Introduction to Human Anatomy PDF

Introduction to Human Anatomy JOHN WILMER F. LAUREANO, LPT., MSPE. Physical Fitness & Wellness Instructor What is Anatomy?  Study of the STRUCTURE of the Human Body  Closely related to PHYSIOLOGY!  Physiology is the study of the FUNCTION of the human body TH...

Introduction to Human Anatomy JOHN WILMER F. LAUREANO, LPT., MSPE. Physical Fitness & Wellness Instructor What is Anatomy?  Study of the STRUCTURE of the Human Body  Closely related to PHYSIOLOGY!  Physiology is the study of the FUNCTION of the human body THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY  Anatomy  Greek=to cut up, or dissect  The science that deals with the structure of the body  Kinds:  Gross Anatomy  Microscopic Anatomy  Developmental Anatomy  Comparative Anatomy Gross Anatomy  Definition:  That which can be seen with the naked eye  Kinds:  Regional:  body studied by area  Systematic:  body studied by system Microscopic Anatomy  Definition:  That which can be seen with the assisted eye  Kinds:  Cytology:  The study of cells  Histology:  The study of tissues  Organology:  The study of organs Developmental Anatomy  Definition:  The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle  Kinds:  Embryology:  The study of prenatal development  Postnatal development:  The study of structures after birth  Ontogeny:  Total development of an individual Comparative Anatomy  Definition:  Comparison of structures between organisms  Kinds:  Vertebrate:  Comparison of structures among the vertebrate classes  Phylogeny:  The study of phyla, and their relationships Physiology The scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures. Structure and function cannot be completely separated. Form is related to function History of Anatomy  In Western Civilization: began around the Mediterranean Sea  Mesopotamia  The Greeks  Hippocrates (~400 B.C.): Father of Medicine  Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): structure and function  Alexandria in Egypt  First Medical School, cadaver dissection  Herophilus (300 B.C.): Father of Anatomy  Rome (after Alexandria fell)  Galen (A.D. 130-201): “the supreme authority”  Tashrih al-badan manuscript Ca 1400-1500 By Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Faqih LLyas Persian Anatomist 10  Tibb al-Akbar manuscript Female figure Ca 1650-1700 by Muhammad Akbar Persian Physician 11  HISTORY OF ANATOMY HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)  Greek physician  Father of Medicine  His name is memorialized in the Hippocratic oath  Humoral theory : Four body humors – -blood. -phlegum - -yellow bile - -black bile  Attributed diseases to natural causes.  GRECIAN PERIOD HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)  Father of Anatomy  Performed: -vivi-sections (dissections of living humans) and - dissections of human cadavers  regarded brain as seat of intelligence  described cerebrum, cerebellum, fourth ventricle  first to identify nerves as sensory or motor.  SIXTEENTH CENTURY VESALIUS(1514- 1654)  His work De humani corporis fabrica written in 7 volumes  His work revolutionised the teaching of anatomy and ruled for two centuries  Chose not to have his name attached to the parts of body he described unlike anatomists Sylvius, Fallopius, Eustachius.  Father of Modern Anatomy  ‘Reformer of Anatomy’ Ways to Study Anatomy  RegionalAnatomy – study one region of the body at a time and learn everything about the region  Systemic Anatomy – study one body system at a time. This is the approach we will use in this course Integumentary System  Components  Skin  Hair, nails  Function  External covering  Protection  Synthesis of Vitamin D  Location of Sense receptors Skeletal System  Components  Bones  Joints and adjacent cartilages  Function  Support  Protection  Movement  Blood cell production (red bone marrow)  Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)  Muscular System  Components  SkeletalMuscles  Associated Connective Tissues (tendons)  Function  Locomotion  Manipulation of the environment  Facial expression (communication)  Maintain posture  Produce heat Circulatory System  Components  Cardiovascular System  Lymphatic System  Function  Transportation of materials  Within the body  To and from internal and external environments  Lymphatic System  Components  Lymphatic Organs (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, etc.)  Lymphatic Vessels  Function  Transportation of lymph  Lymph is derived from tissue fluid  Houses white blood cells Immune System  Components  Immune Organs (red bone marrow, thymus, etc.)  Whiteblood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.)  Function  Defense (Immune response)  Nervous System  Components  Brain, Spinal cord (CNS)  Nerves (PNS), sense receptors  Function  Control system (fast, “hard wired”)  Response to external and internal environments Endocrine System  Components  Glands that secrete hormones  E.g.:Pituitary, pancreas,  thyroid  Function  Control system (slow, “chemical”)  Regulates processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use Respiratory System  Components  Lungs  Tubing ( trachea, bronchus, etc.)  Larynx (vocal cords)  Function  Exchange of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)  Between blood and atmosphere  Voice production Digestive System  Components  Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)  Accessory structures(liver, salivary glands, etc.)  Function  Break down food into small, absorbable pieces  Between blood and lumen  Eliminate waste Urinary System  Components  Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra  Function  Eliminate waste (nitrogen) from blood  Between blood and external environment  Regulates water, electrolytes, acid/base Reproductive System  Components  Male Reproductive System  Female Reproductive System  Function  Perpetuation of the species  Hormones influence structure and function  Sexually bimorphic species BRAIN END OF DISCUSSION  GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME!!