Anatomy Lab 1 PDF

Anatomy Lab. 1 Introduction and terminology of Anatomy MSc. Ruaa Maan Anatomy : studies the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships. Types of anatomical studies: 1. macroscopic : it is the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use...

Anatomy Lab. 1 Introduction and terminology of Anatomy MSc. Ruaa Maan Anatomy : studies the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships. Types of anatomical studies: 1. macroscopic : it is the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope. can be further divided to (surface anatomy the external body) (regional anatomy specific regions of the body) (systemic anatomy specific organ systems) 2. microscopic: is a branch of anatomy that relies on the use of microscopes to examine the smallest structures of the body; tissues, cells can be further divided to (cytology the study of cells) (histology the study of tissues) Levels of organization Cells  Are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Examples- blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells Tissues  Made up of cells that are similar in structure and function work together to perform a specific activity. Examples - blood, nervous, bone  Organs  Made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity Examples - heart, brain, skin Organ Systems  Groups of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function for the organism. Examples - nervous system, skeletal system  Organisms  A group of organs that perform acommon function. Example. Respiratory , digestive. What is anatomical position? Anatomical position, its used to describing an individual’s anatomy. Standard anatomical position of the human body consists of the body standing upright and facing forward with the legs parallel to one another. The upper limbs, or arms, hang at either side and the palms face forward.  Directional Terms: there are specific terms to describe parts of the body Directional Term Meaning Example A person lying face up is in supine lying face up the supine position. A person lying face down is in prone lying face down the prone position. The nose is superior (or superior / cranial above or higher up cranial) to the chin. The knees are inferior to the inferior below or lower down pelvis. below or lower down - The pelvis is caudal to the caudal toward the tail bone from stomach. higher up The sternum is medial to the medial toward the midline shoulders. The ears are lateral to the lateral toward the side nose. The skin is superficial to the superficial toward the body surface heart. deep toward the body core The heart is deep to the ribs. The toes are anterior (or anterior / ventral front or toward the front ventral) to the heel. The spine is posterior (or posterior / dorsal back or toward the back dorsal) to the sternum. for limbs only: closer to the The elbow is proximal to the proximal shoulder (upper limb); closer wrist. to the hip (lower limb) for limbs only: further from the shoulder (upper limb); The toes are distal to the distal further from the hip (lower knee. limb) body planes and sections: Sagittal Plane: Cuts the body into left and right halves. Coronal (or Frontal Plane): Cuts the body into front and back halves. Transverse Plane: Cuts the body into top and bottom halves. Body cavity: the human body has 2 main cavities they called 1. dorsal (or posterior) cavity : protect nervous system Subdivided to cranial cavity (brain) spinal cavity (spinal cord) 2. ventral (or anterior) cavity: visceral organs places Subdivided to thoracic cavity ( lung, heart) abdominal cavity (stomach, spleen)