Lecture 2.pdf

TIMELINE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Base on article by Olivia C. Coli PRECOLONIAL PRECOLONIAL SPANISH SPANISH REGIME REGIME FIRST FIRST REPUBLIC REPUBLIC AMERICAN AMERICAN REGIME REGIME COMMONWEAL...

TIMELINE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Base on article by Olivia C. Coli PRECOLONIAL PRECOLONIAL SPANISH SPANISH REGIME REGIME FIRST FIRST REPUBLIC REPUBLIC AMERICAN AMERICAN REGIME REGIME COMMONWEALTH COMMONWEALTH INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE Early Filipinos had attained a general simple knowledge and level of science and technology, only enough to suffice their needs during that time. 50,000 to 40,000 B.C. In Palawan and Batangas, Filipinos first made simple tools or weapons of stone flakes, and then eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling, and polishing hard stones. 3,000 B.C. Producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery of various design were the prominent. 2,000 B.C. Manufacture of pottery becomes well develop and flourish in the archipelago, but eventually subsided after China porcelain pottery exports takes over. 2nd/3rd B.C. -10th A.D. Appearance of Iron industry, where Filipino’s were engaged in extraction of iron from ore, smelting, and refining it. But it also did not survive as defeated by Iron industry by Sarawak and China. 1st Century A.D. Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery, and glass ornaments, and were also engaged in agriculture. Particularly in Cordilleras, terrace fields were built. 10th Century A.D. Building boats, such as the refine plank-built warships known as “Caracoa” for coastal trade has emerge into a highly develop technology. 10th Century A.D. Regular trade relations between the countries of Champa (Vietnam) to Butuan, Ma-I (Mindoro) to China, Mindanao & Sulu to Borneo, and other parts of the country has firmly established. Some common trading items of the people of Ma-I and San-hsu are beeswax, cotton, true pearls, tortoise shells, medicinal betelnuts, yu-ta cloth and coconut heart mats, iron pots, lead fishnet sinkers, colored glass beads, irons needles, and tins. An alliance was form by Manila and Autonomous Village Borneo by political marriage, through these connections, the Hindu-Buddhist, Malay-Sanskrit and Arab-Muslim cultural and technologies spread and influence Philippines. In 1565, Spaniards discovered multiple and scattered autonomous villages communities (barangays) all over archipelago. These communities show uneven technological development. Settlements near the shores such as Manila, Mindoro, Cebu, and more, have attained sophisticated Overall Summary of Precolonial Science and Technology The precolonial information about the Philippines was still unsure and just highly superstitious. The Spaniards found no temples or places of worship. Although the Filipinos knew how to read and write in their own system, this was mainly used for messages and letters. They seem not to have developed a written literary tradition at that time. This would have led to a more systematic accumulation and dissemination of knowledge, a condition that is necessary for the development of science and technology. Because of the abundance of natural resources, a benign environment and generally sparse population, there seemed to have been little pressure for invention and innovation among the early Filipinos. As governor Francisco de Sande observed in 1575, the Filipinos do not understand any kind of work, unless it be to do something actually necessary -- such as to build their houses, which are made of stakes after their fashion; to fish, according to their method; to row, and perform the duties of sailors; and to cultivate the land... Beginnings of modern science and technology of the Philippines can be traced in the Spanish regime. 1521 C.E. The beginning of Spaniards taking over the Philippines, where reduccion (reduction) were implemented. resulting to creation of towns, the foundation of Philippines present system of local government, centralized political control all over the country, collection of tribute tax, enforcement of compulsory labor services for the locals, and implementation of the compulsory sale of local products to the government. But Filipinos naturally resisted to reduccion, resulting to the county's socio-economic Education dislocation and decline kin agricultural production and traditional crafts Through religious orders colonial education system was enable to establish in the Philippines and influence development of technology and promotion of scientific research. At first the implementation of education were not effective due to lack of qualified teachers, textbooks, other instructional materials, and limited to elite only. By 19th C.E. Bachiller en Artes (art) were offered. And the later 19th century, technical/vocational schools were 1565 - 1813 C.E. established. At the end of this period, Bachiller in Farmacia (pharmacy) were granted. The Galleon trade or Manila Galleon brought little development in Philippine agriculture and industrial. The Filipino's hardly benefit from it, and eventually lead to the neglect of agriculture and mining, and declined of native handicrafts and industries. Only the local shipbuilding industry continued to prosper due to the necessity to build the galleons and other Religious Orders ships required for internal commerce and the defense. Religious orders provided most of the teaching force and institutions today. It also took the lead in technological innovation and scientific research. Spaniards introduced town planning and building with stones, brick, and tiles. Construction of the walls of Manila, churches, 1780 convents, hospitals, schools, and public buildings were completed in 17th century. Research in agriculture and industry was encouraged by the founding of the Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Philippine by Governador Jose Basco y Vargas under authority of a royal decree. During the 18th and 19th century, , it undertook the promotion of the cultivation of indigo, cotton, cinnamon, and pepper and the development of the silk industry, and it was it was endowed with funds which it usedto provide prizes for successful experiments and inventions for the improvement of agriculture and industry: to finance the publication of scientific and technical literature, trips of scientists from Spain to the Philippines, 1789 professorships; and to provide scholarships to Filipinos. Manila was opened opened to Asian shipping. This inaugurated an era of increasing Philippine exports of rice, hemp, sugar, tobacco, indigo and others and rising imports of manufactured goods. In 1814, Manila was officially opened to world trade and commerce; Beginning of 18th C.E. subsequently other Philippine ports were opened. Bourbon dynasty ascended to the Spanish throne. This paved the way for more government attention to the economic development of the Philippines. Enterprising Spaniards began to exploit the mineral wealth of the islands, develop its agriculture, and 1829 establish industries. Foreign capital was allowed to operate on an equal footing with Spanish merchants. By this means agricultural production particularly of sugar and hemp, was accelerated and modernized. Local industries flourished in Manila and its suburbs -- weaving, embroidery, hat making, carriage manufacture, rope-making, cigar and cigarettes- making. 1865 Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded the Manila Observatory The Observatory collected and made available typhoon and climatological observations. These observations grew in number and importance so that by 1879, it became possible for Fr. Federico Faura to issue the first public typhoon warning. 1869 The higher education during this era were mostly low quality due to the Spaniard viewed suspicion of Filipinos as using education to conspire rebellion against the colonization. Due to this, many Filipinos study in Europe, like Jose Rizal, Graciano Apacible, Antonio Luna, and many more. These prominent figures later joined revolutionary movement against Spain.  1887 C.E. Manila School of Agriculture was created by royal decree, but only opened in 1989. The school provides theoretical and practical education for famers and overseer, and to promote agricultural development in the country. Agricultural stations were also established in Isabela, Ilocos, Albay, 19th C.E. Cebu, Iloilo, Leyte, and parts of Mindanao The prosperity arising from expanded world trade and commerce in the nineteenth century led to Manila's rapid development as a cosmopolitan center. Modern amenities -- a waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspapers, a banking system -- were 1901 introduced into the city by the latter half of the nineteenth century. The prosperity arising from expanded world trade and commerce in the nineteenth century led to Manila's rapid development as a cosmopolitan center. Modern amenities -- a waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspapers, a banking system -- were introduced into the city by the latter half of 2nd Half 19th C.E. the nineteenth century. The study of infectious diseases such as smallpox, cholera, bubonic plague, leprosy, and malaria were intensified with the participation of graduates of medicine and pharmacy from University of Sto. Tomas 1901 C.E. college of medicine. In 1901, the Observatory was made a central station of the Philippine Weather Bureau which was set up by the American colonial authorities. It remained under the Jesuit scientists and provided not only meteorological but also seismological and astronomical studies. The End At the end of the Spanish regime, the Philippines had evolved into a primary agricultural exporting economy. Progress in agriculture had been made possible by some government support for research and education in this field. But it was largely the entry of foreign capital and technology which brought about the modernization of some sectors, notably sugar and hemp production.The lack of interest and support for research and development of native industries like weaving, for example, eventually led to their failure to survive the competition with foreign imports.Because of necessity and the social prestige attached to university education, medicine and pharmacy remained the most developed science-based professions during the Spanish regime. There was very little development of science technology during the short time of Philippine Republic (1898-1900) 1898 C.E. The government took steps to establish a secular educational system, it created the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas as a secular, state-supported institution of higher learning. It offered courses in law, medicine, surgery, pharmacy and notary public.  1901 - 1907 The Philippine Commission, which acted as the executive and legislative body for the Philippines until 1907. It provided for the establishment of schools that would give free primary education, with English as the medium of instruction 1908 - 1911 The colonial authorities initially adopted a coordinated policy for the promotion of higher education in the sciences and government research institutions and agencies performing technical functions. The University of the Philippines was created on 18 June 1908 by Act of the Philippine Legislature. 1912 209men and women were educated under this program in American schools. After the establishment of the University of the Philippines, scholarships for advanced studies of a scientific or technical nature in American Universities were given only in preparation for assignment to jobs in the public service 1917 Act No. 2076 (Private School Act) was enacted by the Philippine Legislature. The Act recognized private schools as educational institutions and not commercial ventures. 1925 In 1925 a survey of the educational system of the Island was authorized Survey which was headed by Paul Monroe made a comprehensive investigation of all public and private institutions of learning in the country. The Monroe Survey found most private schools substandard. It reported that most of these were physically ill equipped and with more part-time than full-time faculty members. 1933-34 Act in 1933 creating the National Research Council of the Philippine Islands (NRCP). Aside from working for the promotion of scientific research, the NRCP actively participated in the deliberations and drafting of provisions affecting science and industry in the 1934 Constitutional Convention. The End All in all, during the American rule, educational and science policies were not linked with colonial economic strategy. While Filipinos were given opportunity to pursue advanced education in science and engineering, the economy remained mostly agrarian. Free trade agreements influenced the Philippines' economic development to a large extent.  1935 Philippine Commonwealth was inaugurated and ushered in a period of transition to political independence. Provision to Article XIII section 4 The Philippine Commonwealth Constitution incorporate a provision to article XIII, section 4 declaring that "The state shall promote scientific Under Filipino research and invention, arts and letters shall be management patronage..." The government continued to expand its public school system to accommodate the increasing number of schoolchildren. November 13, 1936 The government enacted Commonwealth Act No. 180 reestablishing the office of Private Education which has been abolished in 1932. By 1936 425 private schools was recognized by the government, 64 of which we institutions at the College level and 7 were universities. development of economic self-reliance The Commonwealth government worked towards the development of economic self- reliance. It created the National Economic Council to prepare an economic program and development of economic advise the government on economic self-reliance financial questions. several government corporations were reorganized and new ones were created to perform such varied functions as the exploitation and development of natural resources (e.g., the National Power Corporation); the development and promotion of local industries (such as the National Development Company (NDC) and its subsidiaries, the National Abaca and other fibers Corporation); promotion of agricultural production and marketing; and the like. The Assistance to private NDC was especially mandated to undertake the Filipino businessmen development of successful researches of government science agencies for commercial production. The Commonwealth government created new agencies, such as the Bureau of Mines, to provide assistance to businessmen undertaking mining exploration and development. it also increased appropriations for the Bureaus of Science, Plant, and Animal Industry, and thereby encourage more scientific research for industrial purpose. The End In spite of all these efforts, the Commonwealth government was unable to achieve its goal of economic self- reliance. this was primarily because of foreign trade and traffic policies remained under the control of the American government. free trade relations also continued and thus perpetuated the preferential treatment of exports of agricultural raw materials. Moreover, the Pacific War broke out in 1941 and the Philippines was occupied by Japanese troops. The occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during the War brought educational and scientific activities practically to halt as able bodied citizens joined the resistance movement.  1946 TThe number of college students and graduates from public and private universities and colleges has shown tremendous increases since 1946. Nevertheless, the proportion of those in agriculture, medical and natural sciences, and engineering has remained relatively low. 1950 The U.S. Economic Survey Mission to the Philippines, noted in its Report the dearth of basic information needed by industries of the country, the neglect of experimental work and the meager appropriation in the national budget for scientific research, including the low salaries 1952 of government scientists. The Science Foundation of the Philippines (SFP) were created and placed (along with the Institute of Science) under the Office of the President. The Institute of Nutrition was to perform research, advisory and extension functions while the Science Foundation was to stimulate research in the sciences and engineering and promote 1957 science consciousness among the people. A report was submitted to the President pointing out the deterioration of Philippine science since the early years of the American regime. The report analyzed the causes of this decline -- the lack of government support; Science Act of 1958 dearth of scientists of high training and ability; low morale of scientists and a lack of public awareness of Science. The Science Act created the National Science Development Board (NSDB) to formulate policies for the development of science and coordinate the work of science agencies. The Act also created the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and placed these, along with 1960s the NRCP, under the NSDB. Additional science agencies were created by law which thereby expanded NSDB's organization and functions. The creation of these science agencies undoubtedly shows increasing government concern and support for the development of Philippine science 1973-1974 and technology. The Philippine Medical Association (PMA) actively worked to improve standards of medical education by limiting enrollment in medical colleges and adding courses required for the medical degree. Recent innovations in medical training such as more exposure of students to community medicine and the experimental 1983 curriculum to produce doctors for rural areas. In March 1983, Executive Order No. 889 was issued by the President which provided for the establishment of a national network of centers of excellence in basic sciences. Related to this efforts was the establishment of a Scientific Career System in the Civil Service by Presidential Decree No. 901 on 19 July 1983. The End The expanding number of science agencies has given rise to a demand for high calibre scientists and engineers to undertake research and staff universities and colleges. This is designed to attract more qualified scientists to work in government and encourage young people to pursue science degrees and careers. Hence, measures have also been taken towards the improvement of the country;s science and manpower.