STS Notes - University of the Philippines Cebu PDF

STS 1 FIRST LONG EXAM NOTES University of the Philippines Cebu LESSON 2 RISE OF CIVILIZATION AND THE SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN INTRODUCTION...

STS 1 FIRST LONG EXAM NOTES University of the Philippines Cebu LESSON 2 RISE OF CIVILIZATION AND THE SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY CIVILIZATION Civilization in the context of science and technology Civilization - The understanding of a civilization – along with its structure, formation, dynamics is very complex and entails numerous - Defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as components complex and advanced development of human “a relatively high level of cultural and technological societies, characterized by organized structures development” in governance, economy, culture, and technology Latin term “civitas” meaning city - According to Vere Gordon Childe, civilization has the following characteristics: Nomadic Lifestyle Sedentary Lifestyle - Settlements - Class structure Humans used to move With the advent of - State-level organization (government) from one place to agricultural development - Extensive trading networks another in search of as well as hunting and - Public structures and artwork resources and protection fishing communities, - Writing (from enemies/ humans learned to - Development of exact sciences predators). produce resources rather very few communities than being on a constant remain nomads lookout. Altai tribe in western Mongolia 1  Significant contributions of Chinese civilization include: ○ metallurgy and urbanization ○ networks of palaces CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION ○ formation of social classes ○ development of writing system “Cradles of civilization” MUTUAL INTERACTIONS - mean areas on earth where civilization first flourished Science MESOPOTAMIA - is the understanding of nature and the universe Tigris and Euphrates river Technology ○ earliest non-nomadic agrarian societies - applications of science ○ 2 factors leading to success of society - could be any or combination of techniques, formation: methods, process fertile soil water supply INDIA Indian Civilization ○ where the first evidence of farming and herding were found Developed from Mehrgarh civilization (present day Pakistan) Indus Valley Civilization ○ 3300 BC ○ were the first to develop weights and measure system CHINA 1900-1500 BC 2 3 EXAMPLES OF PRIMITIVE TOOLS USED BY EARLY HUMANS Foundation of National Science and Development Board (NSBD) Hand Axe Awl March 17, 1981 NSBD was reconstituted as the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Main goal: output commercialization Creation of 4 councils with specified fields and funds: PCHRD, PCIERD, PCARRD, NRCP Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Attraction of scientist through establishment of Before 1890s-1940s professional career plans, creation of institutional networks Foundation of Bureau of Science 1987 1890s-1945 (American colonial period) NSTA elevated to Cabinet level and became the Bureau of Science was changed into Philippine DOST in response to increasing demands for S&T Science and Technology intervention in national development. 1945 DOST AT PRESENT Philippine Science and Technology was changed 4 Councils at present into Institute of Science During this time there was no real NRCP – National Research Council of the experimentation occurring and there was small Philippines budget for research and development (R&D) PCAARRD – Philippine Council for Agriculture, activities Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development 1950s-1960s PCHRD – Philippine Council for Health Research and Development Establishment of research agency & manpower PCIEERD – Philippine Council for Industry, Energy development but no real planning and and Emerging Technology Research and coordination -> no significant effects Development June 13, 1958 S&T Service Institutes 4  3. Scientific explanation must be formulated in PAGASA – Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, Astronomical Services Administration such a way that they can be subjected to PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology empirical testing and Seismology PSHS – Philippine Science High School SCIENTIFIC METHOD SEI – Science Education Institute STII – Science and Technology Information - Defined as “a way to conducting research, based Institute Technology Application and Promotion Institute on theory construction, the generation of testable hypotheses, their empirical testing, and the revision of theory if the hypothesis is LESSON 3 rejected” (Flowerdew 2009) - Standard for all research, regardless of field THE PROCESS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD Scientific knowledge is formulated after following the scientific method There are 3 distinguishing characteristics of scientific knowledge (from other forms of knowledge) according to Ayala (2016) 1. Seeks systematic organization of knowledge about the world 2. Strive to explain why observed events do in fact occur 5  LESSON 4 MODERN TECHNOLOGY: SCIENCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE CATEGORIES IN SCIENCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE (1) Food preparation and preservation (2) Transportation (3) Communication (4) Health and Wellness (5) Leisure and Recreation FOOD PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION Food technology - branch of science that study production process of food making (1) Thermal processing 6  For microbial and enzymatic inactivation (4) Water activity reduction Widely applied to milk, meat, corn, peas, Sometimes freezing is unavailable, and another other vegetables way to reduce water activity (and therefore ○ i.e., milk pasteurization - microbial growth) is adding solute. heat-treatment process that ○ A solute is a substance dissolved in a destroys pathogenic solution. microorganisms in certain foods ○ When solute is added to food, water tends and beverages to move out via osmosis. (2) Cooling/chilling Philippine gastronomy is rich in food added with solute, Used for increasing shelf life without usually salt or sugar. Longganisa or chorizo is an significantly changing nutritional content example of meat preserved by adding salt and sugar What was there before refrigerators? and could be stored without freezing. ○ Ice house and ice pit ○ Yakhchal in Persia TRANSPORTATION ○ Streams and caves (3) Freezing 4 Modes of Transport The process of freezing involves solidification of (1) Road water thereby decreasing water activity to zero. (2) Inland waterways/sea shipping Water is essential for microbial growth, as such (3) Rail in freezing when there is no water available, (4) Air microbial growth is inhibited. The food becomes rock solid as water molecules solidifies. In modern times, meat is frequent frozen allowing for lasting supply. 7  At present, railway system in the Philippines is concentrated in Luzon Air Philippine Airlines as national flagship carrier Cebu Pacific, and other low cost airlines COMMUNICATION At present, there is a parallel significance between information and development in computer and communication technology (Buyukbaykal, 2015) Road There is now a shift in the rise of “Information age” from Industrial age Kalesa, jeepney, tricycle, bus Humans vs Nonhumans Inland waterways/sea shipping How does human communication differ to Banka, pump boat, river and sea ferries, ships communication of other animals such as birds? Rail COMMUNICATION IN MODERN TIMES Philippine National Railway (PNR) Modes of Communication (Ochsman and Chapanis, Manila Light Rail Transit System 1974) 8  Typewriting Handwriting Video Voice Telecommunication Use of signals signs messages optical and electromagnetic systems HEALTH AND WELLNESS 9  ○ Impairment of mental and physical Key areas (on a personal level) of health and wellness performance include: Diet or nutrition, exercise, stress management, disease reduction, sleep Blue light has a dark side (1) Diet A study by Harvard University examined how our Different diet classifications (also related to use of devices affect our sleeping pattern. culture and religion) Devices such as TVs, cellphones, computers emit BLUE LIGHT which suppresses melatonin – the hormone responsible for being “sleeping”. Constant use of devices exposes us to blue light and thus we remain active until the midnight. The study suggested we minimize use of (2) Exercise cellphones and other gadgets hours before Any physical activity that improves: sleeping. ○ Overall health and wellness of human LEISURE AND RECREATION body ○ Cognitive function (brain health) Baud-Bovy and Lawson (2002) defined the following ○ Can also affect depression, anxiety and Leisure other mode states (3) Sleep is free time available to the individual when the Effects of sleep deprivation (Luyster et al., 2012) disciplines of work, sleep and other basic needs ○ Worsening of cardiovascular and have been met. metabolic diseases ○ Lifespan 10 Recreation covers broadly any pursuit taken up during LESSON 5 leisure time other than those to which people have a high commitment (overtime, second job, home study and various maintenance jobs MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY around the house) Medical Technologies - Accdg. to Asian hospital & Interrelated with each other and PLAY healthcare management Tourism (local and international) Apparatus, instrument Games Software Sports and athletics Reagents Dance Material/article Water-based activities Medical Technologies Goals Swimming, surfing Outdoor activities “diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or ○ Rock climbing alleviation of disease diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for an injury investigation, replacement, modification or support of the anatomy or of a physiological process 11  supporting or sustaining life control of A mammogram (machine) uses X-ray and conception presses the breast using two plates to take a disinfection of medical devices photo of the underlying breast tissues. providing information for medical or diagnostic Patient will stand in front of a special x-ray purposes by means of in vitro examination of machine. specimens derived from the human body which A technologist will place patient’s breast on a does not achieve its primary intended action in plastic plate. or on the human body by pharmacological, Another plate will firmly press the breast from immunological or metabolic means, but which above. may be assisted in its intended function by such The plates will flatten the breast, holding it still means.” while the x-ray is being taken. You will feel some pressure. ENDOSCOPY Endoscopic procedure used in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of digestive diseases (Elsevier) Endoscope ○ long, flexible, lighted tube with camera and tip for getting tissue sample (biopsy) MAMMOGRAPHY Pros and Cons soreness/pain during procedure 12  ○ when tube is inserted Surgery for the removal of cloudy lens grogginess ○ Lens of the eyes is used for light refraction ○ due to medicine taken before the 15-30 min surgery and is non-invasive endoscopy procedure Patient can go home after (out patient) Non-invasive ○ Doctors need not to open the patient LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Testing and Also termed “minimally invasive surgery” or Treatment keyhole surgery Surgery via a port (0.5-1 inch incisions) Positive test -> treatment ○ Contrary to open surgery Using prescribed medicine, thereby preventing Uses laparoscope and tubes further transmission ○ Inflation of abdomen using CO2 If pregnant, decreasing chances of transmission ○ With camera attachment to child Operations using laparoscopy (America Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons) Negative test Used in various fields such as gynecology, provision of prevention tools gastroenterology, urology Antiretroviral medicines ROBOTIC SURGERY reduce acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Hailed as “new “ revolution (AIDS)-related deaths Could be used in: CATARACT SURGERY AND LENS IMPLANT 13  ○ prostate, gynecology, colorectal, ○ increase gamete density at the site of nephrectomy and lung surgery, fertilization (Ombelet & Robays, 2015) cardiology Beneficial especially in sub-fertile women ○ imilar to laparoscopic surgery, but more ○ Subfertile is defined as those having advanced and has more applications reduced fertility with prolonged time of unwanted non-conception PROSTATE CANCER TESTING In vitro fertilization (IVF) Prostate gland ○ Process of fertilization outside the human body male gland that release fluid for sperm ○ Also called reproductive (ART) nourishment protection ○ Used in the following patients (American Prostate cancer Pregnancy Association) ○ Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes 2nd most common cancer in men (US data) ○ Male factor infertility including decreased ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION sperm count or sperm motility ○ Women with ovulation disorders, Also called “intrauterine insemination” premature ovarian failure, uterine fibroids. ○ In vivo fertilization (meaning fertilization ○ Fibroid tumors are usually undetected, happened inside the female body) noncancerous masses that grow in the “a fertility treatment that involves placing sperm uterus. inside a woman’s uterus to facilitate fertilization” ○ Women who have had their fallopian (American Pregnancy Association) tubes removed Objective of the procedure: ○ Individuals with a genetic disorder ○ Unexplained infertility 14  Disadvantages ○ Risks in women are numerous from mild to severe conditions The process of retrieving eggs involves a minor surgical procedure that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, or damage to surrounding organs. ○ Often expensive ○ Could lead to multiple pregnancy This is because multiple embryos are often injected during the procedure CRISPR short for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats” A technology that research scientists use to selectively modify the DNA of living organisms. 15