Human Anatomy Test Bank PDF

Test Bank Human Anatomy Sixth Edition Marieb | Wilhelm | Mallatt Rennee A. Moore Solano Community College Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson Assistant Editor: Nicole Graziano Editorial Assistant: John Maas Managing Editor: Deborah Cogan Prod...

Test Bank Human Anatomy Sixth Edition Marieb | Wilhelm | Mallatt Rennee A. Moore Solano Community College Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson Assistant Editor: Nicole Graziano Editorial Assistant: John Maas Managing Editor: Deborah Cogan Production Manager: Michele Mangelli Production Supervisor: Leslie Austin Copyeditor: Sally Peyrefitte Compositor and Interior Designer: Cecelia G. Morales Proofreader: Martha Ghent Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Derek Perrigo Cover Credit: Anatomical Travelogue / Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © 2011, 2010, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. ISBN 10: 0-321-65129-4; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-65129-7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10–SCI–13 12 11 10 Contents Preface iv 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 1 2 Cells: The Living Units 18 3 Basic Embryology 34 4 Tissues 49 5 The Integumentary System 65 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues 81 7 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton 97 8 Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton 113 9 Joints 129 10 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 145 11 Muscles of the Body 161 12 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue 190 13 The Central Nervous System 206 14 The Peripheral Nervous System 223 15 The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons 239 16 The Special Senses 256 17 The Endocrine System 274 18 Blood 291 19 The Heart 308 20 Blood Vessels 325 21 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems 344 22 The Respiratory System 362 23 The Digestive System 379 24 The Urinary System 398 25 The Reproductive System 416 iii Preface This Test Bank is written to accompany Human Anatomy, Sixth Edition, by Elaine N. Marieb, Patricia Brady Wilhelm, and Jon Mallatt. Each chapter includes a variety of question types, includ- ing figure, matching, true/false, multiple-choice, short answer, and essay questions. Each question is assigned a difficulty level ranging from 1 to 3, with 3 being the most difficult, and answers to questions as well as page references to the main text are provided for each question. Although this printed Test Bank can be used alone, an electronic version of the Test Bank is available in TestGen 7.4 format (0-321-68316-1) and instructors can download the TestGen program, view tutorials, and get support from the Pearson TestGen website at www.pearsoned.com/testgen a well. This easy-to-use program allows instructors the flexibility to view, edit, and select questions to meet the individual course requirements. The built-in Question Editor and Graphics Library features allow the user to add or modify questions and to import graphics, and multiple views and on-screen tools make it easy to transfer questions to tests and print them in a variety of formats. Additional course management resources are available to instructors using Human Anatomy, Sixth Edition, including CourseCompass™, WebCT™, and Blackboard™. All of these programs are useful for online course management and for implementing distance learning courses; they are available stand-alone or can be packaged with the test. The content includes selections from the myA&P™ website as well as the entire computerized Test Bank. For more information concerning these or other instructor resources, go to www.pearsonhighered.com, or contact your local Benjamin Cummings sales representative. Comments and suggestions concerning this Test Bank are welcome and may be sent to the authors care of: The Marieb Book Team Pearson Benjamin Cummings 1301 Sansome Street San Francisco, CA 94111 iv Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Matching Questions Figure 1.1 Using Figure 1.1, match the following: 1) Mental Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 2) Umbilical Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 2 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 3) Hallux Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 4) Inguinal Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 5) Femoral Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 3 Figure 1.2 Using Figure 1.2, match the following: 6) Lumbar Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 7) Acromial Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 7 8) Scapular Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 9) Popliteal Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 10) Occipital Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 7 Match the following: A. superior B. lateral C. anterior D. proximal E. deep 11) The chest is ________ to the abdomen. Answer: superior Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 12) The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region. Answer: anterior Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 13) The knee is ________ to the foot. Answer: proximal Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 14) The brain is ________ to the skull. Answer: deep Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 15) The thumb is ________ to the index finger. Answer: lateral Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 16) Muscles are ________ to the skin. Answer: deep Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 17) The axillary region is ________ to the sternum. Answer: lateral Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 18) The lip is ________ to the chin. Answer: superior Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 5 19) The eye is ________ to the occipital region. Answer: anterior Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 20) The acromial region is ________ to the scapular region. Answer: superior Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 21) The gluteal region is ________ to the popliteal region. Answer: superior Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 22) The femoral region is ________ to the plantar region. Answer: proximal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 23) The heart is ________ to the sternum. Answer: deep Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 24) The pubic area is ________ to the gluteal region. Answer: anterior Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 25) The umbilical region is ________ to the lumbar region. Answer: anterior Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 True/False Questions 1) Serous cavities include the pleural cavity. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12 2) Serous cavities contain air. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 3) The peritoneal cavity is a serous cavity. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 4) EM has much greater resolution than LM. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 5) The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into a cranial cavity and a vertebral cavity. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 6) Pathological anatomy deals with structural changes caused by disease. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 7) A CT scan produces an image of a transverse section of the body. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16-17 8) MRI techniques can show only images that are hard and deflect the X rays. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 9) Ultrasound techniques are used to image a fetus because they are less damaging than other techniques. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 10) Angiography imaging is used primarily in the study of blood supply to the heart wall and brain. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 11) Most adults are between 1.5 and 2 meters tall. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6 12) All vertebrate embryos have a dorsal hollow nerve cord. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 13) A transverse plane could cut the head off the body! Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 14) In anatomical position, the palms of the hands face medially toward the thighs. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6-7 15) The mediastinum contains the trachea and lungs. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 7 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The smallest living unit is A) a cell. B) an organ. C) a human being. D) a molecule. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 2) Which branch of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur as one ages? A) developmental anatomy B) pathological anatomy C) regional anatomy D) surface anatomy Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 3) Which organ system includes the pancreas, thymus, testes, and pituitary gland? A) integumentary B) endocrine C) reproductive D) lymphatic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-5 4) A coronal section through the human body can A) pass through both the nose and the occipital region. B) pass through both ears. C) provide mirror right and left images. D) lie in a horizontal plane. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 5) During the process of ________, noncellular artifacts can be introduced into histology samples. A) time B) observation C) staining D) photography Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 6) The cervical region is the A) thigh. B) calf. C) neck. D) head. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 7) The ʺCTʺ in ʺCT scanningʺ stands for A) cut transversely. B) Charles Thorgaard, the inventorʹs name. C) correlated thickness. D) computed tomography. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 8) What is the function of serous membranes? A) They act like wrapping paper to hold visceral organs together. B) They contain gland cells that secrete mucus. C) They halt the spread of infection. D) They reduce friction so that viscera move freely. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 9) The dorsal hollow nerve cord A) develops into the brain and spinal cord. B) a primitive supporting rod. C) contains the notochord. D) is the same as the human backbone. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 10) The main purpose of fixation is A) to preserve the tissue. B) to mend breaks in tissue sections. C) to make an organ easier to section. D) to stick tissue sections to a glass slide. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 11) A histologist examines a specimen that has an epithelium overlying some smooth muscle. This specimen is part of A) a molecule. B) a cell. C) a tissue. D) an organ. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 12) An example of a tissue in the body is A) the stomach. B) a muscle cell. C) epithelium. D) a macromolecule. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 9 13) An example of an organ is A) a fat cell. B) the intestine. C) epithelium. D) the cardiovascular system (but not the circulatory system). Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 14) Which organ system consists of vessels that do not carry blood, but pick up fluids (and some cells) that are leaked from the blood? A) urinary B) endocrine C) integumentary D) lymphatic Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4-5 15) Large molecules such as proteins are called A) cells. B) macromolecules. C) multi-atom units. D) cellular organelles. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3-4 16) Which organ system covers the external surface of the body, but not the internal surface of the mouth? A) lymphatic B) digestive C) integumentary D) cutaneous Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-5 17) Which organ system includes the spinal cord? A) skeletal B) muscular C) nervous D) integumentary Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4-5 18) The height of an average personʹs trunk, from neck to perineum, is about A) 5 meters. B) 10 centimeters. C) 1000 μm. D) 1 meter. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 19) Which statement concerning the anatomical position is false? A) The palms face anteriorly. B) The toes point anteriorly, but the fingers point inferiorly. C) The knees, elbow, and neck are straight (not bent). D) The person is lying down, as straight as possible. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 20) Bilateral symmetry can apply to objects as well as to animal bodies. Which of the following capital letters of the alphabet is not bilaterally symmetrical? A) A B) M C) L D) O Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 21) Which structure is not covered by visceral serosa? A) lungs B) ribs C) stomach D) uterus Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 22) The femoral region is the A) buttocks. B) hip. C) thigh. D) toes. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 23) The inguinal region lies A) anterior to the elbow joint. B) on the anterior neck. C) where the thigh joins the trunk. D) on the external genitals. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 24) The perineal region is the A) side of the leg. B) region between the external genitals and the anus. C) point of the shoulder. D) superior part of the gluteal region. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 11 25) Which structure is not present in the mediastinum? A) esophagus B) heart C) lung D) trachea Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 26) A frontal plane is the same as a ________ plane. A) midsagittal B) transverse C) coronal D) sagittal Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 27) Another name for the midsagittal plane is A) parasagittal. B) oblique. C) coronal. D) median. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 28) What point or structure in the body is located farthest laterally? (Hint: Questions always refer to the anatomical position.) A) the coxal region B) ear C) little toe D) tip of thumb Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 7-8 29) Although transmission electron microscopy is usually used for high-magnification viewing, it is certainly possible to use it at low magnification as well. That is, one can produce similar micrographs of tissues taken by light microscopy and electron microscopy at the same magnification. Even at the same magnification, however, you can easily tell the two kinds of micrographs apart. How? A) The image in the electron micrograph is still sharper. B) Tissue viewed by electron microscopy is colored, whereas light micrographs are always black and white (and shades of gray). C) Tissue for light microscopy cannot be fixed (no fixation). D) Tissue for electron microscopy cannot be sectioned. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 30) What is the main advantage of MRI as a medical imaging technique? A) It is safe. B) The patient feels less pain during the procedure than with any other imaging technique. C) It is very inexpensive. D) It shows soft tissues very clearly. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 31) The extremities are the same as A) the ears. B) the fingers and toes. C) the limbs. D) all structures in the head. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 32) Which of the following pairs of organs/structures is located ipsilateral? A) cecum : sigmoid colon B) descending colon : spleen C) mouth : navel D) right lung : left lung Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 33) A physician viewing an injury to the back would look at the patientʹs ________ side. A) lateral B) posterior C) cranial D) ventral Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 34) The ________ body cavity contains the brain. A) dorsal B) ventral C) serous D) lateral Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 35) The roots of anatomical terminology lie mainly in A) German and French. B) Latin and Greek. C) Esperanto. D) Russian and Old English. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 13 36) The _____________ cavity contains the heart and lungs. A) abdominopelvic B) dorsal C) thoracic D) lateral Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 37) Hormones are regulatory proteins that are secreted by the ________ system. A) urinary B) endocrine C) integumentary D) lymphatic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-5 38) Which organ system keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and contains many air tubes? A) urinary B) endocrine C) integumentary D) respiratory Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-5 39) The elimination of nitrogenous wastes from body fluids is regulated by the ________ system. A) urinary B) endocrine C) integumentary D) lymphatic Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4-5 40) Which structures are evidence of the vertebrate characteristic of segmentation? A) branches of the blood vessels B) multiple joints of fingers C) subdivisions of the gastrointestinal tract D) vertebral column Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10-11 41) Which statement about visceral serosa is false? A) It clings to the surface of organs. B) It is continuous with the membrane that covers the outer body wall. C) It is deep to the parietal serosa. D) It lines the internal surface of hollow organs. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 42) How many centimeters are there in a meter? A) 10 B) 100 C) 1,000 D) 1,000,000 Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6 43) Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity? A) heart B) liver C) spinal cord D) urinary bladder Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 44) The ankle lies ________ to the thigh. A) distal B) proximal C) lateral D) deep Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 45) The axillary artery is found in the region of the A) posterior surface of the knee. B) vertebral column. C) armpit. D) long axis of any limb. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 46) As an anatomical region, lumbar refers to A) the loin of the back. B) part of the lower limb. C) the wrist. D) the breast. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 47) The buccal region is the A) cheeks. B) waist. C) calf of the leg. D) underside of the foot. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 15 48) The popliteal region is A) the side of the leg. B) in the cervical region. C) the posterior surface of the knee. D) the inferior part of the gluteal region. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 49) The coxal region is A) the same as the inguinal region. B) the skin over the ʺtailbone.ʺ C) the hip. D) the posterior surface of the wrist. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 50) Which abdominal structure is located in the right hypochondriac region? A) appendix B) gallbladder C) spleen D) stomach Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Short Answer Questions 1) Describe the difference between proximal and distal. Answer: Proximal means closer to the point of attachment to the main part of the body; distal is further. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 2) Describe the location of the thigh to the calf. Answer: The thigh is proximal to the calf. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 3) Describe the location of the upper arm to the fingertips. Answer: The upper arm is proximal to the fingertips. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 4) In humans, what term is synonymous with posterior? Answer: dorsal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 5) Clinicians refer to ________ anatomy when locating blood vessels to draw blood, feeling pulses, and avoiding nerves while giving injections. Answer: surface Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 6) In humans, the region between the anus and the external genitals is the ________ region. Answer: perineal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 7) The olecranal region is posterior to what region? Answer: antecubital Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 8) The head, neck, and trunk comprise the ________ region. Answer: axial Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 9) What is the term for the thumb? Answer: pollex Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 10) One could say that the forearm is ________ to the brachial region. Answer: distal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 11) Cutting the body along the median plane produces a ________ view. Answer: sagittal Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 12) One could describe the scalp as being ________ to the skull. Answer: superficial Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 13) A ________ plane separates the body into equal left and right halves. Answer: midsagittal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 14) The measurement typically used for structures within a cell is the ________. Answer: micrometer Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6 15) The ________ system is involved in immunity. Answer: lymphatic Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4-5 Essay Questions 1) Identify what systems are found in the arm. Answer: The arm contains elements of the skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, muscular, lymphatic, and integumentary systems. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4-5 2) What organ systems would be found in the arm and not in the leg? Answer: None Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4-5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 17 3) List the six unique features found in all vertebrates at some stage of their life. Answer: Tube-within-a-tube body plan, bilateral symmetry, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord and vertebrae, segmentation, and pharyngeal pouches. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 4) In adult humans, what remnants of segmentation remain? Answer: The ribs and the vertebrae, with their segmental spinal nerves, are remnants of segmentation. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10-11 5) Select from the following techniques the best method for assessing brain function in a stroke patient: X-ray imaging, sonography, MRI. Explain why the other choices are not the best choice. Answer: MRI is the best method of assessing brain function. X rays do not image soft tissues well or with high resolution. They also produce only two-dimensional images of a structure. Sonography cannot be used to study the brain because sound waves cannot pass through the body skull. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 15-19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Cells: The Living Units Matching Questions Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 2) Nucleolus Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 3) Microvilli Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 4) Mitochondrion Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 5) Golgi apparatus Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 18 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Cells: The Living Units 19 Figure 2.2 Using Figure 2.2, match the following: 6) DNA molecule Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 7) Chromatid Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 8) Nucleosomes Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 9) Histones Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 10) Metaphase chromosome Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 Match the following: A. Golgi apparatus B. lysosome C. rough endoplasmic reticulum D. mitochondria E. peroxisome 11) This organelle is involved in production of cellular energy. Answer: mitochondria Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32-33 12) This structure is characterized by folded membranes called cristae. Answer: mitochondria Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32-33 13) When a cell ingests a foreign cell, the vesicle fuses with this organelle. Answer: lysosome Diff: 3 Page Ref: 32 14) This membranous structure is the site of protein synthesis. Answer: rough endoplasmic reticulum Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 15) This structure detoxifies a number of toxic substances. Answer: peroxisome Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33-34 16) Cisternae of this structure are continuous with the nuclear envelope. Answer: rough endoplasmic reticulum Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31 17) This structure has both a cis and a trans face. Answer: Golgi apparatus Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31-32 18) This membranous structure contains oxidase enzymes. Answer: peroxisome Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33-34 19) These structures are often called the demolition crew of the cell. Answer: lysosome Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Cells: The Living Units 21 20) This structure primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it is characterized by a flattened stack of membranes. Answer: Golgi apparatus Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31-32 21) This structure is primarily a sac of powerful enzymes. Answer: lysosome Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 22) This structure is defective in the disorder Tay-Sachs disease. Answer: lysosome Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 23) This structure is numerous in liver and kidney cells. Answer: peroxisome Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33-34 24) This structure produces ATP. Answer: mitochondria Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32-33 25) This structure contains its own DNA. Answer: mitochondria Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32-33 True/False Questions 1) The smooth ER contains its own molecules of DNA. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31 2) Hypercholesterolemia is an inherited disease in which the bodyʹs cells lack the protein receptors that bind to cholesterol-delivering LDLs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 28 3) Ribosomes consist of two subunits, each surrounded by a membrane. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30-31 4) Peroxisomes are important in detoxification of a number of toxic substances, for instance, hydrogen peroxide. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33-34 5) The nucleolus serves as the cellʹs ribosome-producing machine. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 6) Microtubules are composed of actin. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34-35 7) Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around proteins known as actin. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 8) An example of a type of cell with high rates of mitosis is a cell of the skin. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 9) During the S phase, cells are characterized by rapid growth. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 10) During the G1 phase, DNA is replicated in the cytoplasm. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 11) Telomeres are structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43 12) Extended chromatin is tightly wound around histones. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 13) A mitotic spindle develops during early telophase of mitosis. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40-41 14) During anaphase, the chromosomes are pulled toward the center of the cell. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40-41 15) Cytokinesis is the physical division of the cells. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40-41 Multiple Choice 1) Mitosis refers only to nuclear division. Separation of the entire cell following mitosis is A) meiosis. B) karyokinesis. C) cytokinesis. D) telophase. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Cells: The Living Units 23 2) Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged A) around a central layer of cholesterol. B) in a single layer with polar heads facing outwards. C) with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the heads. D) with their polar heads sandwiched between the tails. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 3) Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the thickest? A) microtubules B) microfilaments C) intermediate filaments D) centrioles Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 4) Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? A) Most extend all the way through the membrane. B) Some attach to the glycocalyx. C) They determine which molecules are transported through the membrane. D) They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 5) Which type of endocytosis engulfs the most specific type of molecule or material? A) fluid-phase endocytosis B) phagocytosis C) pinocytosis D) receptor-mediated endocytosis Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 6) Hormones are secreted by A) phagocytosis. B) pinocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) osmosis. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 7) Of the following, the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the A) centriole. B) Golgi apparatus. C) endoplasmic reticulum. D) mitochondrion. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32-33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 8) Functions of the Golgi apparatus include all of the following except A) synthesis of lysosomes. B) DNA replication. C) plasma membrane formation. D) production of secretory granules. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31-32 9) Which of the following statements about the rough endoplasmic reticulum is false? A) It consists of stacked envelopes called cisternae. B) It makes the digestive enzymes contained in the lysosomes. C) It produces secretory granules. D) It makes the integral proteins of the cell membrane. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 10) Which of the following is not a cytoskeleton element? A) microtubule B) microfilament C) intermediate filament D) centriole Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35 11) Which type of protein is required for exocytosis? A) caveolin B) coatomer proteins C) clathrin D) SNARE Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 28 12) In chromatin, the DNA molecule wraps around proteins called A) nucleotides. B) codons. C) integral protein. D) histones. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 37 13) In the cell life cycle, DNA is replicated during A) interphase G1. B) interphase S. C) prophase I. D) prophase II. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Cells: The Living Units 25 14) The longest arrays of microtubules that assemble on the centrioles during prophase form filaments called A) the mitotic spindle. B) kinetochores. C) asters. D) the nuclear envelope. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40-41 15) During mitosis, contractions of the mitotic spindle serve to A) separate the chromatids at the centromere. B) pull together the replicated chromosomal strands. C) re-form the nuclear envelope. D) form the aster. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40-41 16) The ________ face of the Golgi apparatus is ________ to receive spherical vesicles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A) cis; convex B) trans; concave C) cis; flattened D) trans; convex Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31-32 17) Which membranous organelle stores calcium and is considered the cellʹs membrane factory? A) Golgi apparatus B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondrion D) peroxisome Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31 18) Which organelle is important in neutralizing free radicals? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) mitochondrion D) peroxisome Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33-34 19) Which of the following is the function of the nuclear envelope? A) separation of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm B) regulation of passage of substances into and out of the cell membrane C) transcription of DNA D) protein synthesis Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 36-37 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 20) Peroxisomes function to A) form and degrade hydrogen peroxide. B) store cellular free radicals. C) produce pigments. D) regulate membrane permeability. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33-34 21) Dyneins and kinesins A) enable a cell to send out and retract extensions called pseudopods. B) move organelles along microtubules through the cytoplasm. C) push and pull on chromosomes to align them during metaphase of mitosis. D) resist pulling forces that are placed on cells. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 35 22) Cell division is analogous to A) two buildings duplicating their parts and fusing. B) a building duplicating its blueprint and then forming a new building by splitting in two. C) a building forming another building by random accumulation of materials. D) a building forming another building through a loss of some of its parts. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 23) The plasma membrane is important for all the following reasons except A) it determines what substances enter and exit the cell. B) it surrounds the cell contents. C) it acts as a site for cell-to-cell interaction and recognition. D) it is so thick and rigid that it offers some protection to the cell. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 25-26 24) The plasma membrane is composed of all of the following except A) glycoproteins. B) tubulin protein. C) cholesterol. D) phospholipids. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25-26 25) Materials that are to be exocytosed by cells are packed by the A) nucleosome. B) ribosome. C) Golgi apparatus. D) mitochondrion. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31-32 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Cells: The Living Units 27 26) Which of the following does not pass through nuclear pores? A) chromatin B) messenger RNA C) proteins D) water and electrolytes Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 27) Which of the following is associated with protein synthesis? A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) chloroplasts D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30-31 28) Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a channeling system known as the A) Golgi apparatus. B) microtubule organizing center. C) cytoskeleton. D) rough endoplasmic reticulum. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30-31 29) Which is not part of interphase? A) G1 B) G2 C) M D) S Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 30) In the plasma membrane of cells, cholesterol acts to A) stabilize the membrane. B) make the membrane more resistant to freezing. C) destabilize the membrane, leading to heart attacks. D) participate in pinocytosis. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25-26 31) The endocytotic process in which tiny packets of fluid are brought into the cell is called A) phagocytosis. B) pinocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) xenocytosis. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 32) The double membrane structure is unique to the A) lysosome. B) peroxisome. C) mitochondrion. D) nucleolus. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32-33 33) Peroxisomes A) are the toxic waste removal system of the cell. B) are involved in the production of ATP. C) contain some of the code necessary for their own duplication. D) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33-34 34) The stiffest elements of the cytoskeleton, analogous to the bones of the human body, are A) microtubules. B) microfilaments. C) intermediate filaments. D) the cytosol. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 35) The mitotic spindle forms from the A) nucleus. B) Golgi apparatus. C) centrioles. D) nucleolus. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40-41 36) The nuclear envelope is continuous with the rough ER, but it differs from the rough ER in that it A) is not associated with ribosomes. B) has unique pores. C) consists of two membranes separated by a space. D) consists of tubes, like the smooth ER. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 36-37 37) Membrane-bound organelles have the same type of membrane as the plasma membrane except A) for the absence of a glycocalyx. B) for the absence of cholesterol. C) the nonpolar tails face outward. D) they are all covered with ribosomes. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 30 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Cells: The Living Units 29 38) In the process of phagocytosis, the organelles whose enzymes break down ingested foreign cells are the A) nucleoli. B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. C) peroxisomes. D) lysosomes. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 39) During mitosis, the kinetochore microtubules of the mitotic spindle A) pull on the chromatids and align them at the metaphase plate. B) push on the chromatids. C) anchor the centriole to the cell membrane. D) push the two poles of the cell apart. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40-41 40) The theory proposing that aging results from the effects of free radicals is primarily a theory of A) wear and tear. B) genetically programmed aging. C) progressive disorder of immunity. D) cross-linking of glucose. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42 41) The cytoskeletal elements that are analogous to the muscles of the body in that they help generate contractile forces are A) microtubules. B) microfilaments. C) intermediate filaments. D) integral proteins. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34-35 42) Transcription of DNA requires the presence of A) centrosomes. B) extended chromatin. C) histones. D) nucleosomes. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 43) The process of cellular aging may involve each of the following except A) accumulated damage by free radicals. B) decreased production of lysosomes. C) excessive metabolic rate. D) progressive shortening of telomeres. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 44) During what phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle break down and disappear? A) metaphase B) anaphase C) telophase D) late prophase Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40-41 45) The cytoskeletal elements that form a ring to ʺsqueezeʺ the two daughter cells apart during cytokinesis are A) microtubules. B) microfilaments. C) intermediate filaments. D) the microtrabecular lattice. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39, 40-41 46) During what phase of the cell cycle is the DNA duplicated? A) metaphase B) anaphase C) interphase D) prophase Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 47) The plasma membrane is A) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell. B) a single-layered membrane enclosing the plasma. C) the membrane surrounding the cell. D) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25-26 48) The cell that gathers information and controls body functions is a A) macrophage B) fat cell C) sperm cell D) neuron Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42 49) The temporary structures in the cytoplasm include all of the following except A) pigments B) glycosomes C) lipid droplets D) the Golgi apparatus. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Cells: The Living Units 31 50) Which of the following is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) lysosome B) microtubule C) mitochondrion D) glycogen Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35 Short Answer Questions 1) This phase is the physical division of two cells during mitosis. Answer: cytokinesis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40-41 2) What is the mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell? Answer: exocytosis Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27 3) Cell aging may be related to production of what chemicals produced by the mitochondria? Answer: radicals (free radicals) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42 4) This is the collective name for short carbohydrates on the extracellular surface of integral proteins, which help cells recognize each other. Answer: glycocalyx Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 5) This is the name of a cluster of DNA wrapped around a group of eight histones. Answer: nucleosome Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 6) This is the phase in which a cell grows and carries on all its usual activities except for division. Answer: interphase Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 7) These are the smallest living units in the body. Answer: cells Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 8) This is the outer physical boundary of a human cell. Answer: plasma membrane (plasmalemma) Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25-26 9) This is the name for the currently held theory describing the plasma membrane. Answer: fluid mosaic model Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 10) The plasma membrane is primarily composed of this type of fat molecule. Answer: phospholipid Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 11) This network of rods running throughout the cytosol acts as a cellʹs bones, muscles, and ligaments. Answer: cytoskeleton Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 12) This is the mechanism by which large particles enter a cell. Answer: endocytosis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 13) This is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane. Answer: osmosis Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27 14) This is the type of protein involved in transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane. Answer: integral proteins Diff: 3 Page Ref: 26 15) This is a genetic disease that leads to an accumulation of undigested glycolipids in the lysosomes. Answer: Tay-Sachs disease Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Essay Questions 1) Differentiate phagocytosis from receptor-mediated endocytosis. Answer: In phagocytosis, the cell extends pseudopods and engulfs the particle. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, the cell membrane forms inpocketings called caveolae lined with the protein clathrin and binds to membrane receptors, causing it to be enveloped. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27-28 2) Describe the action of exocytosis and the SNAREs. Answer: Exocytosis is the process by which a cell expels materials. These molecules are within a lipid-bound secretory vesicle with a vesicle SNARE, which binds to the plasma membrane SNARE, causing the vesicle phospholipid molecules to fuse with the plasma membrane phospholipid molecules. The molecules are expelled from the cell. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 28 3) Describe the two checkpoints that occur during interphase. Answer: The first checkpoint, G1 , ensures that the cell has grown enough and replicated the necessary organelles and other structures to synthesize DNA. The second checkpoint, G2 , checks to see whether errors occurred during DNA synthesis. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 38 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Cells: The Living Units 33 4) Describe the mitochondria. Answer: These are long and thin organelles, contain their own DNA involved in their own replication, and move within the cell to sites where they are needed. They produce ATP molecules, which are the equivalent of cellular energy. They are bound by two membranes. The inner one is highly folded into ristae, where many of the critical molecules involved in energy production are imbedded. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32-33 5) Describe the three major types of cytoskeletal elements. Answer: Microtubules are the largest and are formed by the protein tubulin. They are stiff, but bendable. Microfilaments are the thinnest. They are strands of the protein actin, are contractile, and are typically very labile. Intermediate filaments are of intermediate diameter. They are very stabile and permanent, functioning as support structures as well as holding cells together. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34-35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 3 Basic Embryology Matching Questions Figure 3.1 Using Figure 3.1, match the following: Blastocyst Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 Uterus Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 Oocyte Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 Zygote Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 Morula Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 34 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Basic Embryology 35 Match the following: A. 8 weeks (end of embryonic period) B. 912 weeks (month 3) C. 1316 weeks (month 4) D. 1720 weeks (month 5) E. 2130 weeks (months 6 and 7) F. 3038 weeks (months 8 and 9) 6) Quickening occurs (mother feels fetus moving). Answer: 1720 weeks (month 5) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 7) Limbs are complete. Answer: 8 weeks (end of embryonic period) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 8) Sex can be determined from the genitals. Answer: 912 weeks (month 3) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 9) Eyes open and lungs develop. Answer: 2130 weeks (months 6 and 7) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 10) Fat accumulates in hypodermis below the skin. Answer: 3038 weeks (months 8 and 9) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 Match the following: A. endoderm B. ectoderm C. mesoderm 11) This develops into the brain and spinal cord. Answer: ectoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 12) This develops into the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Answer: endoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 13) This develops into the skin. Answer: ectoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 14) The epiblast develops into the primitive streak, which ultimately becomes this. Answer: endoderm Diff: 3 Page Ref: 51 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 15) Mucus-producing glands of the respiratory tract arise from this layer. Answer: endoderm Diff: 3 Page Ref: 56 16) What embryonic epiblast cells that remain on the surface are ultimately called. Answer: ectoderm Diff: 3 Page Ref: 51 17) The neural tube develops from this layer. Answer: ectoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52 18) This layer forms last, at about day 16 in a human embryo. Answer: mesoderm Diff: 3 Page Ref: 53-54 19) The notochord forms within this primary germ layer. Answer: mesoderm Diff: 3 Page Ref: 51 20) The ectoderm develops into the epithelium of the skin, whereas this layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of the gut tube. Answer: endoderm Diff: 3 Page Ref: 56 21) This layer is a mesenchymal tissue. Answer: mesoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 22) Cells of this tissue layer migrate freely within the embryo. Answer: mesoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 53-54 23) Somites form from this tissue layer. Answer: mesoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 54 24) Walls of blood vessels and heart arise from this layer. Answer: mesoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 25) The splanchnic mesoderm forms next to this layer. Answer: endoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55 True/False Questions 1) Spina bifida results when the neural tube fails to close in the head. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 53 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Basic Embryology 37 2) The fetal period is the longer and later prenatal growth period. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 58 3) The inner cell mass will form the embryo, and the trophoblast will form the placenta. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 4) The outer membrane of the amniotic sac is called the amnion. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 5) The epiblast gives rise to the three primary germ layers. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 6) The developing embryo, about 72 hours after fertilization, is called the zygote. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 7) During the blastocyst stage, there are three cell layers evident. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 8) It is easy to remember that in humans, 3 weeks after fertilization, there are three cell layers. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51 9) The three primary germ layers are the endoderm, myotome, and exoderm. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51 10) The yolk sac, formed from the hypoblast, has little yolk in the human embryo. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 11) Premature birth is one that occurs 38 weeks after conception. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 55 12) Endoderm forms many glands, such as those associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 13) The embryonic notochord gives rise to part of the intervertebral discs in the adult human. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51-52 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 38 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 14) Identical twins arise from the splitting of a three-layered embryo. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 50 15) The ability of one group of cells to influence development of neighboring cells is called gastrulation. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Conception occurs in the A) lateral third of the uterine tube. B) ovary. C) peritoneal cavity. D) uterine cavity. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 2) The last embryonic tissue layer to develop is A) ectoderm. B) endoderm. C) mesoderm. D) protoderm. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 54-55 3) The embryonic notochord will eventually be replaced by the developing ________, leaving only the parts that persist as nucleus pulposus. A) spinal cord B) pharynx C) lateral muscle D) vertebral column Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51-52 4) Which of the following is the proper sequence for neurulation? A) neural tube, neural plate, neural groove B) neural groove, neural plate, neural tube C) neural plate, neural groove, neural tube D) neural groove, brain, neural tube Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Basic Embryology 39 5) Limb buds emerge in the human embryo about A) day 9. B) day 15. C) day 28. D) day 60. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 57 6) Based on the proportions of the adult body, the 3-month fetus shows disproportionately large A) hands. B) stomach. C) head. D) heart. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 7) Division of cells in a zygote is called A) blastulation. B) cleavage. C) gastrulation. D) induction. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 8) The gonads arise from what embryonic structure? A) notochord B) endoderm C) splanchnic mesoderm D) intermediate mesoderm Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 9) Which of the following is endodermal in origin? A) liver B) spleen C) blood vessels D) skin Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 10) Somites differentiate into A) the skin. B) myotomes. C) the gastrointestinal lining. D) muscles. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 56 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 40 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 11) The sclerotome will develop into the A) peritoneum. B) visceral serosa. C) vertebrae. D) heart. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 12) Splanchnic mesoderm forms the A) heart. B) notochord. C) brain. D) skin. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 57 13) Approximately ________ percent of all children have some birth defect. A) 0.01 B) 1 C) 6 D) 20 Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 14) A transverse section through the 24-day embryo, dorsal to ventral, would first contact the A) neural tube. B) notochord. C) somites. D) myotomes. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 15) The embryonic layer that invades the lining of the uterus and forms the placenta is the A) trophoblast. B) embryoblast. C) inner cell mass. D) endometrium. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 16) The expression ʺbreaking waterʺ during birthing refers to the A) amnion. B) allantois. C) chorion. D) yolk sac. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Basic Embryology 41 17) Which characteristic is not true of a blastocyst? A) It contains a fluid-filled cavity. B) It develops 2436 hours after conception. C) It has an inner cell mass and an outer trophoblast. D) It implants into the uterus. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 49-50 18) The solid mass of cells that results from cleavage of the zygote is the A) trophoblast. B) blastocyst. C) morula. D) gastrula. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 19) Which of the following does not distinguish mesoderm from either endoderm or ectoderm? A) It is a mesenchyme tissue. B) It is derived from the epiblast. C) It is the last of the three germ layers to develop. D) Its cells can migrate widely within the embryo. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 51 20) The term bilaminar disc refers to the embryonic ________ and ________. A) epidermis; dermis B) ectoderm; mesoderm C) epiblast; hypoblast D) inner cell mass; trophoblast Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 21) Mesenchyme would refer to ________ but not ________. A) mesoderm; ectoderm B) ectoderm; mesoderm C) endoderm; ectoderm D) ectoderm; endoderm Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 22) Male and female fetuses can first be distinguished by their genitalia at A) 1 week. B) 3 weeks. C) 3 months. D) 7 months. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 42 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 23) Thalidomide, once used to alleviate morning sickness in pregnant women, resulted in A) severe limb abnormalities. B) heart defects. C) mental retardation. D) multiple births. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 24) Chemical, physical, or biological agents that can induce birth defects are called A) mutagens. B) teratogens. C) free radicals. D) carcinogens. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 25) The most common cause of mental retardation in the United States is A) anencephaly. B) spina bifida. C) fetal alcohol syndrome. D) thalidomide. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 26) Implantation of the blastocyst on the uterus takes about A) 1 week. B) 2 weeks. C) 3 weeks. D) 4 weeks. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 27) Fertilization is to zygote as A) egg is to sperm. B) oocyte is to ovary. C) cleavage is to morula. D) birth is to parturition. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 50 28) In human embryos, the yolk sac is important because it A) stores yolk. B) gives rise to earliest blood cells and blood vessels. C) stores nitrogenous wastes. D) allows for gas exchange through the placenta. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Basic Embryology 43 29) The body’s axis of development is determined by the A) blastomeres. B) epiblast. C) notochord. D) primitive streak. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52 30) Most organ systems are fully formed and ready to function in the fetus by the sixth month. Which of the following systems is the exception to this generalization because it takes longer to finish development? A) the circulatory system B) the respiratory system C) the urinary system D) the integumentary system Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 59 31) The urinary bladder is derived from which embryonic layer? A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) endoderm D) neural crest Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 57 32) A teratogen is A) a deformed baby. B) a specific sedative used in the 1950s in Europe. C) anything that causes birth defects. D) a stage of development in the mid-fetal period. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 33) The primary germ layer that ultimately produces the hair, fingernails, and toenails is A) ectoderm. B) mesoderm. C) endoderm. D) neural crest. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 34) The primary germ layer that ultimately forms the serous membranes of the peritoneum is A) ectoderm. B) mesoderm. C) endoderm. D) neural crest. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 57 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 44 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 35) The neural tube of the embryo develops into the A) spinal cord. B) neural crest. C) sensory neurons. D) dorsal skin. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 52 36) Somatic mesoderm gives rise to all of the following except A) some bones. B) some serous membranes. C) dermis of the skin of the belly. D) epidermis of the upper limb. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 56 37) The most common birth defects involve A) the nervous system. B) the heart and circulation. C) the respiratory tract. D) metabolic disorders. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 38) Another name for birth defect is A) birth illness. B) teratogenesis. C) congenital abnormality. D) prenatal pathology. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 39) Which of the following adult structures derives from neural crest? A) all the nerve cells in the brain B) all the nerve cells in the spinal cord C) all the pigment-producing cells in the body D) all bones Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 40) As a result of folding, the embryo acquires a tadpole shape by A) day 9. B) day 12. C) day 15. D) day 24. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 55 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Basic Embryology 45 41) The amniotic sac is derived from the epiblast, while the placenta develops from the A) bilaminar disc. B) hypoblast. C) neural crest. D) trophoblast. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 42) Identical twins are A) formed from splitting of the inner cell mass. B) formed from splitting of the zygote. C) formed from the release of two eggs. D) formed from two sperm fertilizing one egg. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 43) If a mutation occurs in the hypoblast cells of a bilaminar embryo, one might expect birth defects to be present in the A) blood cells or vessels. B) brain and spinal cord. C) hair and skin. D) musculoskeletal system. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 53 44) Which of the following is not a property of mesenchyme? A) It is present before birth. B) Its cells migrate. C) Its cells are star-shaped. D) Its cells attach closely to one another and form sheets. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 45) The ability of one cell to influence the development of its neighboring cells is called A) blastulation. B) cleavage. C) gastrulation. D) induction. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52 46) Which of the following appears latest in human development? A) limb buds B) somites C) heart D) separate fingers Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 46 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 47) An embryo that implants and starts to develop on the external surface of the wall of the uterus is called A) premature. B) teratogenic. C) ectopic. D) unfertilized. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61 48) The cavity in the mesoderm that ultimately develops into the peritoneal, pericardial, and pleural cavities is called: A) an antrum. B) a blastocoel. C) a coelom. D) a deratome. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 54-55 49) Which of the following is not a germ layer? A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) epidermis D) endoderm Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 50) The correct sequence of developing structures is A) zygote, blastocyst, morula. B) zygote, morula, blastocyst. C) blastocyst, morula, zygote. D) zygote, fetus, embryo. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 Short Answer Questions 1) The embryonic ________ ultimately form the arms and legs of the adult. Answer: limb buds Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 2) By the end of week 3, the mesoderm has divided into the somites, intermediate mesoderm, and _________. Answer: lateral plate Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50-51 3) Splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to components of the cardiovascular system, including ________. Answer: the heart and blood vessels Diff: 2 Page Ref: 57 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Basic Embryology 47 4) Somites differentiate into dermatomes, myotomes, and ________. Answer: sclerotomes Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 5) The sex of the fetus can be determined externally by approximately month ________. Answer: 3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 6) The hand develops with ________ between the fingers. Answer: webs Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 7) This is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation in the United States. Answer: fetal alcohol syndrome Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 8) Defects in the development of the neural tube may be linked to inadequate dietary intake of ________. Answer: folic acid Diff: 2 Page Ref: 53 9) ________ is a clinical procedure that provides a genetic profile for a fetus. Answer: Amniocentesis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61 10) A ________ abortion is one in which the fetus dies and is naturally aborted. Answer: spontaneous Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61 11) The wall and lining of the gut develop from the mesoderm and ________, respectively. Answer: endoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56-57 12) Name three primary germ layers in the embryo. Answer: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 13) The ________ is the embryonic stage that implants in the uterus. Answer: blastocyst Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 14) A primitive characteristic that an adult human retains only in part, but is important in determining bilateral symmetry is the ________. Answer: notochord Diff: 3 Page Ref: 51-52 15) The intermediate mesoderm forms the ________. Answer: kidneys and gonads Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 48 Test Bank for Human Anatomy Essay Questions 1) Explain how conjoined twins may occur. Answer: When the fertilized egg (the zygote) starts to divide, the resulting cells or masses of cells may become separated. This results in two fetuses, and they may or may not share various organs. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61 2) Explain what an ectopic pregnancy is and how it may occur. Answer: An ectopic pregnancy cccurs when the embryo is implanted any place except the uterus. This results because there is not a direct connection between the ovary and the uterine tubes. The most common site of implantation in an ectopic pregnancy is the uterine tube, but an ectopic pregnancy may occur anywhere in the pelvic cavity that the embryo implants on a peritoneal membrane. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61 3) Describe the types of tissues that make up the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm, and explain how these tissues relate to their developmental processes. Answer: Both endoderm and ectoderm are epithelial tissues. These cells are joined together in sheets that form external or internal linings of the body. The mesoderm consists of mesenchyme tissue whose cells don’t stick together. Instead, the cells and groups of cells are free to migrate within the embryo to eventually give rise to muscles, bones, and viscera. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 51 4) Define the term teratogen, and explain why exposure to teratogens during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy is particularly dangerous. Answer: A teratogen is any chemical, biological, or physical factor that disrupts normal embryo development. Exposure to teratogenic agents is most dangerous during the first 8 weeks of embryo development because it is during this time that most of the major organ systems initially develop. Disruption to these early cell lines may either be inconsistent with life and cause spontaneous abortion or may cause significant malformations that will persist throughout the fetal period. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 5) Briefly describe the formation of the nervous system. Answer: The nervous system develops by an infolding of ectodermal cells of the neural plate. Cells lateral to it fold toward each other, forming the future neural groove. This ridge is called the neural crest, again formed by ectodermal cells. These ridges fuse, forming a superficial layer of ectocerm, surrounding this now hollow (dorsally located) nerve cord. The cranial portion enlarges to become the brain. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52-53 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4 Tissues Matching Questions Figure 4.1 Using Figure 4.1, match the following: 1) Microvilli Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65 2) Connective tissue Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65 3) Epithelium Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65 4) Basement membrane Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 49 50 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 5) Cilia Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65 Figure 4.2 Using Figure 4.2, match the following: 6) Tight junction Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 7) Basement membrane and lamina propria Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 8) Gap junctions Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75 9) Desmosome Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 10) Intermediate filament Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 75 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 4 Tissues 51 Match the following: A. muscle B. nervous C. connective D. epithelial 11) This type of tissue is characterized by adhesion proteins and specialized cell junctions. Answer: epithelial Diff: 3 Page Ref: 74 12) This tissue type is the most diverse and abundant type of tissue. Answer: connective Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 13) Blood is an example of this type of tissue. Answer: connective Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 14) Cells lining the digestive tube are of this type. Answer: epithelial Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 15) Pseudostratified columnar is of this tissue type. Answer: epithelial Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 16) Functions of this type of tissue include secretion, absorption, and filtration. Answer: epithelial Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65-66 17) Bone and cartilage are made of this tissue type. Answer: connective Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 18) This tissue type consists of cells containing myofilaments. Answer: muscle Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 19) The heart is composed primarily of this tissue type. Answer: muscle Diff: 1 Page Ref: 90 20) This tissue type, in addition to certain muscle tissues, is capable of generating electrical impulses. Answer: nervous Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 52 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 21) Ligaments are of this tissue type. Answer: connective Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77, 84 22) The brain and spinal cord are composed primarily of this tissue type. Answer: nervous Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 23) This type of tissue includes smooth and cardiac. Answer: muscle Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 24) This tissue type consists of an extracellular matrix that holds tissue fluid. Answer: connective Diff: 3 Page Ref: 77 25) Fat cells are of this type of tissue. Answer: connective Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77, 82 True/False Questions 1) Multilayered epithelia are named for the cell shape found in the basal layer. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66 2) The mesothelium lines the serous membranes of the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 90 3) In bony tissues, chondrocytes are found in the lacunae. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 4) Dense regular connective tissue is characterized by giving strength in all directions. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83-84 5) The loose connective tissue (areolar) forms the lamina propria of mucous membranes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80-81 6) Superficial fascia refers to the fatty hypodermis below the skin, whereas deep fascia are the sheets of tissue that wrap around muscles, large blood vessels, etc. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 85 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 4 Tissues 53 7) Much of the bodyʹs adipose tissue is found in the hypodermis. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 83 8) Microvilli are common on almost all epithelial cells, but they are most obvious and abundant on cells in the small intestine. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 76 9) Unlike other connective tissues, bone is not considered to be a living tissue. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 10) In blood, the matrix is the liquid blood plasma. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 11) Fibrosis involves the proliferation of a fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 12) The cutaneous membrane is the skin. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88-89 13) Smooth muscle cells are connected to each other by intercalated discs. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 14) Skeletal muscle is characterized by obvious striations (seen microscopically) and multinucleate cells. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 15) Dense regular connective tissue gains its strength from the multitude of actin fibers that make up the bulk of the tissue. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 83-84 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is not associated with connective tissue? A) areolar B) collagen C) goblet cells D) chondrocytes Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72-73 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 54 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 2) The major function of stratified squamous epithelium is A) diffusion. B) absorption. C) filtration. D) protection from abrasion. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 70, 72 3) Simple squamous epithelia would not provide A) protection from abrasion. B) diffusion. C) filtration. D) secretion. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67-68 4) What do goblet cells secrete? A) enzymes B) histamine C) mucin D) antibodies Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72-73 5) A structure that secretes hormones into the blood is A) a plasma cell. B) a goblet cell. C) an endocrine gland. D) an exocrine gland. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 6) Of the types of lining and covering membranes, the only one that is drier than the others is A) cutaneous. B) serous. C) mucous. D) parietal. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88-89 7) The difference between a basal lamina and a basement membrane is that A) the basal lamina is thicker. B) they lie on opposite surfaces of the epithelium. C) a basal lamina plus a layer of reticular fibers equals a basement membrane. D) only the basal lamina can be seen by light microscopy. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 76 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 4 Tissues 55 8) Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelia? A) highly cellular with little extracellular matrix B) innervated C) specialized cell-cell junctions D) vascular Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65-66 9) Which of the following provides the least resistance to diffusion? A) Simple columnar epithelium B) Simple cuboidal epithelium C) Simple squamous epithelium D) Stratified squamous epithelium Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 10) The major function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is A) secretion. B) filtration. C) protection. D) absorption. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67, 69 11) A type of connective tissue that is not a connective tissue proper is A) dense irregular connective tissue. B) areolar tissue. C) adipose tissue. D) cartilage. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 85 12) A stratified epithelium that thins and flattens as the tissue stretches is a A) pseudostratified epithelium. B) stratified cuboidal epithelium. C) stratified squamous epithelium. D) transitional epithelium. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 71, 72 13) Only one type of fiber in connective tissue can be stretched like rubber to 150% of its resting length and then return to that length. This fiber is the A) ground substance fiber. B) collagen fiber. C) elastic fiber. D) reticular fiber. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 56 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 14) A highly branched gland whose walls do not balloon into spherical sacs is called A) compound alveolar. B) compound tubular. C) compound tubuloalveolar. D) simple branched alveolar. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 73 15) Which one of the following basic types of tissues functions to control the body? A) epithelial B) connective C) muscle D) nervous Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 16) Which one of the following basic types of tissues functions as a support tissue? A) epithelial B) connective C) muscle D) nervous Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 17) Which one of the following basic types of tissues functions as a covering tissue? A) epithelial B) connective C) muscle D) nervous Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 18) An epithelium in which the basal layer of cells is cuboidal and the apical layer of cells is columnar is a ________ epithelium. A) stratified columnar B) simple columnar C) stratified cuboidal D) simple cuboidal Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66, 72 19) The thinnest type of epithelium is A) simple squamous. B) pseudostratified columnar. C) stratified squamous. D) stratified columnar. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66-67 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 4 Tissues 57 20) Microvilli can perform all of the following functions except A) absorption. B) stiffening (protecting surfaces). C) moving and propelling fluids. D) anchoring mucus. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 76 21) The type of cell junction that permits small sugar molecules and ions to pass from the cytoplasm of one cell to that of another is a A) tight junction. B) gap junction. C) desmosome. D) zonula occludens. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75-76 22) Ligaments consist primarily of which kind of connective tissue? A) loose areolar B) dense irregular C) cartilage D) dense regular Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83-84 23) In connective tissue proper, ground substance is manufactured and secreted by which type of cell? A) fibroblast B) endothelial cell C) chondroblasts D) osteocytes Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 24) Use logic to deduce which of the following tissues is on the anterior surface of a personʹs eyeball. A) epithelial B) connective C) muscle D) nervous Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 67 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 58 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 25) The distinguishing characteristic between tight junctions and adherens junctions is that A) adherens junctions attach to the actin myofilaments of the cytoskeleton, whereas tight junctions do not. B) adherens junctions involve integral membrane proteins, whereas tight junctions do not. C) tight junctions are present near apical lateral borders, whereas adherens junctions are located near basal lateral borders. D) tight junctions involve fusion of proteins on adjacent cells, whereas adherens junctions create tunnels between adjacent cells. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 74-75 26) Connective tissue that must resist forces pulling it from many different directions without stretching would most likely be A) areolar connective tissue. B) dense irregular connective tissue. C) dense regular connective tissue. D) reticular connective tissues. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 83-84 27) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the inflammatory response? A) attacks and eliminates specific foreign molecules B) involves release of chemicals that cause local vasodilation C) occurs within connective tissue D) results in edema and delivery of chemicals needed for repair Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92-94 28) Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are components of A) blood. B) extracellular matrix. C) ground substance. D) reticular fibers. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 80 29) It might be argued that all the defense mechanisms in areolar connective tissue act to prevent infection from reaching which other tissue type? A) bone B) epithelium C) blood D) muscle Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 4 Tissues 59 30) Despite their name, many types of cell junction are not very strong at joining and holding cells together. The cell junctions that best keep cells from being pulled apart are A) tight junctions. B) gap junctions. C) desmosomes. D) zonula occludens. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 31) Fat is a form of ________ tissue. A) epithelial B) connective C) muscle D) nervous Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 32) During repair of a scrape or cut through the skin, a blood clot is replaced with collagen-rich granulation tissue in a process called A) inflammation. B) organization. C) repair. D) regeneration. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 33) All lining and covering membranes consist of A) an epithelium only. B) a serosa. C) an epithelium, a connective tissue, and smooth muscle. D) epithelium and connective tissue. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 34) Inflamed tissue is often warm to the touch because of A) accumulation of bacterial toxins. B) increased blood flow to the area. C) infiltration by neutrophils. D) leakage of clotting proteins. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 93 35) The best definition of fibrosis is A) the production of collagen fibers. B) the production of elastic fibers. C) the formation of dense regular connective tissue. D) the formation of scar tissue. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 60 Test Bank for Human Anatomy 36) Cancer can arise from each of the following except A) activation of a proto-oncogene. B) exposure to a carcinogen. C) inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene. D) turning on of oncogenes. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 96 37) In connective tissue, extracellular matrix is not exactly the same as ground substance, because the matrix also contains A) fibers. B) cells. C) an epithelium. D) blood. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78, 80 38) When cells from a cancerous tumor travel to other parts of the body, this process is called A) carcinogenesis. B) malignancy. C) metastasis. D) transformation. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 39) A muscle fiber is A) the same as a collagen fiber that is viewed by electron microscopy. B) part of a striation of a muscle cell. C) a muscle cell. D) an intercalated disc. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 90 40) Of the following, the tissue with the greatest capacity for regeneration is A) skeletal muscle. B) neurons. C) epithelium. D) smooth muscle. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66 41) Cartilage is a form of ___________ tissue. A) epithelial B) connective C) muscle D) nervous Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 4 Tissues 61 42) A common example of a unicellular exocrine gland is A) a fibroblast. B) any hormone-secreting cell. C) an endothelial cell. D) a goblet cell. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72-73 43) One could argue that the only basic tissue that contains capillaries is A) epithelial. B) connective. C) muscle. D) nervous. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77-78 44) When unstretched, transitional epithelium looks most like ________ epithelium. A) simple squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) stratified squamous D) stratified cuboidal Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 45) A pseudostratified epithelium is always A) simple. B) ciliated. C) stratified. D) cuboidal. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 46) The embryonic tissue that is most similar to the adult connective tissues, consisting of star-shaped cells separated by large amounts of extracellular matrix, is A) ectoderm. B) epithelium. C) mesenchyme. D) hypoblast. Answer: C Diff: