Timeline History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

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Questions and Answers

What type of tools did early Filipinos first create around 50,000 to 40,000 B.C.?

  • Wooden tools
  • Stone flakes (correct)
  • Metal tools
  • Ceramic tools

Which type of pottery became prominent in the Philippines around 2,000 B.C.?

  • Porcelain
  • Terracotta
  • Stoneware
  • Earthenware (correct)

What industry emerged between the 2nd/3rd B.C. and the 10th A.D.?

  • Iron industry (correct)
  • Cotton weaving
  • Glass making
  • Ceramic industry

What agricultural innovation was notable in the Cordilleras during the 1st Century A.D.?

<p>Terrace fields (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of boats were crafted by Filipinos in the 10th Century A.D.?

<p>Caracoa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country significantly impacted the Filipino pottery industry after 2000 B.C.?

<p>China (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ornaments were common in Filipino craftsmanship in the 1st Century A.D.?

<p>Glass ornaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which areas were involved in regular trade connections by the 10th Century A.D.?

<p>Mindanao and China (A), Butuan and Mindoro (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the University of the Philippines established?

<p>1908 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the scholarships granted after the establishment of the University of the Philippines?

<p>To prepare students for public service jobs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Act No. 2076, enacted in 1917, recognize about private schools?

<p>They are educational institutions, not commercial ventures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who headed the comprehensive investigation of the educational system in 1925?

<p>Paul Monroe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major change in education occurred during the establishment of the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas?

<p>It provided secular, state-supported higher education. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily facilitated the modernization of the agricultural sector in the Philippines during the Spanish regime?

<p>Entry of foreign capital and technology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding of the Monroe Survey conducted in 1925?

<p>Private schools often had more part-time than full-time faculty members. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which professions were the most developed science-based professions during the Spanish regime?

<p>Medicine and pharmacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was created in 1933 to promote scientific research in the Philippines?

<p>National Research Council of the Philippine Islands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was NOT a focus of the National Research Council of the Philippine Islands during the 1934 Constitutional Convention?

<p>Linking education with colonial economic strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main reasons for the failure of native industries, like weaving, to compete with foreign imports?

<p>Lack of technology advancement in local industries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Philippine Commission play in education from 1901 to 1907?

<p>It provided for the establishment of schools offering free primary education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the American rule, how were educational policies viewed in relation to economic strategy?

<p>Completely independent of economic strategy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientific studies were conducted under Jesuit scientists in the Philippines?

<p>Meteorological, seismological, and astronomical studies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant characteristic of the educational policy from 1908 to 1911 under colonial authorities?

<p>Adoption of coordinated policies for higher education in sciences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to scientific technology during the short time of the Philippine Republic from 1898 to 1900?

<p>It experienced very little development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant impact of reduccion during the Spanish regime in the Philippines?

<p>Establishment of centralized political control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main challenges faced by the colonial education system in the Philippines during the Spanish regime?

<p>Limited access to education for the elite only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What academic program was introduced by the 19th century in the Philippines?

<p>Bachiller en Artes (Arts) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Galleon trade affect agriculture and industries in the Philippines?

<p>It ultimately led to the decline of agriculture and native industries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common consequence Filipinos faced due to the implementation of reduccion?

<p>Decline in agricultural production and traditional crafts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did religious orders influence education in the Philippines?

<p>They facilitated the establishment of colonial education systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what period were technical and vocational schools established in the Philippines?

<p>1565 - 1813 C.E. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key limitations of the colonial education system in the early stages?

<p>A lack of instructional materials and resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main criticisms noted by the U.S. Economic Survey Mission regarding Philippine industries?

<p>Limited basic information available to industries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was established to promote science consciousness among the people?

<p>Science Foundation of the Philippines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was identified as a significant cause of the decline in Philippine science?

<p>Lack of government support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role was designated to the Institute of Nutrition?

<p>Conduct research, advisory, and extension functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the Science Act, which created the National Science Development Board, enacted?

<p>1958 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason for the deterioration of Philippine science?

<p>Surplus of qualified scientists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the National Science Development Board (NSDB)?

<p>Formulate policies for science development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group had a relatively low proportion mentioned in the report?

<p>Individuals in medical and natural sciences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Precolonial S&T

Early Filipinos had basic science and tech skills for survival.

Stone tools/weapons

Developed in Palawan & Batangas around 50,000 to 40,000 B.C.

3,000 B.C. crafts

Seashell ornaments and varied pottery designs.

Pottery Manufacturing

Flourished around 2,000 B.C., declined due to Chinese porcelain competition.

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Iron Industry

Emerged from 2nd/3rd century B.C. to 10th A.D., but also succumbed to external competition.

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1st Century A.D. Tech

Advancements in weaving, iron smelting, pottery, and agriculture.

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Cordillera Terraces

Notable terrace fields constructed in the Cordilleras.

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"Caracoa" Boats

Sophisticated plank-built boats for coastal trade.

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Trade Networks

Connected the Philippines to Vietnam, China, and Borneo.

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Spanish Colonization

Led to "reduccion," creating towns and centralized government.

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Impact of Reduccion

Socio-economic strain and decline in traditional crafts/agriculture.

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Colonial Education

Promoted research but initially limited access.

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Galleon Trade

Contributed minimally to local development, negatively impacting agriculture & native industries.

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Jesuit Scientists

Conducted studies in meteorology, seismology, astronomy.

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Native industries decline

Limited support led to decline while medicine/pharmacy flourished.

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First Republic S&T

Minimal scientific advancement.

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1898 Education Reform

Initiated a secular educational system.

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Philippine Commission

Established free primary education with English instruction.

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University of the Philippines

Promoted higher education in sciences.

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National Research Council

Aimed to promote scientific research.

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Misaligned Education

Policies mismatched economic strategies.

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1950 U.S. Survey

Highlighted lack of industrial information and research funding.

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Science Foundation

Established to foster research in science and engineering.

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1957 S&T Issues

Government neglect, training issues, low public awareness.

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Science Act of 1958

Aimed to formalize policies for scientific development.

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NSDB Creation

Led to creation of the National Science Development Board (NSDB).

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Study Notes

Precolonial Period

  • Early Filipinos possessed rudimentary knowledge of science and technology for basic needs.
  • Stone tools and weapons were developed around 50,000 to 40,000 B.C. in Palawan and Batangas.
  • By 3,000 B.C., Filipinos produced adzes, seashell ornaments, and varied pottery designs.
  • Pottery manufacture flourished around 2,000 B.C. but declined due to competition from Chinese porcelain.
  • From the 2nd/3rd century B.C. to 10th A.D., an iron industry emerged, although it succumbed to external competition.
  • 1st Century A.D. saw advancements in weaving, iron smelting, pottery, and agriculture; notable terrace fields constructed in the Cordilleras.
  • In the 10th Century A.D., sophisticated boat technology developed, particularly the plank-built "Caracoa" for coastal trade.
  • Trade networks were established connecting the Philippines to regions like Vietnam, China, and Borneo.

Spanish Regime

  • 1521 marked the beginning of Spanish control, leading to "reduccion," creating towns and a centralized local government.
  • The reduction resulted in socio-economic strain and decline in traditional crafts and agriculture.
  • The Spanish established a colonial education system, promoting scientific research but initially limiting access.
  • By the 19th century, higher education courses including arts and technical schools emerged.
  • The Galleon trade (1565-1813) contributed minimally to local development, negatively impacting agriculture and native industries.
  • Jesuit scientists conducted important studies on meteorology, seismology, and astronomy, yet agriculture dominated the economy by the end of the Spanish regime.
  • Limited support for native industries led to their decline, while medicine and pharmacy flourished as prominent science-based professions.

First Republic and American Regime

  • The First Philippine Republic (1898-1900) saw minimal scientific advancement.
  • In 1898, a secular educational system was initiated, founding the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas to teach law, medicine, and pharmacy.
  • The Philippine Commission (1901-1907) established free primary education with English as the medium of instruction.
  • The University of the Philippines was created in 1908, promoting higher education in sciences and establishing government research institutions.
  • A significant investigation (1925) by Paul Monroe highlighted deficiencies in private schools, indicating a reliance on part-time faculty.
  • The National Research Council of the Philippine Islands (1933) aimed to promote scientific research, influencing the 1934 Constitutional Convention.

Science and Technology Developments Post-American Rule

  • Educational policies were not aligned with colonial economic strategies, resulting in low proportions of graduates in agriculture, medical, and engineering fields.
  • By 1950, a U.S. Economic Survey highlighted a lack of basic industrial information and scientific research funding.
  • The Science Foundation of the Philippines was established in 1952 to foster research in science and engineering.
  • Issues cited in 1957 included government neglect, insufficient scientist training, and low public awareness of science.
  • The Science Act of 1958 aimed to formalize policies for scientific development, leading to the creation of the National Science Development Board (NSDB).

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