Lecture 2: Overview of Guidance and Counseling PDF

OVERVIEW OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING DR. RUDYA A. ROALLOS Psychology Professor Psyc Dept., Bicol University -CSSP  MEANING AND NATURE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING ► Guidance – is the process of helping people make important choices that affect their lives, such...

OVERVIEW OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING DR. RUDYA A. ROALLOS Psychology Professor Psyc Dept., Bicol University -CSSP  MEANING AND NATURE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING ► Guidance – is the process of helping people make important choices that affect their lives, such as choosing a preferred lifestyle (Gladding, 2007). GUIDANCE VS. COUNSELING GUIDANCE- focuses on helping individuals choose what they value most - focuses on helping them make changes ► Much of the early work in guidance occurred in schools and career centers where an adult would help a student make decisions, such as deciding on a course of study or vocation. ► That relationship was between unequals and was beneficial in helping the less experienced person find direction in life. ► Children have long received “guidance” from parents, teachers, ministers, coaches ► In the process they have gained understanding of themselves and their world ► This type of guidance will never become passed, no matter what the age or stage of life ► A person often needs help in making choices. Yet such guidance is only one part of the overall service provided by professional counseling Other definitions of Guidance (Aquino and Alviar, 1980, cited by Evangelista, 2001) ► Guidance is…..  Frank Parson – the “father” of vocational movement in Boston, USA, described guidance as he associated its origin with the vocational movement  Lefever et.al describe guidance as a system of organized phase of the educational process  Jones stresses that guidance personally assist someone solve his problems ► According to Chrisholm, cited by Aquino and Alviar (1980), Guidance – seeks to help an individual become familiar with facts about himself – his interests, abilities, abilities, previous development and plans ► Guidance- is viewed as a helping relationship between the counselor and counselee, aimed to meet the needs of the counselee, assume responsibility for himself, and make decisions (Evangelista, 2001) ► The focus of guidance is not on the problem itself but on the person. ► Guidance aims to promote the growth of the individual toward self-development and self-direction ► Bennett defines Guidance- as a process given by someone to an individual to determine his personality assests and liabilities, existing conditions, requirements and opportunities available, the situation confronting him so that he can make wise or intelligent decisions and adjustments. ► Crowand Crow’s definition of guidance is what is NOT: ► Guidance is NOT giving direction ► NOT imposing one’s point of view upon another person ► NOT making decision for the person seeking assistance; NOT carrying burden of another life ► For Peter and Farwell, guidance is based on the existence of individual differences and worth and dignity of each person. It emphasizes the uniqueness of each person’s needs ► According to Miller, guidance is a process; concerned with helping the individual in his decision making ► According to Hamren, guidance- is “helping John to see through himself in order that he may see himself through”(Aquino&Alviar, 1980) ► Guidance is part of the organizational program (in school, the guidance service ) ► Guidance and Counseling as defined in the Rules and Regulations of Republic Act 9258, Rule 1, Section 3,(Manila Standard, cited by Villar, 2007) is a profession involving an “integrated approach to the development of a well-functioning individual primarily by helping him/her to utilize the potentials to the fullest and plan the present and future in accordance with his/her abilities, interests and needs. ► Hatch&Costar(1961, in Gibson&Mitchell, 1999 cited by Villar, 2007) define the Guidance Program as a system of services designed to improve the adjustment of each and every person for whom it was organized ► TheRR declares that Guidance and Counseling includes: counseling, psychological testing, research, placement, referral and group processes ► Gibson&Mitchell did not include learning and study orientation and the teaching of guidance and counseling subjects. ► They describe other services not mentioned in the RR, such as: (a)individual inventory/analysis, (b)information, (c)counseling (the “heart” of the Guidance Program), (d)research, (e)placement, (f)referral, (g)follow-up and (h)evaluation. ► Separate services which were initially added in the recent years were treated as part of every service of the Guidance Program: (a) consultation (b) program development, (c) public relations ► Authorities in the past recognized the special and unique contribution of counseling by using the popular label “Guidance and Counseling” ► The one conducting the Guidance and Counseling services are called “Guidance Counselor”; the office that dispensed all the services was called Guidance Office ► Later materials abroad would refer to the “School Counseling Program” or “Counseling Program” ► Guidance Services were considered only a support or auxiliary services ► In the Phil., Guidance and Counseling is still the popular label. The office is still called Guidance Office or Guidance Department. ► Guidance program – used to encompass all services and activities intended to realize these goals. ► Accordingto Aquino and Alviar(1980), whichever definition is adopted, it is understood that guidance tends to help the individual to become adjusted to his present situations so as to provide the maximum development for him and to help him plan his future on the basis of his capabilities and needs HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND CURRENT STATUS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING ► Guidance is an old as education itself. Motivated by religious and superstitious beliefs, people have made efforts to help others, discover their potentials, analyze their abilities, and even predict their future (Aquino and Alviar, 1980) GUIDANCE IN THE US ► Early part of 20th century – 1st organized guidance movement was started by ► FrankParsons, the “father of vocational guidance movement.” He started as a volunteer worker in the Civil Service House in Boston to observe maladjusted young men and women. Most of them were out of school and performed work for which they are not qualified ► Parson’sorganized the Breadwinners’ Institute in 1905 with a planned program for vocational guidance ► Together with Meyer Bloomfield, Parsons organized the Vocational Guidance Bureau of Boston; vocational counselor and vocational guidance were used. ► Parsons caused the inclusion of vocational guidance in schools in 1909; vocational counselor was appointed in every elementary and high school in Boston ► Other cities in the US followed suit. In 1934, there were 35 branches of the National Vocational Guidance Association ► Guidance became national in scope when the US office of education established the Occupational Information and Guidance Service. ► During the WWII, guidance suffered setback, there was a shortage of guidance workers GUIDANCE MOVEMENT IN EUROPE ► European countries and Great Britain developed guidance movement similar to those in the US ► In Great Britain, guidance was seen through work placement for those who dropped out of school from elementary grades, having reached the age of 14 or 15, the end of compulsory period, or 16, the secondary school leaving age ► In London, the National Institute of Industrial Psychology provided counseling through career masters. ► Guidance in the US and in Great Britain suffered a setback during WW II because young workers could readily obtain employment even without vocational guidance. ► In France – there was no provision guidance in secondary schools. Vocational guidance was given recognition in 1922, when guidance services became established office. National Institute for Vocational Guidance founded in 1930- primary aim: to train vocational counselor Guidance Services included: recording of results of interview with parents, counselor’s answer to questions, and the results of physical examinations and psychological and vocational aptitude tests Vocational Guidance- was carried out by the Ministry of Education ► In Germany- guidance movement had a longer history than in other European countries. ► Under the 1st Reich – vocational guidance enabled boys to find jobs and aided the government relocate workers where they were needed ► Under the 2nd Reich – individuals were given a taste of freedom of personality in a democracy ► Under the 3rd Reich- guidance was given only in the interest of the state. Elementary school pupils receive the most benefits in vocational guidance. However, Germany did not have systematic training program for guidance workers. ► Counselors are appointed if they are successful in their respective occupations ► Post-War Time: guidance programs have been set up to make use of the establishment of centers for construction and research ► Public employment service staff include psychologists. Counseling is undertaken by employment interviews ► In Russia – the philosophy of education is work, work and more work. Work activities are integrated in every school program in order to produce efficient and loyal workers ► Vocational Guidance Bureau- handles counseling programs; each bureau takes charge of definite number of schools through arrangement with Commissariat of Education and the agricultural and industrial enterprises sponsoring the schools  GUIDANCE MOVEMENT IN THE PHIL. ► In the Phil., guidance is said to have both an accidental and incidental origin ► Teachers and school principals have assisted pupils to make choices and make self-adjustments. ► In their efforts to teach the subject matter, and develop habits and skills in the process of teaching students, they also treat problems of misbehaviors among pupils in the classroom, playground; including cutting classes, or low and inconsistent grades Before 1925 – guidance as a movement was unknown in the Phil. 1932 – a psychological clinic was started by Dr. Sinforoso Padilla; concerned with cases of student discipline, as well as emotional, academic, and vocational problems. The clinic was in operation until 1941. 1934- psychological tests were administered to the convicts of Bilibid prison and inmates at Welfareville in 1939 ► Psychological tests were also used for guidance purposes in private schools ► 1939-1940- a dean of boys and a dean of girls in each of the four public high schools in Manila were chosen from among the members of the faculty. They were assigned to look after the behavior and conduct of students who were referred to them by classroom teachers  They also served as student advisers, who assisted the administration in attending to cases of discipline and irregular attendance which were personal, social and educational in nature. ► November 1945- 1st Guidance Institute was opened. Public schools started to send teachers as pensionados to observe and study guidance services abroad ► Dr. Ray Bane and George Bennett, UNESCO specialist in guidance, helped much in making Filipino education officials guidance-conscious with the help of other guidance experts, Edward James and Dr.Henry McDaniel of Stanford University ► National Teachers College- was chosen by educator to be the site of the 1st Guidance Institute; the Guidance Association of the Phil. Has been organized ► 1951- Congress proposed the establishment of a functional guidance and counseling program to help guidance students select their course activities, occupation, friends, future mates, and guide them in their work, both at home and in school, and help them in their adjustment problems ► 1952- Division superintendents of schools recommend the establishment of guidance services in public schools. ► The Division of City Schools in Manila, has the best developed guidance program, and the provincial divisions have started to set up similar programs ► 1953- the Phil. Association of Guidance Counselors was organized in order to study the needs, interests, potentialities of the youth and put up a Testing Bureau ► The most systematic guidance program in the Phil. was launched by the Guidance Section of the US Veterans Administration composed of both American and Filipino psychologist, like Dr. Sinforoso Padilla, Dr. Jesus Perpinan, and Mr. Roman Tuason ► Foremost among the colleges and universities which offer courses in guidance and which have established guidance centers are: M.L.Q University, St. Scholasticas, National Teachers College, PWU, FEU, UM, UST, UP and Baguio College ► Since then, elementary schools have had to provide at least one guidance counselor. Accrediting associations have also required the provision of Guidance Services ► Psychological clinics are now available to place average workers and those who enter the police force and the army. ► Guidance as a major field of specialization is also offered in the undergraduate level and in the graduate school in colleges and universities in the country today ► Many national organizations concerned with the continued improvement of Guidance Program and Services have been born since 1932  Phil. Guidance and Counseling Association (PGCA)  Phil. Association for Counselor Education, Research and Supervision (PACERS)  Career Development Association of the Phil (CDAP) ► Smaller organizations have been set up in different regions and localities ► Other organizations not specifically for Guidance, but more for responding to psychological needs, have been offering workshops and seminars to enhance counselors’ and psychologists’ effectiveness in working with clients ► The most significant development in recent years came in the form of RA 9258. The passage of the law in 2004 has made it imperative for all Guidance Counselors and Psychometricians to secure a license before practicing. ► A Professional Regulatory Board for Guidance and Counseling was constituted in 2007 with Rhodella L. Gabriel as the 1st Chairperson, and Luzviminda S. Guzman and Lily Rosales as members ► The PGCA, as the oldest and biggest association of guidance counselors spearheaded the professionalization of counselors, pursued the passage of the law, worked on the ratification of the implementing rules and regulations. ► It thus become the interim accredited professional organization. However, the RR specifies that a new association which is the “one and only integrated national organization of registered and licensed guidance counselors” replaces this as the accredited professional organization  COUNSELING (Gladding, 2007) ► Counseling- as a profession grew out of the guidance movement, in opposition to traditional psychotherapy ► The governing Council of the American Counseling Association (ACA), the largest professional organization representing counselors, accepted a definition of the practice of professional counseling in 1997 ► According to ACA, the practice of professional counseling is-  the application of mental health, psychological or human development principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systemic interventions, strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology BASIC PRINCIPLES Each client must be accepted as an individual and dealt with as such (the counselor does not necessarily approve of all behavior, but still accepts the client as a person). Counseling is basically a permissive relationship; that is, the individual has permission to say what they please without being reprimanded or judged. Counseling emphasizes thinking with; not for the individual. All decision-making rests with the client. BASIC PRINCIPLES Counseling is centered on the difficulties of the client. Counseling is a learning situation which eventually results in a behavioral change. Effectiveness in counseling depends largely on the readiness of the client to make changes and the therapeutic relationship with the counselor. The counseling relationship is confidential.