Introduction To Human Anatomy PDF

Introduction To Human Anatomy By Dr.Sayed Jahin Lecturer of anatomy and embryology  Objectives To understand the basic terminologies used in anatomy. To describe the anatomical position of the body. To know the different a...

Introduction To Human Anatomy By Dr.Sayed Jahin Lecturer of anatomy and embryology  Objectives To understand the basic terminologies used in anatomy. To describe the anatomical position of the body. To know the different anatomical planes and terms of positions. To know the different anatomical planes and terms of movements INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Definition: Anatomy is the oldest medical science The word anatomy is derived from Greek word anatome up ( which means cutting up). Anatomy: is the science deals with study of various structures and their relations in the body  Fields Of Anatomy Anatomy can be studied under the subdivisions of: Gross Anatomy: Study of the visible structures to the eye. Surface Anatomy: Study of projection of internal body parts on the corresponding external surface of the body.  Radiological Anatomy: Study of anatomy of various organs of the body with the help of plain or contrast radiography (X ray, CT scan, MRI). Developmental Anatomy (Embryology): Study of the prenatal developmental changes in an individual.  Approaches to study Anatomy 1. Regional approach : Each region of the body studied separately and all aspects is studied at the same time including muscles , nerves, bones , vasculature and viscera; head & neck, upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen and pelvis. 2. Systemic approach: Each system is studied separately and followed throughout the entire body. For example, a study of the cardiovascular system looks at the heart and all the blood vessels in the body, respiratory, gastrointestinal, etc. Systemic anatomy Regional Anatomy Head & neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis Lower limb  Anatomical Positions Anatomical position is very important for describing the relations of all body structures and so to understanding anatomical terms. Types of anatomical positions: 1- Standard or erect anatomical position Body erect and at rest and facing forward. ▪ ▪ Eyes ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪look straight. Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body The legs are fully extended. 2-Supine position: In this position the body is lying down with face pointing upwards. 3-Prone position: This is the position in which the back of the body is directed upwards. The body lies in a horizontal plane with face directed downwards. 4- Lateral position : the body lies on its side right or left  Anatomical Planes & Lines 1-Median or Sagittal plane: This is vertical plane which passes in the midline of body dividing the body into equal right and left halves. 2- Parasagittal plane: It is a vertical plane which passes parallel to the sagittal or median plane. dividing the body into unequal right and left halves. 3- Coronal or frontal plane: It is a vertical plane at right angle to median plane. If you draw a line from one ear to another from above the head and then divide the whole body along this line. It divide the body to anterior & posterior, front &back, ventral & dorsal. 4-Transverse plane: It is the horizontal plane of the body cutting it into upper and lower parts. It divide the body into superior & inferior or upper & lower. 5- Oblique plane: Any plane other than the above described planes will be oblique plane.  Planes of the Body Coronal or Frontal Sagittal Transverse  Anatomical Terms 1- Anatomical terms describing the relations: Anterior (ventral): means towards the front. Posterior (dorsal): means towards the back. Superior (cranial): means towards the head. Inferior (caudal): means towards the feet. Medial means towards the median plane (near the middle of the body). Lateral means away from the median plane (away from the middle of the body). Ipsilateral: any two structures lying on the same side of the body. Contralateral: any two structures lying on the opposite sides of the body. Anatomical Terms Of Solid Organs Superficial or external : toward the body surface or skin Deep or internal : toward the core of the body  Anatomical Terms Of The Limbs Proximal : structure which is nearer to the trunk Distal: structure which is away from the trunk Flexor surface : means the anterior surface of the upper limb and posterior surface of the lower limb Extensor surface: means the posterior surface of the upper limb and anterior surface of the lower limb Flexion: Two flexor surfaces come in approximation and Terms Describing Movements angle of the joint is reduced. Extension: Approximation of extensor surfaces whereby angle of joint increases. Adduction: is the movement towards the median plane. Example: moving upper limb towards the trunk. Abduction: is the movement away from the median plane. Example: moving away upper limb from trunk. Medial rotation: denotes Lateral rotation: denotes rotation movement towards median away from the median plane or plane or inward rotation. outward rotation. Example: Example: medial rotation of arm lateral rotation of arm at shoulder at shoulder joint. joint Circumduction: circular movements means combined movement of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction in a circular manner is termed as circumduction. Elevation: Raising or moving a body part towards the cephalic (head) end. Depression: Lowering or moving a body part caudally Protrusion: It is the forward movement of a Pronation: It is the medial body part. rotation of forearm so that the Retraction: It is the backward movement from palm comes to face backwards. protrusion. Supination: It is the lateral rotation of forearm so that the palm comes to face anteriorly (forwards).  Opposition: brings the thumb and the little finger together. Reposition: the movement that places the thumb and the little finger away from each other. Inversion of foot: is the movement of the plantar surface of foot to face medially (inwards). Eversion of foot: is the movement of the plantar surface of foot to face laterally (outwards). Dorsiflexion: extension at the ankle so the foot points more superiorly. Planter flexion: flexion at the ankle so the foot points more inferiorly.  Common Questions 1- One of the followings terms does NOT describes the 4-When the Sole of the foot is directed outward; this anatomical positions means: a) Anterior a) Flexion b) Posterior b) Eversion c) Medial c) Extension d) Superior d Pronation e) Transverse ) Inversion 2-Movement the limb away from the median plane; e means which term? 5- Pushing the scapula & arm forward means: ) a) Adduction a) Protraction b) Abduction b) Rotation c) Flexion c) Apposition d) Extension d) Retraction e) Rotation e) Inversion 3-If you draw a line from one ear to another and then divide the whole body along this line; this means which 6- In which position that the ventral surface of the body plane? faces up? A.Supine Position B.Lateral position C.Prone a) Sagittal position D.Lithotomy position b) Coronal c) Vertical d) Horizontal E. Erect position e)Oblique 7-The movement that places the thumb and the 9- When the organ lies toward the core of the little finger away from each other this means:- body; this means that the organ is…… organ a) Deep a) Opposition b) Medial b) Abduction c) Superficial c) Reposition d) Lateral d) Inversion e) Posterior e) Flexion 8- Moving any limb towards the trunk means: 10- When studying of various organs of the body with the help of plain or contrast radiography; a) Extension this means which type of anatomy? b) Abduction a) Gross c) Adduction b) Microscopic d) Rotation c) Developmental e) Circumductio d) Radiological e) Surface n