Parts of Speech Lecture (2).pdf

Parts of Speech  8 Parts of Speech Adjective Pronoun Verb Preposition Adverb Conjunction Noun Interjection NOUN A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea Types of Nouns  Singular- a word used to name one person, place, thing,...

Parts of Speech  8 Parts of Speech Adjective Pronoun Verb Preposition Adverb Conjunction Noun Interjection NOUN A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea Types of Nouns  Singular- a word used to name one person, place, thing, or idea  Plural- a word used to name more than one person, place, thing, or idea Types of Nouns  Proper- a word used to name a particular person, place, thing, or idea; this noun is usually capitalized  Common- names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas, and is not capitalized Types of Nouns  Concrete- names an object that can be perceived by the senses (most likely is tangible)  Abstract- names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic (cannot be physically touched) Types of Nouns  Collective- names a group; although it contains individual members, it is identified as a singular noun  Compound- consists of two or more words used together as a single noun; they may be written as one word, two or more words, or as a hyphenated word.......test yourself. Look for the nouns in this sentence. Wow! Margarita really loves finding cute bags and cool heels for her collection. PRONOUN  Pronouns- a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronoun  Personal Pronouns Singular Plural FIRST PERSON I, my, mine, me We, our, ours, us SECOND You, your, yours You, your, yours PERSON THIRD PERSON He, his, him, she, her, They, their, theirs, hers, it, its them  Reflexive Pronouns Singular Plural FIRST PERSON Myself Ourselves SECOND PERSON Yourself Yourselves THIRD PERSON Himself, Herself, Itself Themselves  Interrogative Pronouns- used to begin questions Interrogative: who, whom, whose, which, what  Demonstrative Pronouns- used to point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea Demonstrative: this, that, these, those  Indefinite Pronouns- used to refer to people, places, things, or ideas in general; frequently used without antecedents Indefinite: all, any, either, many, none, etc Pronoun and Antecedent  A pronoun usually refers to a noun that comes before it. This noun, called an antecedent, gives the pronoun its meaning. Example: Thomas closed his book and put it down. his refers to the antecedent “Thomas”; it refers to the antecedent “book  Pronouns and Antecedents must match in number.  Example: The coach showed the players how they should throw the ball. They refers to the antecedent “players.” Since players is plural, the plural pronoun must be used  A pronoun may appear in the same sentence as its antecedent or in a following sentence.  Example: Have the birds flown south yet? They should start migrating soon.  Example: Lee hit a home run. It was his first of the season. Wow! Margarita really loves finding cute bags and cool heels for her collection. Adjectives  Adjective- a word used to modify (describe or make more definite) a noun or pronoun Adjectives will answer at least one of the following FIVE questions  1.Which one?  2.What kind?  3.How many?  4.How much?  5.Whose? Adjectives usually precede the words they modify (unlike other languages). Adjectives  The most frequently used adjectives are called ARTICLES.  Indefinite Articles are used for any general noun. They are “A” and “AN.”  Q: How do you know when to use “A” and when to use “AN”? Adjectives  Use the Definite Article “THE” to indicate someone or something in particular. Q: How do you know when to use “THE”, and not “A” and/or “AN”? A: It can precede any word, regardless of the initial sound, but must indicate something in particular Wow! Margarita really loves finding cute bags and cool heels for her collection. Verbs  Verb- a word used to express an action or a state of being (a form of the word “be”)  ACTION VERBS- express physical or mental activity; it’s what you do!  There are two types of ACTION verbs: Transitive and Intransitive  Types of Action Verbs  Transitive Verbs- action verbs that express action directed toward a person or thing named in the sentence Example: Neil rang the bell  Intransitive Verbs- action verbs that express action without passing the action from a doer to a receiver Example: The children laughed.  Types of Verbs  Linking Verbs- a verb that connects the subject to a word that identifies or describes it Example: The answer is three. Many linking verbs can be used as action (nonlinking) verbs as well. Example: The wet dog smelled horrible. The dog smelled the bread.  Verb Phrases  Verb phrases- consist of a main verb preceded by at least one helping verb (also known as an auxiliary verb)  VP= HV + AV  All forms of the verb be are helping verbs: Am, Are, Were, Being, Is, Was, Be, Been Helping Verbs  Besides all forms of the verb be, helping verbs include Have, Do, Shall, Would, Must, Has, Does, Will, May, Can, Had, Did, Should, Might, Could  Most common forms of be  Present: Singular Plural 1st person I am We are 2nd Person You are You are 3rd Person He/She/It is They are  Past Singular Plural 1st person I was We were 2nd Person You were You were 3rd Person He/She/It is They are Verb Tenses  Present tense- there is no distinctive form by which it can be recognized, other than the –e(s) ending used with 3rd person singular pronouns (he, she, it) or the noun for which a 3rd person singular pronoun can substitute  Past tense- there are typically two main ways to form the past tenses, called regular and irregular Verb Tenses  Irregular: do not add the –(e)d ending but instead change the vowel of the dictionary form Examples:  Sentence: The children love New York.  Past tense: The children loved New York.  Will: The children will love New York. Wow! Margarita really loves finding cute bags and cool heels for her collection.  Adverbs  Adverb- a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb  Adverbs will answer at least one of the following FIVE questions: 1.Where? 2.When? 3.How? 4.Why? 5.To what extent? Adverbs  Asking “ to what extent” means how far, how often, and so on.  Adverbs also have three forms to show comparison: Add –er or more to form the comparative. Add –est or most to form the superlative.  The easiest way to recognize adverbs is to look for words ending in –ly. Be careful; ask the five questions to double-check the word usage  If a word is normally considered a noun, but answers one of the five questions, it should be labeled as adverb.  Adjectives and Adverbs  Please remember, if you locate a word that modifies a noun or pronoun, it is an adjective. If you locate a word that modifies that adjective, it is considered an adverb (not another adjective). Adjective Adverb Nouns Verbs Pronouns Adjectives Adverbs Wow! Margarita really loves finding cute bags and cool heels for her collection. Prepositions  Preposition- a word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word(s) in the sentence  A preposition ALWAYS introduces a phrase. The noun or pronoun that ends the prepositional phrase is called the object of the preposition.  Preposition  Prepositions cannot stand alone!  A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and ends with the first noun or pronoun that follows that preposition  PLEASE NOTE: Some words on the list of prepositions may also be used as adverbs. Remember than an adverb is a modifier and does NOT take an object! Ask the adverb questions Prepositions  Please be cautious of compound prepositions. These are prepositions that are made up of several words, but counted as one preposition.  EXAMPLES: as of today; in addition to the assignment; next to Fred; in spite of your objections; aside from that; in case of an accident, etc… Preposition or Adverb?  Prepositions have objects; adverbs don’t!  EXAMPLES: Pr. V. ADV. 1. I went inside. 2. I went inside the house. Pr. V. Prep. Adj. N Types of Prepositional Phrases  Adjective- refers to a noun or pronoun; tells which one or what kind  EXAMPLES: 1. The squirrel in the tree attacked me. 2. Let’s take a picture of that squirrel. Types of Prepositional Phrases  Adverb- refer to a verb, adjective or adverb; tell where, when, or how  ADVERB: We arrived late for class.  VERB: The squirrel ran past us.  ADJECTIVE: The squirrel is small in size. Wow! Margarita really loves finding cute bags and cool heels for her collection. Conjunctions  Conjunction- joins words or groups of words  THREE TYPES: 1. Join words or groups of words together as equals (coordinating) 2. 2. Considered two-part conjunctions, used with words and phrases (correlative) 3. 3. Join groups unequally, that is that subordinate one group of words to another (subordinating)  Coordinating Conjunctions  There are 7 coordinating conjunctions: And, But, Or, Nor, For, Yet, So  The conjunctions and and or are used to join words, phrases, and sentences. Examples: John and Mary, apples or oranges  The remaining conjunctions are normally used to join sentences.  Example: He went to Chicago and New York. Correlative Conjunctions  Words may come before, between, and/or after the correlative conjunctions. Both… and Either… or Not only… but also Whether… or Neither… nor Either Mary loves John, or Alicia loves Fred. Mary went not only up the stairs, but also down the hall. Wow! Margarita really loves finding cute bags and cool heels for her collection. Interjections  Interjection- a word used to express emotion. It has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence.  Interjections are set off by exclamation points (!) to indicate strong emotion and/or commas (,) indicate mild emotion or indifference.  EXAMPLES: Hey! Be careful of that wire! Well, I guess that’s that Wow! Margarita really loves finding cute bags and cool heels for her collection. At times, when I have thought about it, I belong to many different groups. From the time I was born, I was a member of more than one family group. My mother’s family couldn’t have been more unlike my father’s family. My mother’s family was always somewhat stiff and reserved. My father’s family was always outgoing, loud, and welcoming. As I grew up, I spent a lot of time wishing I was more like my two families. Because they were so different, I could never be like both of them at once. I also finded myself a member of a community group, simply by being born in a particular location. I felt at home with the group of artistic and talented people living in my funky east- side neighbourhood. We lived in a three-floors house with two other families, so there was a kind of group there, too, of which I felt a part. I don’t think people who live in large citys full of smaller neighbourhoods identify as having an “urban” or “big city” life. I certain didn’t have a strong sense of being part of a city group. When I got a little older, I wasn’t just a member of my family or community groups anymore. I became a member of a school. My school was small, with the strong identity. They were always holding school pride events and showing on the talent of the school community. Students there were always nice to my best friend and I because we were popular. We shared so many good times and bad times, laughters and sorrow. When I graduated, I missed being part of that tightly knit group and seeing my friends every day. Several of them moved to different parts of the country, so it really felt as though I had less friends after graduating. I joined the alumni association to keeping in touch with some of my former classmates, and I became part of a new group that gets together about twice a year and communicates occasionally. My career has been varied, but most of the time I’ve worked into the graphic design industry. The people I work with at my job have really different skills, from computer programming to illustration. But various projects have been worked on together by us, and I definitely feel part of the group. They’re is always someone to go to for advise or to help me brainstorm. I’m a little artistic and a lot reserved in personality - at least, until I’m at a party. I have many close friends. It’s funny, when I consider what nurture contributes to making up a person’s character, my first instinctiveness is to think about families of origin. But my parents are nothing like me! My dad was a accountant, and my mother always said she couldn’t draw a circle if her life depended on it. And neither of them had any friends who were as close as my are. It seems the groups I will be part of over the years have made up more of my character than with what I was born.