Anatomy Lab Overview and Assessment
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Questions and Answers

What is the room number for the Anatomy Lab?

  • Room 219 (correct)
  • Room 315
  • Room 118
  • Room 201

    • How many learning communities (LC) will students be divided into for practical sessions?

  • 5 Learning Communities
  • 3 Learning Communities
  • 6 Learning Communities
  • 4 Learning Communities (correct)

    • What types of resources are available in the lab?

  • Anatomical models and a whiteboard
  • Charts and diagrams
  • Anatomical models and Anatomage table (correct)
  • Only cadavers

    • Where is the collection of models for revision purposes stored?

    <p>At the back of the lab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of teaching anatomy is mentioned as being used in the lab?

    <p>Anatomical models and Anatomage table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes movement away from the midline in the coronal plane?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term indicates structures that are lying higher with respect to the vertical axis of the body?

    <p>Superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'proximal' refer to?

    <p>Close to the root of a structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes the front surface of the hand?

    <p>Palmar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of ' Ipsilateral' in anatomical terms?

    <p>Same side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must you do before leaving the lab after taking a model apart?

    <p>Put it back together again</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical position?

    <p>Standing upright with feet together and arms at the sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

    <p>Coronal Plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the supine position?

    <p>Lying on the back with arms at the side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT an assessment method within modules?

    <p>Oral exams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the median sagittal plane?

    <p>A plane that divides the body into left and right halves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended textbook for anatomy?

    <p>Gray’s Anatomy for Students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane runs parallel to the median and divides the body into unequal right and left parts?

    <p>Parasagittal Plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of any body part returning to the midline in the coronal plane?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements involves bending a joint to decrease the angle?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation called?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement occurs when the thumb touches the tips of the four medial fingers?

    <p>Opposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is it called when the radius rotates over the ulna?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement increases the angle between body parts?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a term associated with shoulder and knee movement?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is defined as a sideways movement away from the midline?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modification of deep fascia forms the fibrous structure surrounding tendons near some joints?

    <p>Retinacula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of bones in the human axial skeleton?

    <p>80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is classified as synovial and allows for rotational movement?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of embryonic mesoderm gives rise to the urogenital system?

    <p>Intermediate mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges are there in total in the upper extremities?

    <p>28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which developmental week does gastrulation occur?

    <p>Third week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the interdigitation of bone ends, as seen in the skull sutures?

    <p>Suture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure arises from the trophoblast during early embryonic development?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of bones in the vertebral column?

    <p>26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, which stage precedes the blastocyst formation?

    <p>Morula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formation of which cavity primarily indicates the beginning of extraembryonic circulation?

    <p>Chorionic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to models left disassembled in the lab?

    <p>They will most likely be discarded and not returned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position describes a subject lying on their back with arms by their side?

    <p>Supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the median sagittal plane differ from the parasagittal plane?

    <p>It divides the body into equal right and left parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the coronal plane?

    <p>It divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assessment methods assesses knowledge within modules?

    <p>Card signing - MCQ+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical position characterized by?

    <p>Standing upright with hands at the sides and palms facing forward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following textbooks is specifically focused on embryology?

    <p>Langman Medical Embryology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane is described as running horizontally and dividing the body into upper and lower parts?

    <p>Transverse plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subdivision of anatomy focuses specifically on the study of development before birth?

    <p>Embryology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of applied anatomy?

    <p>Utilizing anatomical knowledge in medical practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anatomy studies the body's structures in relation to the skin surface?

    <p>Surface anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the term 'anatomy'?

    <p>The science of human body's structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of learning is highlighted for anatomy teaching?

    <p>Self-directed learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach involves studying structures using a microscope?

    <p>Histology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cadaveric anatomy primarily involve?

    <p>Studying dead bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of anatomy instruction mentioned in the document?

    <p>One-on-one tutoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anatomy, what is radiographic anatomy primarily concerned with?

    <p>Studying bones and deeper organs using X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which team role is responsible for overseeing anatomy practicals?

    <p>Anatomy Tutor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used for teaching anatomy in the lab?

    <p>Anatomical models and Anatomage table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the collection of models for revision purposes located?

    <p>At the back of the lab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a facilitator during the practical sessions in the lab?

    <p>To assist small groups within each learning community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following resources is NOT used in the Anatomy Lab?

    <p>Virtual reality headsets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of models are used for identification purposes in the lab?

    <p>Coded models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a limb towards the midline of the body?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is characterized by the combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement involves the radius rotating over the ulna?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of movement of the thumb when it touches the tips of the medial four fingers?

    <p>Opposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the action of moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement resulting in an increase in the angle between body parts called?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes lateral rotation?

    <p>Rotating a limb away from the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement allows for the side-to-side motion in the vertebral column?

    <p>Gliding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

    <p>To support the framework of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is classified as a synovial joint that allows for a wide range of movements including rotation?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modification of deep fascia forms protective coverings for tendons?

    <p>Retinacula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones are present in the human skull?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mesoderm is responsible for giving rise to the body wall and digestive tract wall?

    <p>Lateral plate mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints is a type of fibrous joint?

    <p>Suture joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which week does the process of implantation complete?

    <p>Second week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure arises from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst?

    <p>Embryoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ribs does an adult human typically have?

    <p>24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for flexion and extension movements?

    <p>Hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic mesoderm is located on either side of the neural tube and develops into somites?

    <p>Paraxial mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modification of deep fascia forms sacs that reduce friction in joints?

    <p>Bursae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the trophoblast contribute to during early embryonic development?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a structure that is positioned away from the midline of the body?

    <p>Lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical term represents a body position that is oriented towards the tail?

    <p>Caudal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is characterized by increasing the angle between two body parts?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the position of a structure that is located close to the surface of the skin?

    <p>Superficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a type of movement that involves side-to-side motion?

    <p>Gliding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical term describes the movement of a body part away from the midline in the coronal plane?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves the thumb touching the tips of the four medial fingers?

    <p>Opposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes circumduction?

    <p>A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement increases the angle between body parts?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pronation on the position of the forearm?

    <p>The radius rotates over the ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement captures the action of moving the arm circularly at the shoulder joint?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement describes the bending or increasing of a joint angle?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is characterized by the internal rotation of a limb towards the midline?

    <p>Medial rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes superficial fascia?

    <p>It acts as a conduit for vessels and nerves to the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description is correct for deep fascia?

    <p>It forms intermuscular septa and covers muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body is fat most likely absent in superficial fascia?

    <p>The palms of the hands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the modifications of deep fascia?

    <p>It surrounds tendons as sheaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function does fascia NOT serve?

    <p>Generating muscle contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of deep fascia in comparison to superficial fascia?

    <p>It is usually non-elastic and tough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a layer formed by deep fascia around muscle structures?

    <p>Peritendinum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the superficial fascia play in the body?

    <p>It acts as a conduit for nerves and vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical position describes a subject standing upright with palms facing forward?

    <p>Anatomical position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane specifically divides the body into equal right and left halves?

    <p>Median sagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to models left in a disassembled state in the lab?

    <p>They may be removed and not reappear for a year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a method used for assessment within modules?

    <p>Clinical skills evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position is a subject lying on their back with arms at their sides?

    <p>Supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical term refers to the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

    <p>Coronal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which textbook is classified as focused specifically on embryology?

    <p>Langman Medical Embryology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane runs horizontally and divides the body into upper and lower parts?

    <p>Horizontal/Transverse plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'cadaveric anatomy' specifically refer to in the study of anatomy?

    <p>The study conducted using deceased human bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subdivision of anatomy focuses on the application of anatomical knowledge in medical practice?

    <p>Applied anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used for teaching anatomy, involving collaborative problem-solving?

    <p>Case-based learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does histology primarily involve in the context of anatomical studies?

    <p>The analysis of tissue structures under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the focus of radiographic anatomy?

    <p>The examination of bones and deeper organs using imaging techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anatomy education, what do practical sessions in the lab typically involve?

    <p>Hands-on activities related to the topic of the lecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the study of pre-natal developmental changes in an individual?

    <p>Embryology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does surface anatomy primarily analyze?

    <p>The relationship of deeper body parts to the skin's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following positions describes a subject lying face upwards?

    <p>Supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy Lab

    • Located in Room 219 on Floor 2
    • Divided into 4 Learning Communities (LCs)
    • Each LC divided into smaller groups with a facilitator
    • Resources include: Anatomical models, clinical imaging, ultrasound machine, and Anatomage table

    Anatomical Models

    • Kept for revision purposes at the back of the lab
    • Coded for identification purposes
    • Models may consist of multiple parts, if disassembled, must be reassembled before leaving the lab
    • Models left disassembled may be removed and not available for subsequent use

    Assessment Methods

    • Card signing - multiple choice questions (MCQs), short answer questions, and hot spot questions
    • Knowledge checks (KCs)
    • Progress tests (PTs)
    • Drake, Vogl & Mitchell. Gray’s Anatomy for Students (Elsevier Churchill Livingstone)
    • Ellis Clinical Anatomy (Blackwell)
    • Moore, Agur Essential Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students (Williams and Wilkins)
    • Langman Medical Embryology (Williams and Wilkins) for embryology

    Anatomical Positions

    • Anatomical position: Standing upright, feet together, hands by the side, face looking forward. Palms face forward with fingers straight.
    • Supine position: Lying on the back, arms by the side.
    • Prone position: Lying on the abdomen.

    Anatomical Planes

    • Three major planes: coronal, sagittal, and horizontal/transverse
    • Coronal plane: Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions.
    • Sagittal plane:
      • Median sagittal plane: Passes through the midline, divides into equal right and left sides.
      • Parasagittal plane: Any plane parallel to the median plane.
    • Horizontal/transverse plane: Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.

    Anatomical Terminology

    • Anterior (ventral): Front
    • Posterior (dorsal): Back
    • Cranial: Towards the head
    • Caudal: Towards the tail
    • Superior: Structures lying higher with reference to the vertical axis.
    • Inferior: Structures lying lower with reference to the vertical axis.
    • Superficial: Close to the skin/surface.
    • Deep: Away from the skin/surface.
    • Proximal: Close to the root of a structure.
    • Distal: Away from the root of a structure.
    • Medial: Close to the midline.
    • Lateral: Away from the midline.
    • Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body as another structure.
    • Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
    • Palmar: Front of the hand.
    • Dorsal: Back of the hand.
    • External: Outside.
    • Internal: Inside.

    Body Movements

    • Gliding Movements: Side-to-side movements.
    • Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two flexor surfaces, bringing them closer together.
    • Extension: Increasing the angle between two flexor surfaces, straightening.
    • Abduction: Movement away from the midline in the coronal plane.
    • Adduction: Movement returning to the midline in the coronal plane.
    • Hyperextension: Extension beyond the normal anatomical position.
    • Rotation: Turning around an axis.
      • Medial/Internal Rotation: Rotation towards the midline.
      • Lateral/External Rotation: Rotation away from the midline.
    • Circumduction: A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, forming a circular motion.
    • Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly (radius rotates over the ulna).
    • Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly (radius and ulna are parallel).
    • Opposition: Movement between the thumb and the medial four fingers, where the thumb touches all the tips of the medial fingers.

    Deep Fascia

    • Modifications of deep fascia:
      • Form capsules, synovial membrane & bursae around joints
      • Form aponeuroses in palms and soles, offering protection to underlying structures
      • Form retinacula near some joints, holding tendons in place and preventing bowing during movement
      • Form interosseous membrane in the forearm and leg

    Skeletal System

    • Includes bones and cartilages
    • Supporting framework of the body
    • Primarily designed for effective movement production by attached muscles

    Divisions of the Skeletal System

    • Axial Skeleton:

      • Skull:
        • Cranium: 8 bones
        • Face: 14 bones
      • Hyoid: 1 bone
      • Auditory Ossicles: 6 bones (3 in each ear)
      • Vertebral Column: 26 bones
      • Thorax:
        • Sternum: 1 bone
        • Ribs: 24 bones

    • Appendicular Skeleton:

      • Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles:
        • Clavicle: 2 bones
        • Scapula: 2 bones
      • Upper Extremities:
        • Humerus: 2 bones
        • Ulna: 2 bones
        • Radius: 2 bones
        • Carpals: 16 bones
        • Metacarpals: 10 bones
        • Phalanges: 28 bones
      • Pelvic Girdle:
        • Pelvic or Hip Bone: 2 bones
      • Lower Extremities:
        • Femur: 2 bones
        • Fibula: 2 bones
        • Tibia: 2 bones
        • Patella: 2 bones
        • Tarsals: 14 bones
        • Metatarsals: 10 bones
        • Phalanges: 28 bones

    Joints

    • Structural Classification:
      • Fibrous Joints
      • Cartilaginous Joints
      • Synovial Joints
    • Functional Classification:
      • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely movable)

    Fibrous Joints

    • Sutures: Found between skull bones.
    • Syndesmosis: Joined by ligaments.
    • Gomphosis: Joints between teeth and jawbone.

    Cartilaginous Joints

    • Primary (Synchondrosis): Hyaline cartilage connects bones.
    • Secondary (Symphysis): Fibrocartilage connects bones.

    Synovial Joints

    • Plane Joints: Gliding movement.
    • Hinge Joints: Uniaxial movement (flexion/extension).
    • Pivot Joints: Uniaxial movement (rotation).
    • Condylar Joints: Biaxial movement (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction).
    • Saddle Joints: Biaxial movement (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction).
    • Ellipsoid Joints: Biaxial movement (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction).
    • Ball & Socket Joints: Multiaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation).

    Muscular System

    • Types:
      • Skeletal
      • Cardiac
      • Smooth

    Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS.

    Embryonic Development

    • First Week:

      • Fertilization
      • Cleavage
      • Morula formation
      • Blastocyst formation with inner cell mass (embryoblast) and outer cell mass (trophoblast)

    • Second Week:

      • Implantation completion
      • Trophoblast differentiation into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
      • Embryoblast differentiation into epiblast and hypoblast.
      • Formation of amniotic cavity, yolk sac, and chorionic cavity.
      • Development of extraembryonic mesoderm.
      • Extraembryonic mesoderm splitting into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm.
      • Beginning of uteroplacental circulation.

    • Third & Fourth Week:

      • Appearance of the primitive streak
      • Gastrulation (formation of germ layers)
      • Development of the notochord
      • Neurulation (formation of the neural tube)
      • Differentiation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

    Germ Layers

    • Ectoderm: Gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis of the skin, hair, nails, and tooth enamel.
      • Neuroectoderm: Forms the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
      • Surface Ectoderm: Forms the epidermis of the skin.
    • Mesoderm: Gives rise to muscles, bones, cartilage, blood, and connective tissue.
      • Paraxial Mesoderm: Forms somites.
      • Intermediate Mesoderm: Forms the urogenital system.
      • Lateral Plate Mesoderm: Forms the body wall, wall of the digestive tract, and limbs.
    • Endoderm: Give rise to the lining of the digestive system, respiratory system, and urinary bladder.

    Embryonic Folding

    • Cephalocaudal Folding: Occurs along the anterior-posterior axis.
    • Lateral Folding: Occurs along the left-right axis, creating the body cavity and the digestive tube.
    • https://youtu.be/7G2rL5Cutd4?si=XwV-c1zW16oxPfoe
    • https://youtu.be/bIdJOiXpp9g?si=S0uST99lX516N8Sq
    • https://youtu.be/3AOoikTEfeo?si=OxU3aIqQbuXUwMNa
    • https://youtu.be/yXUv4MPuNTA?si=_i1Op61CuKUi_tzT

    Introduction to Anatomy

    • Anatomy is the science that studies the structure of the human body.
    • The term 'anatomy' originates from a Greek word meaning "cutting up."
    • 'Dissection' is a Latin word.

    Subdivisions of Anatomy

    • Cadaveric anatomy: Study conducted on dead bodies.
    • Embryology: Study of pre-natal developmental changes in an individual.
    • Histology: Study of structures using a microscope.
    • Surface anatomy: Study of the deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface.
    • Radiographic anatomy: Study of bones and other deeper organs through radiography.
    • Applied anatomy: Application of anatomical knowledge to medical and surgical practice.

    Anatomy Team in RCSI, Bahrain

    • Dr. Vijayalakshmi Bhojaraja: Senior Lecturer in Anatomy
    • Dr. Sara Sulaiman: Senior Lecturer in Anatomy
    • Ms. Fatema Abdulwahab: Lab Technician and Anatomy tutor
    • Fiona Cronin: Anatomy tutor
    • Clinical Educators: Dr. Hoda Gomaa, Dr. Maryam AlSaie, Dr. Yahia Alsayed, Dr. Moosa AlHoda

    Instruction Methods

    • Large group teaching
    • Case-based learning
    • Anatomy practicals
    • Self-directed learning

    Anatomy Teaching

    • One-hour lecture followed by a one-hour practical session in the Anatomy lab.
    • Students are required to reassemble any models they take apart before leaving the lab.
    • Models left unassembled may be removed and unavailable until the following year.

    Assessment Methods

    • Within Modules:
      • Card signing (MCQ, SBA, very short answer questions, and hot spot questions)
      • Knowledge checks (KC)
      • Progress test (PT)
    • Anatomy:
      • Drake, Vogl & Mitchell. Gray’s Anatomy for Students (Elsevier Churchill Livingstone)
      • Ellis Clinical Anatomy (Blackwell)
      • Moore, Agur Essential Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students (Williams and Wilkins)
    • Embryology:
      • Langman Medical Embryology (Williams and Wilkins)

    Positions

    • Anatomical position: Subject standing upright, feet together, hands by their side, face looking forward, palms facing forward with fingers straight.
    • Supine position: Lying on the back, arms by the side.
    • Prone position: Lying on the abdomen.

    Planes

    • Coronal plane: Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts.
    • Parasagittal plane: Runs parallel to the median plane.
    • Median sagittal plane: Passes through the midline, dividing the body into equal right and left sides.
    • Horizontal/transverse plane: Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts.

    Anatomical Terminology

    • Anterior (ventral): Front
    • Posterior (dorsal): Back
    • Cranial: Towards the head
    • Caudal: Towards the tail
    • Superior: Structures lying above the vertical axis of the body
    • Inferior: Structures lying below the vertical axis of the body
    • Superficial: Close to the skin/surface
    • Deep: Away from the skin/surface
    • Proximal: Close to the root of a structure
    • Distal: Away from the root of a structure
    • Medial: Close to the midline
    • Lateral: Away from the midline
    • Ipsilateral: Same side of the body as another structure
    • Contralateral: Opposite side of the body from another structure
    • Palmar: Front of the hand
    • Dorsal: Back of the hand
    • External: Outside
    • Internal: Inside

    Terms Related to Body Movements

    • Gliding movements: Side-to-side movements.
    • Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two flexor surfaces.
    • Extension: Increasing the angle between two flexor surfaces.
    • Abduction: Moving a part away from the midline in the coronal plane.
    • Adduction: Moving a part towards the midline in the coronal plane.
    • Rotation: Turning a part around its axis.
      • Lateral rotation: Turning away from the midline.
      • Medial rotation: Turning towards the midline.
    • Circumduction: Combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation.
    • Pronation: Radius rotates over ulna, palms face backwards.
    • Supination: Radius and ulna are parallel, palms face forwards.
    • Opposition: Movement between the thumb and medial four fingers, thumb touches all medial four finger tips.
    • Dorsiflexion: Lifting the foot upwards.
    • Plantar flexion: Pointing the toes downwards.
    • Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inwards.
    • Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outwards.
    • Protraction: Moving a part forward.
    • Retraction: Moving a part backwards.
    • Elevation: Moving a part upwards.
    • Depression: Moving a part downwards.

    Body Systems

    • Integumentary System

    Fascia

    • Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia: Loose connective tissue with large amounts of fat, facilitates skin movement, acts as a conduit for vessels and nerves to and from the skin, serves as an energy (fat) reservoir.
    • Deep fascia: Fibrous sheet, devoid of fat, tough and non-elastic, forms intermuscular septa, covers muscles, nerves, and vessels.

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    Description

    Explore the structure and resources of the Anatomy Lab located in Room 219, which supports various Learning Communities. This quiz covers anatomical models, assessment methods, and recommended textbooks vital for understanding human anatomy.

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