Introduction to Anatomy and terminology.pdf

Module: Structure and function of human body Module (SFH 111) Lecture#: 1 Topic title: Introduction To Anatomy & Terminology Department of Anatomy  Objectives After studying this lecture, you will be able to:...

Module: Structure and function of human body Module (SFH 111) Lecture#: 1 Topic title: Introduction To Anatomy & Terminology Department of Anatomy  Objectives After studying this lecture, you will be able to: Define Anatomy Enumerate the anatomical position, planes and, sections Understand the different terms used in Anatomy.  Introduction to Anatomy Anatomy is one of the branch of biology that deals with the study of the structure and shape of the body, body parts and their relationships to one another. Tomy = cut and Ana = apart Human Anatomy is a sciences which deals with human body to be cut and to see individual structures and organs  Anatomical position Def.: The position in which the body is: Standing erect. The eyes look straight to the front Face & palms of the hands directed forwards The upper limbs hang by the side The lower limbs are parallel with the feet together & toes pointing forwards  Planes of the body Mid Sagittal plane = Plane in the middle of the body cutting it into two equal half (right & left) Para-sagittal plane = All planes parallel to mid sagittal plane Coronal plane = Plane perpendicular to mid sagittal plane cutting body into front and back Transverse plane = Plane parallel to the floor cutting the body into upper and lower parts. ANATOMICAL PLANES  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS ✓ANTERIOR (Ventral) – Towards the front of the body. E.g. The face is on the anterior of the head. ✓POSTERIOR (Dorsal) – Towards the back of the body E.g. The back is posterior to the chest ✓SUPERIOR (Cephalic/Cranial) – Towards the top of the body. E.g. The shoulders are superior to the hips. ✓INFERIOR (Caudal) – Towards the bottom of the body. E.g. The legs are inferior to the abdomen  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS ✓SUPERFICIAL – Toward the surface of a part; away from the inside. E.g. The skin is a superficial organ ✓DEEP – Toward the inside of a part; away from the surface. E.g. The thigh muscles are deep to the skin  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS ✓MEDIAL– Toward the midline of the body. ✓LATERAL – Away from the midline of the body. ✓DISTAL- Away from the trunk. ✓PROXIMAL- Nearer to the trunk. ✓ERECT– Normal standing position. ✓CENTRAL- Towards the central axis of the body. ✓PERIPHERAL- Away from the central axis of the body. ✓AXIS- The imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part. ✓SUPINE- lying on back of the body. ✓PRONE- lying face down & flat. ✓PRONE – Face down ✓SUPINE – Face up SURFACE REGIONS ANTERIOR ASPECT 1. ABDOMINAL – Area overlying the abdominal cavity 2. BRACHIAL – Upper arm 3. ANTEBRACHIAL – forearm 4. AXILLARY – Armpit 5. BUCCAL – cheek 6. CARPAL – wrist 7. CERVICAL – Neck 8. COXAL - Hip  SURFACE REGIONS ANTERIOR ASPECT 9. CRURAL – Anterior lower legs (shin) 10. CUBITAL – Anterior elbow joint 11. FEMORAL – Upper leg (thigh) 12. MENTAL – Chin 13. ORBITAL – Eye 14. PATELLA – Anterior knee joint 15. PUBIC – Lower front of trunk, between legs 16. TARSAL – ankle 17. THORACIC - Chest  SURFACE REGIONS POSTERIOR ASPECT 1. CERVICAL – Neck 2. GLUTEAL – Buttocks 3. LUMBAR – lower back 4. OCCIPITAL – Posterior of head 5. POPLITEAL – Posterior knee joint 6. SCAPULAR – shoulder blade 7. SURAL – calf 8. THORACIC – upper back  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ❑ Movements take place at joints where two or more bones or cartilages articulate with one another. - The different types of movements are; 1. FLEXION 2. EXTENSION 3. DORSIFLEXION 4. PLANTARFLEXION 5. ABDUCTION 6. ADDUCTION 7. ROTATION – MEDIAL and RADIAL ROTATION 8. OPPOSITION  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY 9. PROTRACTION 10. RETRACTION 11. ELEVATION 12. DEPRESSION 13. EVERSION 14. INVERSION 15. PRONATION 16. SUPINATION 17. PRONE 18. SUPINE  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓FLEXION – Bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body. E.g. Flexion of the upper limb at elbow joint is an anterior bending; Flexion of the knee at the knee joint is a posterior bending.  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓EXTENSION – indicates straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body. E.g. Extension at elbow joint occurs at posterior direction. Extension at knee joint occurs in anterior direction. ✓HYPEREXTENSION – (OVER EXTENSION beyond anatomical limit) - can cause injury E.g. Whiplash – hyperextension of the neck during rear- end automobile collision. MOVEMENTS - EXTENSION  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓DORSIFLEXION – Flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill or lifting the toes off ground ✓PLANTARFLEXION – Turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface. E.g. When standing on your toes)  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓ABDUCTION – means moving away from body midline. E.g. Moving an upper-limb away from the side of the body. ✓ADDUCTION – means moving toward the body midline E.g. Moving an upper-limb toward the side of the body.  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓ROTATION – involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis (E.g. turnings one’s head to the side) ✓MEDIAL ROTATION – Rotation toward the midline of the body. ✓LATERAL ROTATION – Rotation away from the midline of the body  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓OPPOSITION – Movement by which the pad of the thumb is brought to another digit pad. E.g. We use this movement to pinch, button a shirt.  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓PROTRUSION – Anterior (forward) movement. E.g. Sticking the chin out. ✓RETRUSION – Posterior (backward) movement. E.g. Tucking the chin in.  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓PROTRACTION- (SCAPULAR ABDUCTION) Shoulder girdle moves forward to anatomical position. ✓RETRACTION – (SCAPULAR ADDUCTION) Shoulder girdle moves backward from anatomical position.  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓ELEVATION – Raises or moves a part superiorly (upward) E.g. Elevating the shoulders when shrugging. ✓DEPRESSION – Lowers or moves a part inferiorly. E.g. Depressing the shoulders when standing at ease.  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓EVERSION – Lateral (outward) rotation of sole of foot. ✓INVERSION – Medial (inward) rotation of the sole of foot.  MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY ✓PRONATION – Movement of the forearm and hand so that the it is rotated medially along the longitudinal axis - so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (backward) and the dorsum of the hand faces anteriorly (frontward). ✓SUPINATION – Movement of the forearm and hand so that it is rotated laterally along the longitudinal axis – so the palm of the hand faces anteriorly (forward) and the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly (backward)