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Questions and Answers
What is the room number for the Anatomy Lab?
How many learning communities (LC) will students be divided into for practical sessions?
What types of resources are available in the lab?
Where is the collection of models for revision purposes stored?
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What method of teaching anatomy is mentioned as being used in the lab?
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What term describes movement away from the midline in the coronal plane?
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Which term indicates structures that are lying higher with respect to the vertical axis of the body?
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What does the term 'proximal' refer to?
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Which of the following terms describes the front surface of the hand?
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What is the meaning of ' Ipsilateral' in anatomical terms?
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What must you do before leaving the lab after taking a model apart?
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What is the anatomical position?
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Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
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What is the supine position?
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Which method is NOT an assessment method within modules?
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What is the definition of the median sagittal plane?
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Which of the following is a recommended textbook for anatomy?
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Which plane runs parallel to the median and divides the body into unequal right and left parts?
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What is the term for the movement of any body part returning to the midline in the coronal plane?
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Which of the following movements involves bending a joint to decrease the angle?
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What is the combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation called?
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What type of movement occurs when the thumb touches the tips of the four medial fingers?
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What is it called when the radius rotates over the ulna?
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Which movement increases the angle between body parts?
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Which of the following is NOT a term associated with shoulder and knee movement?
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Which movement is defined as a sideways movement away from the midline?
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What modification of deep fascia forms the fibrous structure surrounding tendons near some joints?
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What is the total number of bones in the human axial skeleton?
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Which type of joint is classified as synovial and allows for rotational movement?
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Which type of embryonic mesoderm gives rise to the urogenital system?
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How many phalanges are there in total in the upper extremities?
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During which developmental week does gastrulation occur?
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What type of joint is characterized by the interdigitation of bone ends, as seen in the skull sutures?
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What structure arises from the trophoblast during early embryonic development?
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Which type of skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements?
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What is the total number of bones in the vertebral column?
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Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
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After fertilization, which stage precedes the blastocyst formation?
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The formation of which cavity primarily indicates the beginning of extraembryonic circulation?
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What happens to models left disassembled in the lab?
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Which position describes a subject lying on their back with arms by their side?
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How does the median sagittal plane differ from the parasagittal plane?
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What is the definition of the coronal plane?
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Which of the following assessment methods assesses knowledge within modules?
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What is the anatomical position characterized by?
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Which of the following textbooks is specifically focused on embryology?
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Which plane is described as running horizontally and dividing the body into upper and lower parts?
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Which subdivision of anatomy focuses specifically on the study of development before birth?
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What is the main focus of applied anatomy?
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Which type of anatomy studies the body's structures in relation to the skin surface?
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Which of the following describes the term 'anatomy'?
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Which method of learning is highlighted for anatomy teaching?
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Which approach involves studying structures using a microscope?
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What does cadaveric anatomy primarily involve?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of anatomy instruction mentioned in the document?
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In anatomy, what is radiographic anatomy primarily concerned with?
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Which team role is responsible for overseeing anatomy practicals?
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What is the primary method used for teaching anatomy in the lab?
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Where is the collection of models for revision purposes located?
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What is the role of a facilitator during the practical sessions in the lab?
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Which of the following resources is NOT used in the Anatomy Lab?
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What kind of models are used for identification purposes in the lab?
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What is the term for the movement of a limb towards the midline of the body?
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Which movement is characterized by the combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation?
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What movement involves the radius rotating over the ulna?
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What is the primary type of movement of the thumb when it touches the tips of the medial four fingers?
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Which term describes the action of moving a limb away from the midline of the body?
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What is the movement resulting in an increase in the angle between body parts called?
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Which of the following describes lateral rotation?
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What type of movement allows for the side-to-side motion in the vertebral column?
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What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
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Which type of joint is classified as a synovial joint that allows for a wide range of movements including rotation?
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Which modification of deep fascia forms protective coverings for tendons?
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How many bones are present in the human skull?
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Which type of mesoderm is responsible for giving rise to the body wall and digestive tract wall?
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Which of the following joints is a type of fibrous joint?
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During which week does the process of implantation complete?
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Which structure arises from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst?
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How many ribs does an adult human typically have?
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What type of joint allows for flexion and extension movements?
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Which embryonic mesoderm is located on either side of the neural tube and develops into somites?
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What modification of deep fascia forms sacs that reduce friction in joints?
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What does the trophoblast contribute to during early embryonic development?
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Which term refers to a structure that is positioned away from the midline of the body?
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What anatomical term represents a body position that is oriented towards the tail?
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Which movement is characterized by increasing the angle between two body parts?
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Which term describes the position of a structure that is located close to the surface of the skin?
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Which of the following describes a type of movement that involves side-to-side motion?
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What anatomical term describes the movement of a body part away from the midline in the coronal plane?
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Which movement involves the thumb touching the tips of the four medial fingers?
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Which of the following best describes circumduction?
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Which movement increases the angle between body parts?
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What is the effect of pronation on the position of the forearm?
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Which movement captures the action of moving the arm circularly at the shoulder joint?
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What type of movement describes the bending or increasing of a joint angle?
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Which of the following movements is characterized by the internal rotation of a limb towards the midline?
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What characterizes superficial fascia?
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Which description is correct for deep fascia?
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In which part of the body is fat most likely absent in superficial fascia?
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What is one of the modifications of deep fascia?
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Which function does fascia NOT serve?
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What is the primary feature of deep fascia in comparison to superficial fascia?
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Which is NOT a layer formed by deep fascia around muscle structures?
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What role does the superficial fascia play in the body?
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What anatomical position describes a subject standing upright with palms facing forward?
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Which plane specifically divides the body into equal right and left halves?
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What happens to models left in a disassembled state in the lab?
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Which of these is NOT a method used for assessment within modules?
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In which position is a subject lying on their back with arms at their sides?
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Which anatomical term refers to the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
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Which textbook is classified as focused specifically on embryology?
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Which plane runs horizontally and divides the body into upper and lower parts?
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What does the term 'cadaveric anatomy' specifically refer to in the study of anatomy?
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Which subdivision of anatomy focuses on the application of anatomical knowledge in medical practice?
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Which method is commonly used for teaching anatomy, involving collaborative problem-solving?
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What does histology primarily involve in the context of anatomical studies?
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Which of the following best defines the focus of radiographic anatomy?
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In anatomy education, what do practical sessions in the lab typically involve?
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Which term describes the study of pre-natal developmental changes in an individual?
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What does surface anatomy primarily analyze?
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Which of the following positions describes a subject lying face upwards?
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Study Notes
Anatomy Lab
- Located in Room 219 on Floor 2
- Divided into 4 Learning Communities (LCs)
- Each LC divided into smaller groups with a facilitator
- Resources include: Anatomical models, clinical imaging, ultrasound machine, and Anatomage table
Anatomical Models
- Kept for revision purposes at the back of the lab
- Coded for identification purposes
- Models may consist of multiple parts, if disassembled, must be reassembled before leaving the lab
- Models left disassembled may be removed and not available for subsequent use
Assessment Methods
- Card signing - multiple choice questions (MCQs), short answer questions, and hot spot questions
- Knowledge checks (KCs)
- Progress tests (PTs)
Recommended Textbooks
- Drake, Vogl & Mitchell. Gray’s Anatomy for Students (Elsevier Churchill Livingstone)
- Ellis Clinical Anatomy (Blackwell)
- Moore, Agur Essential Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students (Williams and Wilkins)
- Langman Medical Embryology (Williams and Wilkins) for embryology
Anatomical Positions
- Anatomical position: Standing upright, feet together, hands by the side, face looking forward. Palms face forward with fingers straight.
- Supine position: Lying on the back, arms by the side.
- Prone position: Lying on the abdomen.
Anatomical Planes
- Three major planes: coronal, sagittal, and horizontal/transverse
- Coronal plane: Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions.
-
Sagittal plane:
- Median sagittal plane: Passes through the midline, divides into equal right and left sides.
- Parasagittal plane: Any plane parallel to the median plane.
- Horizontal/transverse plane: Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.
Anatomical Terminology
- Anterior (ventral): Front
- Posterior (dorsal): Back
- Cranial: Towards the head
- Caudal: Towards the tail
- Superior: Structures lying higher with reference to the vertical axis.
- Inferior: Structures lying lower with reference to the vertical axis.
- Superficial: Close to the skin/surface.
- Deep: Away from the skin/surface.
- Proximal: Close to the root of a structure.
- Distal: Away from the root of a structure.
- Medial: Close to the midline.
- Lateral: Away from the midline.
- Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body as another structure.
- Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
- Palmar: Front of the hand.
- Dorsal: Back of the hand.
- External: Outside.
- Internal: Inside.
Body Movements
- Gliding Movements: Side-to-side movements.
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two flexor surfaces, bringing them closer together.
- Extension: Increasing the angle between two flexor surfaces, straightening.
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline in the coronal plane.
- Adduction: Movement returning to the midline in the coronal plane.
- Hyperextension: Extension beyond the normal anatomical position.
-
Rotation: Turning around an axis.
- Medial/Internal Rotation: Rotation towards the midline.
- Lateral/External Rotation: Rotation away from the midline.
- Circumduction: A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, forming a circular motion.
- Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly (radius rotates over the ulna).
- Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly (radius and ulna are parallel).
- Opposition: Movement between the thumb and the medial four fingers, where the thumb touches all the tips of the medial fingers.
Deep Fascia
- Modifications of deep fascia:
- Form capsules, synovial membrane & bursae around joints
- Form aponeuroses in palms and soles, offering protection to underlying structures
- Form retinacula near some joints, holding tendons in place and preventing bowing during movement
- Form interosseous membrane in the forearm and leg
Skeletal System
- Includes bones and cartilages
- Supporting framework of the body
- Primarily designed for effective movement production by attached muscles
Divisions of the Skeletal System
-
Axial Skeleton:
-
Skull:
- Cranium: 8 bones
- Face: 14 bones
- Hyoid: 1 bone
- Auditory Ossicles: 6 bones (3 in each ear)
- Vertebral Column: 26 bones
-
Thorax:
- Sternum: 1 bone
- Ribs: 24 bones
-
Skull:
-
Appendicular Skeleton:
-
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles:
- Clavicle: 2 bones
- Scapula: 2 bones
-
Upper Extremities:
- Humerus: 2 bones
- Ulna: 2 bones
- Radius: 2 bones
- Carpals: 16 bones
- Metacarpals: 10 bones
- Phalanges: 28 bones
-
Pelvic Girdle:
- Pelvic or Hip Bone: 2 bones
-
Lower Extremities:
- Femur: 2 bones
- Fibula: 2 bones
- Tibia: 2 bones
- Patella: 2 bones
- Tarsals: 14 bones
- Metatarsals: 10 bones
- Phalanges: 28 bones
-
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles:
Joints
-
Structural Classification:
- Fibrous Joints
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Synovial Joints
-
Functional Classification:
- Synarthrosis (immovable)
- Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
- Diarthrosis (freely movable)
Fibrous Joints
- Sutures: Found between skull bones.
- Syndesmosis: Joined by ligaments.
- Gomphosis: Joints between teeth and jawbone.
Cartilaginous Joints
- Primary (Synchondrosis): Hyaline cartilage connects bones.
- Secondary (Symphysis): Fibrocartilage connects bones.
Synovial Joints
- Plane Joints: Gliding movement.
- Hinge Joints: Uniaxial movement (flexion/extension).
- Pivot Joints: Uniaxial movement (rotation).
- Condylar Joints: Biaxial movement (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction).
- Saddle Joints: Biaxial movement (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction).
- Ellipsoid Joints: Biaxial movement (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction).
- Ball & Socket Joints: Multiaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation).
Muscular System
-
Types:
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS.
Embryonic Development
-
First Week:
- Fertilization
- Cleavage
- Morula formation
- Blastocyst formation with inner cell mass (embryoblast) and outer cell mass (trophoblast)
-
Second Week:
- Implantation completion
- Trophoblast differentiation into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
- Embryoblast differentiation into epiblast and hypoblast.
- Formation of amniotic cavity, yolk sac, and chorionic cavity.
- Development of extraembryonic mesoderm.
- Extraembryonic mesoderm splitting into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm.
- Beginning of uteroplacental circulation.
-
Third & Fourth Week:
- Appearance of the primitive streak
- Gastrulation (formation of germ layers)
- Development of the notochord
- Neurulation (formation of the neural tube)
- Differentiation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
Germ Layers
-
Ectoderm: Gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis of the skin, hair, nails, and tooth enamel.
- Neuroectoderm: Forms the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
- Surface Ectoderm: Forms the epidermis of the skin.
-
Mesoderm: Gives rise to muscles, bones, cartilage, blood, and connective tissue.
- Paraxial Mesoderm: Forms somites.
- Intermediate Mesoderm: Forms the urogenital system.
- Lateral Plate Mesoderm: Forms the body wall, wall of the digestive tract, and limbs.
- Endoderm: Give rise to the lining of the digestive system, respiratory system, and urinary bladder.
Embryonic Folding
- Cephalocaudal Folding: Occurs along the anterior-posterior axis.
- Lateral Folding: Occurs along the left-right axis, creating the body cavity and the digestive tube.
References and Video Links
- https://youtu.be/7G2rL5Cutd4?si=XwV-c1zW16oxPfoe
- https://youtu.be/bIdJOiXpp9g?si=S0uST99lX516N8Sq
- https://youtu.be/3AOoikTEfeo?si=OxU3aIqQbuXUwMNa
- https://youtu.be/yXUv4MPuNTA?si=_i1Op61CuKUi_tzT
Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the science that studies the structure of the human body.
- The term 'anatomy' originates from a Greek word meaning "cutting up."
- 'Dissection' is a Latin word.
Subdivisions of Anatomy
- Cadaveric anatomy: Study conducted on dead bodies.
- Embryology: Study of pre-natal developmental changes in an individual.
- Histology: Study of structures using a microscope.
- Surface anatomy: Study of the deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface.
- Radiographic anatomy: Study of bones and other deeper organs through radiography.
- Applied anatomy: Application of anatomical knowledge to medical and surgical practice.
Anatomy Team in RCSI, Bahrain
- Dr. Vijayalakshmi Bhojaraja: Senior Lecturer in Anatomy
- Dr. Sara Sulaiman: Senior Lecturer in Anatomy
- Ms. Fatema Abdulwahab: Lab Technician and Anatomy tutor
- Fiona Cronin: Anatomy tutor
- Clinical Educators: Dr. Hoda Gomaa, Dr. Maryam AlSaie, Dr. Yahia Alsayed, Dr. Moosa AlHoda
Instruction Methods
- Large group teaching
- Case-based learning
- Anatomy practicals
- Self-directed learning
Anatomy Teaching
- One-hour lecture followed by a one-hour practical session in the Anatomy lab.
- Students are required to reassemble any models they take apart before leaving the lab.
- Models left unassembled may be removed and unavailable until the following year.
Assessment Methods
-
Within Modules:
- Card signing (MCQ, SBA, very short answer questions, and hot spot questions)
- Knowledge checks (KC)
- Progress test (PT)
Recommended Textbooks
-
Anatomy:
- Drake, Vogl & Mitchell. Gray’s Anatomy for Students (Elsevier Churchill Livingstone)
- Ellis Clinical Anatomy (Blackwell)
- Moore, Agur Essential Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students (Williams and Wilkins)
-
Embryology:
- Langman Medical Embryology (Williams and Wilkins)
Positions
- Anatomical position: Subject standing upright, feet together, hands by their side, face looking forward, palms facing forward with fingers straight.
- Supine position: Lying on the back, arms by the side.
- Prone position: Lying on the abdomen.
Planes
- Coronal plane: Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts.
- Parasagittal plane: Runs parallel to the median plane.
- Median sagittal plane: Passes through the midline, dividing the body into equal right and left sides.
- Horizontal/transverse plane: Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts.
Anatomical Terminology
- Anterior (ventral): Front
- Posterior (dorsal): Back
- Cranial: Towards the head
- Caudal: Towards the tail
- Superior: Structures lying above the vertical axis of the body
- Inferior: Structures lying below the vertical axis of the body
- Superficial: Close to the skin/surface
- Deep: Away from the skin/surface
- Proximal: Close to the root of a structure
- Distal: Away from the root of a structure
- Medial: Close to the midline
- Lateral: Away from the midline
- Ipsilateral: Same side of the body as another structure
- Contralateral: Opposite side of the body from another structure
- Palmar: Front of the hand
- Dorsal: Back of the hand
- External: Outside
- Internal: Inside
Terms Related to Body Movements
- Gliding movements: Side-to-side movements.
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two flexor surfaces.
- Extension: Increasing the angle between two flexor surfaces.
- Abduction: Moving a part away from the midline in the coronal plane.
- Adduction: Moving a part towards the midline in the coronal plane.
-
Rotation: Turning a part around its axis.
- Lateral rotation: Turning away from the midline.
- Medial rotation: Turning towards the midline.
- Circumduction: Combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation.
- Pronation: Radius rotates over ulna, palms face backwards.
- Supination: Radius and ulna are parallel, palms face forwards.
- Opposition: Movement between the thumb and medial four fingers, thumb touches all medial four finger tips.
- Dorsiflexion: Lifting the foot upwards.
- Plantar flexion: Pointing the toes downwards.
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inwards.
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outwards.
- Protraction: Moving a part forward.
- Retraction: Moving a part backwards.
- Elevation: Moving a part upwards.
- Depression: Moving a part downwards.
Body Systems
- Integumentary System
Fascia
- Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia: Loose connective tissue with large amounts of fat, facilitates skin movement, acts as a conduit for vessels and nerves to and from the skin, serves as an energy (fat) reservoir.
- Deep fascia: Fibrous sheet, devoid of fat, tough and non-elastic, forms intermuscular septa, covers muscles, nerves, and vessels.
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Description
Explore the structure and resources of the Anatomy Lab located in Room 219, which supports various Learning Communities. This quiz covers anatomical models, assessment methods, and recommended textbooks vital for understanding human anatomy.
