English Grammar PDF

Basic English grammar TO BE : ETRE Positive Negative Questions I am ’m am not ’m not Am I ? You are ’re are not aren’t Are you ? He, she, it is ’s...

Basic English grammar TO BE : ETRE Positive Negative Questions I am ’m am not ’m not Am I ? You are ’re are not aren’t Are you ? He, she, it is ’s is not isn’t Is he, she, it ? we are ’re are not aren’t Are we ? you are ’re are not aren’t Are you ? they are ’re are not aren’t Are they ? Yes/No questions - be (am, are, is) Subject and verb change their position in statement and question. statement You are from Germany. 1 question Are you from Germany? We always use the short answer, not only "Yes" or "No". If the answer is "Yes", we always use the long form. Example: Yes, I am. If the answer is "No", we either use the long or the contrated form (short form). Example: No, I am not - No, I'm not. Yes, I am. Are you from Germany? am not. No, I 'm not. Is he your friend? Yes, he is. Are Peter and John from England? Yes, they are. Questions with question words - be (am, are, is) Question word Verb Rest Answer Where are you from? I'm from Stuttgart. What is your name? My name is Peter. How are Pat and Sue? They're fine. TO HAVE : AVOIR, posséder Positive Negative Questions I have got ( ’ve got) haven’t got have I got ? You have got ( ’ve got) haven’t got have you got ? He, she, it has got ( ’s got) hasn’t got has he, she, it got ? we have got ( ’ve got) haven’t got have we got ? you have got ( ’ve got) haven’t got have you got ? they have got ( ’ve got) haven’t got have they got ? Has Mary got a car? Yes, she has. Has she got an American car? No, she hasn’t. She has got a Seat. 2 Personal pronouns, Possessive determiners, Possessive pronouns Personal pronouns Possessive Possessive as object as subject determiners pronouns (accusative and (nominative) dative) I me my mine you you your yours he him his his she her her hers it it its its we us our ours 3 you you your yours they them their theirs 1 2 3 4 We have some books. The books are for us. These are our books. The books are ours. Plural in English singular + -s singular plural a car two cars a cassette two cassettes a lamp two lamps a hat two hats a cup two cups Add -es after sibilants: singular plural 4 a box two boxes a sandwich two sandwiches a suitcase two suitcases a rose two roses a garage two garages Substitute y after consonant with -ies: singular plural a city two cities a lady two ladies Add -s after vowel + y: singular plural a boy two boys a day two days Nouns on -f or -fe: add -s substitute with -ves singular plural singular plural a roof two roofs a thief two thieves a cliff two cliffs a wife two wives a sheriff two sheriffs a shelf two shelves 5 Add -s for words ending in -ff. Always use a dictionary if you are not sure. Nouns on -o form the plural by adding -s or -es. add -s substitute with -ves singular plural singular plural a disco two discos a tomato two tomatoes a piano two pianos a potato two potatoes a photo two photos a hero two heroes There is no rule when to use -s or -es. We often add -s with technical words. Irregular plural forms: singular plural a man two men a woman two women a child two children a person two people a foot two feet 6 The definite article - the The definite article the is the same for all genders in singular and in plural: the boy, the girl, the cat, the computers [ ] [ ] the following word starts with a spoken the following word starts with a spoken vowel consonant the girl the English girl the book the MP3 the school the old school the unit the uncle Here a [ ] is pronounced at the beginning of Here a [ ] is pronounced at the beginning of the word. the word. The indefinite article - a The indefinite article a is the same for all genders. a boy, a girl, a cat The indefinite article has no plural form. a boy - boys 7 We use an if the following word starts with a vowel SOUND. the following word starts with a vowel the following word starts with a consonant SOUND a boy an aunt a school an old school a girl an American girl Mind the pronunciation of the following word. a unit an uncle This u sounds like a consonant, so we use a. This u sounds like a vowel, so we use an. Use of the indefinite article a/an - before phrases of time and measurements (per week/weekly) We have English 4 times a week. I go on holiday twice a year. Our car can do 220 kilometers an hour. Tomatoes are $2 a kilo. - before phrases of jobs My father is a car mechanic. - with a noun complement He is a good boy. No article. without the definite article general words (indefinite) Life is too short. I like flowers. names of persons. Peter and John live in London. Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles. public buildings, institutions, means of transport (indefinite) 8 Mandy doesn't like school. We go to school by bus. Some people go to church on Sundays. names of countries in the singular; summits of mountains; continents; towns; streets Germany, France; but the USA, the Netherlands and the UK Mount Whitney, Mount McKinley; Africa, Europe; Cairo, New York Oxford street Uncountable nouns Cheese, rice, water, wine, beer, coffee, information, advice… Plural of the indefinite article “a” We are students. months, days of the week (indefinite) The weekend is over on Monday morning. July and August are the most popular months for holidays. The articles a/an and the in Englisch - Exercises Decide whether to use the definite article >the< or not. 1) My grandmother likes flowers very much. 2) I love tea. 3) See you on Wednesday. 4) I always listen to radio in the morning. 5) Alex goes to work by bus. 6) Don't be late for school. 7) Dennis plays trumpet. 8) We often see our cousins on Sunday. 9) She wants to go to Paris. 10) What about going to Australia in July? Fill in the article >aan< or >the< where necessary. Choose >x< where no article is used. 9 1) I like blue T-shirt better than red one. 2) Their car does 150 miles hour. 3) Where's USB drive? 4) Do you still live in Bristol? 5) Does your mother work in old office building? 6) Carol's father works as electrician. 7) I like cheese. 8) What do you usually have for breakfast? 9) You are students in history at the university. 's - Apostrophe, genitive - English: Ronny's brother Singular: Add 's: Mandy's brother plays football. My teacher's name is... Plural: Add the apostrophe ' to regular plural forms: The girls' room is very nice. The Smiths' car is black. Add 's to irregular plural forms: The children's books are over there. Men's clothes are on the third floor. If there are multiple nouns, add an 's only to the last noun: 10 Peter and John's mother is a teacher. Nouns Apostrophe 's en 313 Write apostrophe 's into the gaps. Answer: I met Mandy's sister yesterday. 1) This is book. (Peter) 2) Let's go to the. (Smiths) 3) The room is upstairs. (children) 4) sister is twelve years old. (John) 5) and bags have blue stickers. (Susan - Steve) 6) shoes are on the second floor. (men) 7) My car was not expensive. (parents) 8) CD player is new. (Charles) 9) This is the bike. (boy) Form of the Simple Present We use the infinitive of the verb. In the 3rd person Singular (he, she, it - or a name) we put an -s to the end of the infinitive. infinitive - 3rd person Singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s Affirmative sentences: I/we/you/they play football. He/she/it plays football. Negative sentences: We use the auxiliary do. I/we/you/they do not play football. He/she/it does not play football. NOTE: We often use short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Present: I/we/you/they don't play football. He/she/it doesn't play football. 11 Questions: Do I/we/you/they play football? Does he/she/it play football? Simple Present - Spelling Be careful with some words when using the 3rd person singular. 1) verbs ending in a sibilant [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ] or verbs ending in -o preceded by a consonant We add -es to the infinitive. Examples: I watch - he watches I pass - he passes I go - he goes I do - he does 2) verbs ending in -y verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u): Add -s. Example: I play - he plays verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a consonant: Change 'y' to 'i' and add 'es'. Example: I hurry - he hurries Special verbs in the Simple Present 1) have as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question I, we, you, they: I have breakfast. I do not have breakfast. Do I have breakfast? he, she, it: He has a shower in the morning. He does not have a shower. Does he have a shower? 2) be as a full verb 12 affirmative sentence negative sentence question I am from Britain. I am not from Britain. Am I from Britain? he, she, it: He is from Britain. He is not from Britain. Is he from Britain? we, you, they: We are from Britain. We are not from Britain. Are we from Britain? We often use the short forms with this verb. 3) do as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question I, we, you, they: I do an exercise. I do not do an exercise. Do I do an exercise? he, she, it: He does an exercise. He does not do an exercise. Does he do an exercise? 4) modal auxiliaries can, could, may, must, need, will etc. affirmative sentence negative sentence question every time (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I can play tennis. I cannot play tennis. Can I play tennis? NOTE: We can substitute don't (can't) for do not (cannot). Modals have the same form every time regardless the subject. We do not add an -s to the infinitive 13 Exercises A) Fill in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Example: He never writes a letter. The pupils songs in the classroom. (to sing) The boys computer games. (not/to play) B) Which answers are correct? 1) Which of the following words are used with the Simple Present (signal words)? always at the moment every day now often sometimes yesterday 2) Which verb forms go with the Simple Present? 14 Infinitive Infinitive + -ed Infinitive + -ing Infinitive + s have + Infinitive + -ed C) Fill in the correct verb forms. 1) His friend to school. 2) Every morning my mother at 6 o'clock. D) Negate the sentences. Example: He works on the computer. - He does not work on the computer. 1) Mr Smith teaches French. 2) Anne and Sue carry a box. E) Which sentences/questions are correct? 1) In which sentence is the Simple Present used correctly? Andrew wash the dishes. Andrew washes the dishes. Andrew washs the dishes. 2) Which sentence is in the Simple Present? He has read a book. He is reading a book. He read a book. He reads a book. He will read a book. A) Fill in the correct verb forms. 15 1) The lesson at 8.30. 2) It rain in the desert. 3) They wear school uniform. 4) Tomorrow Sunday. B) Fill in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Example: He never writes a letter. 1) Water when it. (to expand) (to freeze) 2) She to lose weight. (to try) 3) My aunt often queues. (to jump) 4) We sometimes around the shops. (to look) C) Form questions. Example: where / they / to have / breakfast Where do they have breakfast? 1) who / to help / Roger / in the shop (Roger = Subject) 2) can / I / to get / you / a glass of water 3) your parents / to wait up for you 4) why / not to clean / you / your shoes D) Negate the sentences. Example: He works on the computer. - He does not work on the computer. 1) We are from Nigeria. 16 2) Anne has lunch at home. 3) She wants to become a superstar. 4) The banks close at 2 o'clock. E) Ask for the underlined part. Example: Lydia lives in Bulgaria. - Where does Lydia live? 1) Mel works in an office. 2)The child plays the trumpet. 3) I like cycling because it's fun. 4) We write to four pen friends. 4) Which verb forms are correct? she agrees she annoys she cries she hurrys she kissis she rushes she teachs she worrys G) Rewrite the sentences and use short forms or long forms. 17 Example: He doesn't work in the garden. - He does not work in the garden. 1) She does not like rice. 2) You shouldn't eat so much meat. 3) They don't walk to school. 4) I'm not Spanish. Questions Question without question words Short answer Yes, he is. Is he from London? No, he isn't. Yes, they are. Are the boys at your school? No, they aren't. Yes, I can. Can you play ice-hockey? No, I can't. Yes, we have. Have we got ketchup? No, we haven't. Yes, she has. Has she got a mobile phone? No, she hasn't. 18 Yes, they do. Do they live in a flat? No, they don't. Yes, he does. Does he work in an office? No, he doesn't. Yes, it did. Did it rain yesterday? No, it didn't. Yes, they are. Are they writing a test now? No, they aren't. Yes, we will. Will we arrive on time? No, we won't. Question words with Examples Question word Example where Where do you live? who Who are you? when When do you get up? what What are you doing? why Why do you smoke? whose Whose book is this? which Which bus do you take to school? how How old are you Exercises Questions Question w ords i en 401 Put in What, Where, Why, When, How into the gaps and form meaningful questions. Example: ____ often do you play volleyball? Answer: How often do you play volleyball? 1) do you like best? 2) does Bill get up in the morning? 3) don't you go by bus, Max? 4) hobbies does Andrew have? 19 5) do they go to every week? 6) old is Mike? 7) is Susan's birthday? 8) are my exercise books? 9) are you doing at the moment, Sally? 10) do the Robinsons live?