi (808-861) wrote a Compendium of Medicine “Firdaws ul- Hikma”, which has 25 chapters on drug properties. valid through Feb 2020  Muhammad ibn Zakarya al-Razi (865-925), “Arab Galen” is one of the most brilliant middle-aged geniuses. He was a Persian alchemist, chemist, physician, physicist, philosopher, scholar. In medicine, its contribution is so significant that it can only be compared to that of Ibn Sina. The most prominent medical works of ar-Razi are “Kitab al-Hawi”, “Kitab al-Mensuri”, “Kitab al-Muluki” and “Kitab al- Judari”. With its use of mineral drugs as a medicine for external and internal use, ar-Razi was the founder of chemotherapy in Islamic medicine It is interesting that he first used opium as an anesthetic He was also the first in the Arab world to write a book that was devoted to the general public to find advice on treatment if a doctor was unavailable.  Abu-Ali ibn Husayn ibn Abdullah ibn Sina (980-1037) is named “the prince of physicians”, almost exclusively known in the West as Avicenna. Ibn Sinna wrote over 450 manuscripts. Mainly Ibn Sina’s book on medicine is “Al- Qanun fit-tibb”, which was already translated into Latin in the 13th century and until the 17th century was a major medical textbook at almost all European medical universities. “Drug Formulas” discusses pharmaceutical compositions and famacology. He described about 760 new medicinal substances valid through Feb 2020  Alauddin ibn al-Nafis (1210-1277) was a great physician of the 13th century. “Mu’giz al-Qanun” and “Sharh al-Qanun” are the most important of the books he has written. The first book was the excerpt of Ibn Sina’s “Canon of Medicine” and was a favorite medical manual for several centuries. He discussed:  simple and complex medicines  drug classification on the degrees of strength of their activity valid through Feb 2020  European Scientists Paracelsus (byname of Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus (Switzerland, 1493-1541 A.D) – He was regarded as the reformer of medicine and the founder of biochemistry. He introduced the use of chemicals and minerals as medicinal agents. He also introduced the extraction of secondary metabolites from medicinal plants. Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1743- 1786 A.D)– He is the Greatest of the Pharmacists-Chemists who discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin, and countless other organic compounds in the course of his experiments in Köping. Louis Pasteur (1822-1897) – He worked mainly on alcohol and developed vaccines for chicken pox, cholera, anthrax and rabies. He also invented pasteurization method of sterilization. Robert Koch (1843 – 1910, Germany)– He discovered the causative organisms of tuberculosis and anthraces. He established a relationship between a microorganism and a specific infectious disease condition (Koch’s postulates orthrough valid “Henle-Koch Feb 2020 postulates). He also developed solid culture media. Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1995, Scotland)– His research in antibiotics lead to the discovery of penicillin. He also discovered lysozyme.  American Scientists Louis Herbert 1600s– He is the first Canadian apothecary. He examined specimens of drug plants – Arum (Jack-in-the-Pulpit), Eupatorium (Boneset), Verbascum (Mullein), and Hydrastis (Golden Seal) offered by Micmac Indians. John Winthrop 1640s – a politician-physician and first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony with broad interests in chemistry, metallurgy, astronomy, botany, and Materia Medica. He developed “sovereigne remedy” that he called “rubila,” which he believed was effective in the treatment of measles, colics, headaches, sciatica and many other ailments. Christopher Marshell 1729– established anapothecary shop in Philadelphia in1729 which pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise and later became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing, a “practical” training school for pharmacists and an important supply depot during the Revolution. William Procter 1800 – Also known as the father of American pharmacy. He operated a retail pharmacy; served the College as Professor of Pharmacy for 20 years; was a leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical Association; served that organization as its first secretary; later, as its president; served 30 years on the U.S.P and many more.  Separation of Pharmacy and Medicine In European countries exposed to Arabian influence, public pharmacies began to appear in the 17th century. However, it was not until about 1240 A.D. that, in Sicily and southern Italy, Pharmacy was separated from Medicine. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, who was Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, was a living link between Oriental and Occidental worlds. At his palace in Palermo, he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict completely separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for their professional practice.  Colonial America's first hospital (Pennsylvania) was established in Philadelphia in 1751; the first Hospital Pharmacy began operations there in 1752, temporarily set up in the Kinsey house, which served until the first hospital building was completed. The ingenuity of Benjamin Franklin was helpful in both. First Hospital Pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts. valid through Feb 2020  In 1886 Dr. John Stith Pemberton, a local Atlanta pharmacist, creates a syrup which is sold at nearby Jacob’s Pharmacy. The syrup is an instant hit and, when combined with carbonated water, sells for five cents a glass. This drink is the original Coca-Cola. valid through Feb 2020  1893, Caleb Bradham valid through Feb 2020  1892, German pharmacist Felix Hoffmann successfully synthesizes salicylic acid, or aspirin, for commercial sale, which becomes the most widely used drug in modern times. valid through Feb 2020  Pharmacy Education Pharmacy education at College/ University level started in 1777 in France. The initiative to start a first pharmacy professional course was taken by the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (PCP), North America. In 1821, PCP started their first pharmacy professional course i.e. the Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) a two-year professional course which was later upgraded to four years. However, in Europe, the first degree in pharmacy (BSc Pharmacy) was offered by Manchester University in 1904. 1852- Founding of the American Pharmaceutical (now Pharmacists) Association, or APhA, the first-established national professional society of American pharmacists.  Historical records reveal that the first pharmacy in the subcontinent was founded in 1863 when the late Sheikh Nabi Buksh, in Gujrat started a general store with a pharmacy. After the independence of Pakistan (14 August 1947), the University of Punjab became the first institution to develop a pharmacy department in Pakistan in 1948. The University of Karachi and Gomal University followed suit. The first pharmacy programme was a three-year bachelor programme which was then extended to four years in 1978– 1979. valid through Feb 2020  In 2003 a step towards change was affected with the willingness of most universities to upgrade the BPharm programme to a five-year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programme. A preliminary draft was generated in December 2003 which was finalised by the National Curriculum Revision Committee at the final curriculum revision meeting held from 18 to 20 March 2004. Furthermore, with the latest revisions (2013) being approved by the curriculum committee, few deficiencies in the clinical part of the syllabus are covered. valid through Feb 2020  Official Books Various countries have published texts, to assure drug quality which is design as compendia. Compendia lists official test methods & specification for drug product. EXAMPLES: Indian Pharmacopeias United state Pharmacopeias valid through Feb 2020 European  pharmacopoeia Definition “Pharmacopoeia is a book or encyclopaedia of Drugs Standard, their formulas, Method for making medicinal preparation and related information's which is published under the jurisdiction of government body” valid through Feb 2020  Need of pharmacopoeia  To control the quality of medicine as per standards.  To ensure the public health.  To support the availability of safe, effective, good- quality pharmaceutical care for all. valid through Feb 2020  BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIA valid through Feb 2020  Introductio n The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) is an annual published collection of quality standards for UK medicinal substances. The first edition of the British Pharmacopoeia was published in 1864 and was one of the first attempts to harmonize pharmaceutical standards, through the merger of the London, Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmacopoeias. valid through Feb 2020  Since its first publication back in 1864 the distribution of the British Pharmacopoeia has grown throughout the world It is now used in over 100 countries. Australia and Canada are two of the countries that have adopted the BP as their national standard alongside the UK valid through Feb 2020  BP mission and preface The British Pharmacopoeia contributes to the overall control of the quality of medicinal products by providing an authoritative statement of the quality that a product, material or article is expected to meet any time during its period of use valid through Feb 2020 Volumes I and II Medicinal Substances Volume III Formulated Preparations Blood related Preparations Immunological Products Radiopharmaceutical Preparations Surgical Materials Homeopathic Preparations Volume IV Appendices Infrared Reference Spectra Index Volume V British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary) Volume VI (CD-ROM version) British Pharmacopoeia British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary) British Approved Name valid through Feb 2020 United states pharmacopoeia and National Formulary valid through Feb 2020  Introduction The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is the official pharmacopeia of the United States, published dually with the National Formulary as the USP-NF. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention (Usually also called the USP) owns the trademark and copyright to the USP-NF and publishes it every 5 years. All Prescription and over–the–counter medicines and other health care products manufactured or sold in the United States valid through Feb 2020 are standardized to the USP-NF  USP also sets recognized standards for food ingredients and dietary supplements. USP standards are recognized and used in more than 130 countries. valid through Feb 2020  Mission and Preface The United States Pharmacopoeia promotes the public health and benefits practitioners and patients by disseminating authoritative standards and information developed by its volunteers for medicines, other health care technologies, and related practices used to maintain and improve health and promote optimal health care delivery working with many constituencies and around the world valid through Feb 2020  general chapters provide frequently cited procedures, sometimes with acceptance criteria, in order to compile into one location repetitive information that appears in many monographs The current version, USP 43–NF 38, will become official on May 1, 2020. valid through Feb 2020  Presentation of USP-nf 2007 Volume 1 General Notices General Chapters Dietary supplements chapters Reagent Reference Tables Dietary supplements Monographs Monographs for drug 3 valid through Feb 2020 substances and preparation 3  Volume 2 Monographs A to L Volume 3 Monographs M to Z valid through Feb 2020  Thank You valid through Feb 2020  The terms anno Domini (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means "in the year of the Lord" but is often presented using "our Lord" instead of "the Lord", taken from the full original phrase "anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi", which translates to "in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ". The form "... Wikipedia valid through Feb 2020