Introduction to Anatomy PDF

10/30/2024 Introduction to Anatomy Class: Year 1 Module: BMF Lecturer: Dr. Vijayalakshmi S B Department of Anatomy Office no. 340 Email id: [email protected] Date: 31st Oct 2024 1...

10/30/2024 Introduction to Anatomy Class: Year 1 Module: BMF Lecturer: Dr. Vijayalakshmi S B Department of Anatomy Office no. 340 Email id: [email protected] Date: 31st Oct 2024 1 Introduction  Science which deals with the structure of the human body  ‘Anatomy’ derived from a Greek word meaning cutting up.  ‘Dissection’ is a Latin word 2 1  10/30/2024 Subdivisions of Anatomy  Cadaveric anatomy- studied on dead bodies  Embryology – the study of pre-natal developmental changes in an individual  Histology – study the structures through a microscope  Surface anatomy – the study of deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface  Radiographic anatomy – the study of bones and other deeper organs through radiography  Applied anatomy – application of anatomical knowledge to the medical and surgical practice 3 4 2  10/30/2024 Anatomy Team in RCSI, Bahrain Dr Sara Sulaiman Ms Fatema Abdulwahab Dr Vijayalakshmi Bhojaraja Fiona Cronin Senior Lecturer in Lab Technician Senior Lecturer in Anatomy Anatomy tutor Anatomy [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] CLINICAL EDUCATORS: Dr Hoda Gomaa Dr Maryam AlSaie Cl Dr Yahia Alsayed Dr Moosa AlHoda 5 Instruction Methods Large group teaching Case-based Learning Anatomy practicals Self-directed learning 6 3  10/30/2024 Anatomy Teaching You will have a one-hour lecture on a particular topic and a one-hour practical session on the same topic in the Anatomy lab. The Anatomy Lab is in ROOM 219 on Floor 2. For the practical sessions, you will be divided into 4 learning communities (LC). In the lab, each LC will be divided into small groups, and each will be facilitated by a facilitator Lab resources​ used - Anatomical models​, Clinical Imaging, Ultrasound machine and Anatomage table​ 7 Online Resources 8 4  10/30/2024 Online Resources 9 Online Resources 10 5  10/30/2024 Online Resources 11 Online Resources 12 6  10/30/2024 Online Resources 13 Online Resources 14 7  10/30/2024 Online Resources 15 Online Resources 16 8  10/30/2024 A collection of models for revision purposes is kept at the back of the Lab Traditionally, anatomy is taught using anatomical models or cadavers. We teach using anatomical models and Anatomage table 17 This is the model you can study at this space Every model is coded for identification purposes 18 9  10/30/2024 Some models are made of a number of parts. If you take a model apart, you must put it back together again before you leave the Lab Models abandoned in this condition will probably be removed and may not appear again until next year 19 Assessment Methods Within modules Card signing – MCQ+ (SBA, Very short answer questions and Hot spot questions) Knowledge checks (KC) Progress test (PT) 20 10  10/30/2024 Recommended Textbooks Drake, Vogl & Mitchell. Gray’s Anatomy for Students (Elsevier Churchill Livingstone) Ellis Clinical Anatomy (Blackwell) Moore, Agur Essential Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students(Williams and Wilkins) For Embryology: Langman Medical Embryology (Williams and Wilkins) 21 Positions  Anatomical position - subject standing upright with feet together, hands by the side and face looking forward. The palms of the hands face forward with the fingers straight  Supine position - Lying on the back, arms by the side  Prone position - Lying on the abdomen 22 11  10/30/2024 Planes ⚫ Three major groups of planes pass through the body in the anatomical position ⚫ These are the planes that divide the body into different parts. CORONAL SAGITTAL – Median and parasagittal HORIZONTAL/TRANSVERSE 23 Coronal plane- divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior Parasagittal/sagittal Median sagittal plane- passes plane- plane running or through the midline and cutting parallel to median divides it into equal rt. & lt. plane sides Horizontal/transverse plane/cross-sectional- divides the body or an organ into superior & inferior 24 12  10/30/2024 Anatomical Terminology Anterior (ventral) - Front Posterior (dorsal) - Back Cranial – towards the head Caudal - towards the tail Superior – structures lying up with reference to the vertical axis of the body Inferior - structures lying lower with reference to the vertical axis of the body Superficial - close to the skin/surface Deep - away from the skin/surface 25 Anatomical Terminology Proximal- close to the root of a structure Distal- away from the root of a structure Medial- close to midline Lateral- away from midline Ipsilateral- same side of the body as another structure Contralateral- opposite side of the body from another structure Palmar- front of the hand Dorsal- back of the hand External- outside Internal- inside 26 13  10/30/2024 Terms related to body movements Gliding movements – side-to-side movements Flexion - decrease in angle or two flexor surfaces are brought close to each other Extension - increase in angle or straightening Abduction - movement of any part away from the midline in the coronal plane. Adduction - movement of any part returning to the midline in the coronal plane. 27 Hyperextension Extension Flexion Gliding movements Movements of the neck 28 14  10/30/2024 Extension Hyperextension Flexion Movements of the vertebral column 29 Flexion Extension Flexion Extension Movements of shoulder and knee 30 15  10/30/2024 Rotation Abduction Lateral rotation Adduction Medial Circumduction- rotation combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and rotation. 31 Pronation Supination (radius (radius and rotates ulna are over ulna) parallel) (a) Pronation (P) and supination (S) 32 16  10/30/2024 Opposition-This movement takes place between thumb and medial four fingers, thumb touches all the tips of medial four fingers. Opposition 33 Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Inversion Eversion 34 17  10/30/2024 Protraction of mandible - moving forward Retraction of mandible – moving back 35 Elevation Depression of mandible of mandible 36 18  10/30/2024 BODY SYSTEMS 37 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 38 19  10/30/2024 Fascia What is a fascia? What is its clinical importance? Two general categories of fascia: Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia Deep fascia 39 Superficial fascia General coating of the body beneath the skin Made up of loose connective tissue with large amount of fat Thickness varies considerably Facilitates movements of the skin Acts as a conduit for vessels & nerves to & from the skin Serves as an energy (fat) In which areas fat is reservoir absent in superficial fascia? 40 20  10/30/2024 Deep fascia Fibrous sheet, which invests the body beneath the superficial fascia Devoid of fat and is usually non-elastic & tough Modifications of deep fascia: Forms intermuscular septa Covers each muscle as epimysium, encloses each muscle fasciculus as perimysium, and encloses each muscle fiber as endomysium Covers each nerve, each nerve fascicle & individual fiber as epineurium, perineurium & endoneurium respectively Forms sheath around large vessels & nerves, e.g. carotid sheath, axillary sheath 41 Deep fascia Modifications of deep fascia: Form capsule, synovial membrane & bursae in relation to the joints Forms aponeuroses in palms and soles (palmar & plantar aponeuroses) which afford protection to underlying structures Forms retinacula near some joints to hold tendons in place & prevent them from bowing during movements at the joints Forms interosseous membrane in the forearm and leg 42 21  10/30/2024 43 SKELETAL SYSTEM Skeletal system includes bones & cartilages Supporting framework of the body Primarily designed for a more effective production of movements by the attached muscles. 44 22  10/30/2024 DIVISIONS AXIAL SKELETON Regions of the skeleton Number of Bones Skull- Cranium 8 Face 14 Hyoid 1 Auditory ossicles 6 (3 in each ear) Vertebral column 26 Thorax- Sternum 1 Ribs 24 45 APPENDICULAR SKELETON Regions of the skeleton Number of Bones Pectoral (shoulder) girdles Clavicle 2 Scapula 2 Upper extremities Humerus 2 Ulna 2 Radius 2 Carpals 16 Metacarpals 10 Phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle Pelvic or hip bone 2 Lower extremities Femur 2 Fibula 2 Tibia 2 Patella 2 Tarsals 14 Metatarsals 10 Phalanges 28 46 23  10/30/2024 JOINTS 47 CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS FIBROUS STRUCTURAL CARTILAGINOUS SYNOVIAL JOINTS SYNARTHROSIS FUNCTIONAL AMPHIARTHROSIS DIARTHROSIS 48 24  10/30/2024 SUMMARY SUTURES FIBROUS SYNDESMOSIS GOMPHOSIS PRIMARY JOINTS CARTILAGINOUS SECONDARY SYNOVIAL 49 PLANE JOINTS HINGE JOINTS PIVOT JOINTS SYNOVIAL CONDYLAR JOINTS JOINT SADDLE JOINTS ELLIPSOID JOINTS BALL & SOCKET JOINTS 50 25  10/30/2024 MUSCULAR SYSTEM TYPES Skeletal Cardiac Smooth 51 Nervous System 52 26  10/30/2024 53 54 27  10/30/2024 55 FIRST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT 56 28  10/30/2024 57 BLASTOCYST FORMATION The time morula enters the uterine cavity (day 4 after fertilization), a fluid filled space (called blastocoel) appears inside the morula The conception is now called Blastocyst Inner cell mass is now called – Embryoblast Outer cell mass is now called - Trophoblast 58 29  10/30/2024 Embryoblast give rise to embryo proper Trophoblast later contributes to the placenta 59 SECOND WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT 60 30  10/30/2024 HIGHLIGHTS Implantation completes Trophoblast differentiates into Cytotrophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast Inner cell mass (Embryoblast) differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast Formation of amniotic cavity, yolk sac and chorionic cavity Development of extraembryonic mesoderm Extraembryonic mesoderm splits into 2 (somatic & splanchnic mesoderm) Beginning of primitive utero-placental circulation 61 THIRD & FOURTH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT 62 31  10/30/2024 HIGHLIGHTS Appearance of Primitive streak Gastrulation: Formation of germ layers Development of the notochord Neurulation: Formation of neural tube Differention of the three germ layers 63 64 32  10/30/2024 Some of the invaginated cells displace hypoblast and form the embryonic endoderm Others lie between epiblast and the newly formed endoderm These cells form intraembryonic or embryonic mesoderm Remaining cells of the epiblast will form the embryonic ectoderm 65 ECTODERM NEURO SURFACE ECTODERM ECTODERM 66 33  10/30/2024 EMBRYONIC MESODERM PARAXIAL LATERAL PLATE MESODERM MESODERM INTERMEDIATE MESODERM 67 Paraxial mesoderm – present on either side of the neural tube, give rise to somites Intermediate mesoderm – lies lateral to paraxial mesoderm, give rise to urogenital system Lateral mesoderm – continues with extraembryonic mesoderm; give rise to body wall, wall of digestive tract and limbs 68 34  10/30/2024 Cephalocaudal folding 69 Lateral folding 70 35  10/30/2024 References Video links https://youtu.be/7G2rL5Cutd4?si=XwV-c1zW16oxPfoe https://youtu.be/bIdJOiXpp9g?si=S0uST99lX516N8Sq https://youtu.be/3AOoikTEfeo?si=OxU3aIqQbuXUwMNa https://youtu.be/yXUv4MPuNTA?si=_i1Op61CuKUi_tzT 71 THANK YOU 72 36