Intensive English lesson 1.pdf

Intensive English Lesson 1: Parts of Speech A noun is a word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. Person- teacher, uncle, niece, sister-in-law Place- garage, city, park, school Thing- paw, giraffe, bicycle, ice cream, doorknob Idea- de...

Intensive English Lesson 1: Parts of Speech A noun is a word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. Person- teacher, uncle, niece, sister-in-law Place- garage, city, park, school Thing- paw, giraffe, bicycle, ice cream, doorknob Idea- democracy, fame, love, disappointment I. TYPES OF NOUNS Nouns are classified into different categories. A. Proper Nouns- is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper Nouns Person Sean Connery, Uncle Peter, Emily Dickinson Place Mexico, Lake George, Grand Canyon Thing Statue of Liberty, Great Expectations, Thanksgiving Idea Romanticism, Baroque Age, Judaism B. Common Nouns- is the general—not the particular—name of a person, place, thing, or idea Common Noun Person actor, uncle, poet Place country, lake, canyon Thing statue, book, holiday Idea movement, era, religion C. Concrete Nouns- A concrete noun names an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the senses. Ex. Petal, platform, smoke, steam, cough, locomotive, orange, street D. Abstract Nouns- These types of nouns stand for ideas comprehensible through their manifestations perceptible to the senses. Ex. Envy, Humor, Love, Quantity, Revenge, Tact, Justice, Rudeness, Love, Hate E. Collective Nouns- These nouns are used for organized groups, people or thing that are regarded as a unit. family (the) senate (the) public (a) gaggle (of geese) team (an) audience (the) press (the) board (of directors) F. Compound Nouns- is a noun made up of two or more words A single word (haircut, toothpaste) Two words (rain forest, ice cream) Hyphenated (self-esteem, brother-in-law) II. Number of Nouns One of the characteristics of nouns is that they carry numbers When a noun is referred to only one, it is singular form When it refers to more than one, it is plural form A. For most singular nouns, adding -s makes it plural. Singular Plural Basket baskets Doctor doctors Picture pictures B. Nouns ending in s, x, z, sh, and ch, must add -es Singular Plural Dress dresses Dish dishes Church churches C. Nouns ending in f or fe form their plurals by changing the f or fe to v and adding -es Singular Plural Wife wives Leaf leaves Calf calves D. Nouns ending with a vowel and y, add s. Singular Plural Valley Valleys Joy Joys E. Nouns ending with consonants and y, change -y to i and add -es. Singular Plural City Cities Cranberry Cranberries Body Bodies F. Some nouns remain the same in its plural form. Singular Plural Trout Trout Deer Deer Sheep Sheep G. Change vowel/vowels within some singular nouns or add -en: Singular Plural Man Men Goose Geese Tooth Teeth Mouse Mice Ox Oxen H. Retain the plural form of nouns of foreign origin: Singular Plural Criterion Criteria Madam Madams Radius Radii Datum Data Alumnus Alumni Erratum Errata Thesis Theses III. Gender of Nouns Nouns can refer to a male or female people or animals. Those nouns that do not have clear gender are called common or neuter. Masculine Feminine Prince Princess Lion Lioness  Priest Priestess Comedian Comedienne Actor Actress Host Hostess Animals also have specific gender based names. Below are some examples: ANIMAL NAMES MASCULINE FEMININE Sheep Ram Ewe Donkey Jackson Jennet Cat Tomcat Tobby Horse Stallion Mare Chicken Rooster Hen Pig Boar Sow Dog Dog Bitch Goose Gander Geese Fox Fox Vixen Cow Bull Cow Deer Buck / stag Doe Common gender nouns or neuters are attributed to nouns possessing no sex: COMMON NEUTER Baby Chair Lawyer Street Nurse Hospital Driver Park Student Book Teacher IV. Cases of Nouns Cases of nouns are determined by their function in the sentence. It can be in the subjective, objective or possessive case. 1. Subjective case (nominative case)- It is a predicate noun it follows a ‘be’ verb form while renaming the subject of the sentence. Ex. The woman is a waitress 2. Objective case- A noun is in its objective case when it is used as a direct object, indirect object, object of preposition, and appositive with an object. Ex. The girl jumped over the couch 3. Possessive Case- The possessive form of a noun can show possession, ownership, or the general relationship between two nouns. SINGULAR POSSESSIVE PLURAL POSSESSIVE the car’s hood the cars’ hoods a baby’s bottle the babies’ bottles the dish’s pattern the dishes’ patterns a valley’s towns the valleys’ towns the calf’s mother the calves’ mother the business’s payroll the businesses’ payrolls IV. Position of the Noun in the sentence The function of the noun is dependent on its position in the sentence. Listed below are the different positions of nouns in a sentence: 1. As Subject – before the verb 2. As Direct Object – after the verb 3. As Indirect Object – anther the verb 4. As Subjective Complement – after the linking verb 5. As Objective Complement – after the direct object 6. As Nominative of Address – beginning or end of sentence 7. As Adverbial Objective – distance, time, and weight used before or after a verb