Digestive System Lecture 3

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'dyspepsia' refer to?

  • Loss of appetite
  • Urge to vomit
  • Frequent bowel movements
  • Difficulty or painful digestion (correct)

Which condition is characterized by frequent, watery bowel movements?

  • Constipation
  • Diarrhea (correct)
  • Nausea
  • Dysphagia

What is the primary function of antacids?

  • Neutralizes stomach acids (correct)
  • Controls diarrhea
  • Stimulates bowel movement
  • Induces vomiting

Which term describes the urge to vomit?

<p>Nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the term that refers to difficulty swallowing.

<p>Dysphagia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'emetic' refer to?

<p>Induces vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a laxative primarily used for?

<p>Stimulation of bowel movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'constipation'?

<p>Difficult or infrequent defecation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combining form for the duodenum?

<p>Duoden/o (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix is used to indicate pain?

<p>-algia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the combining form 'Cholecyst/o' refer to?

<p>Gallbladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the surgical removal of the appendix?

<p>Appendectomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combining form 'Proct/o' pertains to which anatomical structure?

<p>Rectum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Ileostomy' involve?

<p>Creation of an opening in the ileum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following suffixes indicates vomiting?

<p>-emesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by its use in the term 'farct/o'?

<p>Not applicable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combining form 'Hepat/o' denotes which organ?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the inflammation of the appendix?

<p>Appendicitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary protective feature of the lungs?

<p>Ribs protect the lungs externally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the entry and exit point for the lungs?

<p>Hilum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the right lung have?

<p>Three lobes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of alveoli in the lungs?

<p>Facilitating gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '-ectomy' signify in medical terminology?

<p>Removal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the surgical repair of the nose?

<p>Rhinoplasty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pneumothorax' refer to?

<p>Air in the pleural cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combining form is associated with the structure of the voice box?

<p>Laryng/o (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

<p>Ventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

<p>Palate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the walls of the nasal cavity?

<p>Covered with mucous membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pharynx is located at the upper section near the nasal cavity?

<p>Nasopharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trachea is commonly referred to as what?

<p>Windpipe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the nasal cavity?

<p>Filter out large dirt particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the secondary bronchi branch from?

<p>Main bronchi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is commonly known as the voice box?

<p>Larynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cessation of breathing?

<p>Apnea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by repeated breathing stops during sleep that result in decreased oxygen levels?

<p>Sleep Apnea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medical terms refers to an inflammation of the lungs filled with fluid?

<p>Pneumonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hypercapnia' indicate?

<p>High levels of carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medical term denotes a condition involving difficulty in breathing that is worse when lying flat?

<p>Orthopnea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the epiglottis play in digestion?

<p>It shunts food away from the lungs and into the esophagus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix would indicate a narrowing in medical terminology?

<p>-stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for the mixing of food with gastric juice?

<p>Stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

<p>Absorption of nutrients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a progressive decrease in lung function, often associated with smoking?

<p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the excessive or deep breathing?

<p>Hyperpnea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combining form refers to the saliva?

<p>Ptyalo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anosmia?

<p>Loss or impairment of the sense of smell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peristalsis?

<p>The wavelike muscular movement in the esophagus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms means a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the ear, nose, and throat?

<p>Otorhinolaryngology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ primarily functions to store bile?

<p>Gallbladder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the J-shaped muscular organ in the digestive system?

<p>Stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combining form refers to the gums?

<p>Gingiv/o (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

<p>The semiliquid mixture of food and digestive juices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the pharynx is where swallowed food enters?

<p>Oropharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Oral Cavity

The mouth, containing the tongue, teeth, and gums, where food digestion begins.

Pharynx

The throat, a passageway for both air and food, connecting the mouth to the esophagus.

Esophagus

A muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach, moving food via peristalsis.

Stomach

A J-shaped organ where food is mixed with gastric juices to form chyme.

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Small Intestine

Part of the GI tract where most nutrient absorption from digested food occurs.

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Colon

Part of the large intestine that absorbs water and forms solid waste.

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Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

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Chyme

The partially digested food mixture in the stomach.

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Accessory Organs (Digestive)

Organs like the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas that aid digestion.

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Epiglottis

A flap that prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing.

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Dyspepsia

Difficult or painful digestion

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Diarrhea

Frequent, watery bowel movements

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Nausea

Urge to vomit

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Emesis

Vomiting

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Constipation

Difficult or infrequent defecation

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Anorexia

Loss of appetite

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Antacids

Neutralize stomach acid

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Antidiarrheal

Medication for diarrhea

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Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine.

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Jejunum

The second part of the small intestine.

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Ileum

The third and final part of the small intestine.

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Cecum

A pouch-like structure at the beginning of the large intestine.

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Appendix

A small, finger-like pouch that extends from the cecum.

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Colon Regions

These include ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, each with specific functions.

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Rectum

The final portion of the large intestine, connecting to the anus.

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Liver

An accessory digestive organ that produces bile.

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Cholecystectomy

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

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Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas.

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Conducting Zone

Part of the respiratory system where air travels, including the nose, pharynx, and bronchi.

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Respiratory Zone

Region of the respiratory system where gas exchange takes place (air sacs).

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Nasal Cavity

Area inside the nose, filtering and warming inhaled air.

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Pharynx subdivisions

Three parts of the throat (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) with different roles (air vs. food).

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Larynx

Voice box; passageway connecting pharynx and trachea.

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Trachea

Windpipe; tube carrying air from larynx to bronchi.

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Bronchial Tubes

Branching tubes carrying air from trachea to lungs.

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Primary Bronchi

Largest branches of the bronchi, leading to the lungs.

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Lungs Structure

A collection of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, protected by ribs and pleura.

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Alveoli Function

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

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Bronchi Branching

The bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to alveoli.

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Lung Lobes

Each lung is divided into lobes; the right has 3, the left has 2.

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Pleura Function

Thin membrane that surrounds each lung.Protects lungs.

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Hilum

Entry and exit point for blood vessels and nerves.

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Alveoli Number

There are approximately 150 million alveoli in each lung.

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Bronchioles Definition

Narrow tubes branching from the bronchi, ending at alveoli.

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Bronchoscopy

Visual examination of the bronchial tubes using a bronchoscope.

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Pneumothorax

Collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural space.

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Sleep Apnea

Breathing stops repeatedly during sleep.

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Aphonia

Lack of voice

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Anoxia

Lack of oxygen.

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Orthopnea

Difficulty breathing worse when lying down.

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Bradypnea

Slow breathing rate

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Hyperpnea

Excessive deep breathing

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Otorhinolaryngology

Branch of medicine focusing on ear, nose, and throat.

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Dyspnea

Difficult or painful breathing.

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Study Notes

Digestive System Lecture 3

  • Covered topics: Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology, Combining Forms, Related Suffixes, Common Diseases.
  • References:
    • Medical Terminology: a Living Language by Bonnie F. Fremgen, Suzanne S. Frucht
    • Medical Terminology Simplified by Barbra AGylys, Regina M.Masters; 5th edition
    • An Introduction to Medical Terminology for Health Care by Andrew R. Mutton 3rd EDITION
    • Medical terminology for health professions by ANN EHRLICH and CAROL L. SCHROEDER 6th Edition

Gastrointestinal System (GI) Anatomy

  • Structures: Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Colon (including rectum and anus)
  • Accessory organs: Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

I- Oral Cavity

  • Palate: Bony anterior and soft posterior. Uvula hangs from soft palate.
  • Lips: Anterior opening of the oral cavity
  • Gums: Mucous membrane that surrounds teeth
  • Tongue: Moves food within the mouth. Mixes food with saliva.

Combining Forms (Oral Cavity)

  • Stomat/o: Mouth
  • Or/o: Mouth
  • Lingu/o, Gloss/o: Tongue
  • Sial/o: Salivary gland
  • Ptyalo: Saliva
  • Gingiv/o: Gum
  • Dent/o, Odont/o: Teeth
  • Examples of related terms: Stomatitis, Perioral, Sublingual, Glossopharyngeal, Sialorrhea, Ptyalism, Gingivitis, Dental, Odontalgia

II- Pharynx

  • Consists of Orphasynx, where swallowed food enters.
  • Proceeds down pharynx into laryngopharynx.
  • Epiglottis covers larynx and trachea to shunt food away from lungs and into esophagus.

III- Esophagus

  • Long muscular tube that pushes food by wavelike muscular movements (peristalsis) to the stomach.

IV- Stomach

  • J-shaped muscular organ that mixes food with gastric juice (hydrochloric acid (HCI)) to form chyme (watery mix).
  • Parts include: Fundus, Body (with rugae), Antrum, Cardiac/Lower Esophageal Sphincter, Pyloric Sphincter

Combining Forms (Esophagus, Pharynx, Stomach)

  • Esophag/o: Esophagus
  • Pharyng/o: Pharynx (throat)
  • Gastr/o: Stomach
  • Pylor/o: Pylorus
  • Related examples: Esophag/o/scope, Pharyng/o/tonsill/itis, Gastr/o/scopy, Pylor/o/tomy

V- Small Intestine

  • Begins at pyloric sphincter and ends at the colon.
  • Site of food absorption
  • Divided into: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Combining Forms (Small Intestine)

  • Enter/o: Small intestine
  • Duoden/o: Duodenum
  • Jejun/o: Jejunum
  • Ile/o: Ileum
  • Examples: Enter/o/pathy, Duoden/o/scopy, Jejun/o/rrhaphy, Ile/o/stomy

VI- Colon Regions

  • Includes the cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
  • Function: Final stages of digestion and water absorption

Combining Forms (Colon Regions)

  • Append/o: Appendix
  • Appendic/o: Appendix
  • Col/o, Colon/o: Colon
  • Rect/o: Rectum
  • Proct/o: Anus
  • Sigmoid/o: Sigmoid Colon
  • Examples: Append/ectomy, Appendic/itis, Col/o/stomy, Colon/o/scopy, Rect/o/cele, proct/o/logist, Sigmoid/o/scope

Combining Forms (Accessory organs)

  • Hepat/o: Liver
  • Chol/e, chol/o: Bile/gall
  • Cholecyst/o: Gallbladder
  • Cholangi/o: Bile vessel
  • Choledoch/o: Bile duct
  • Pancreat/o: Pancreas
  • -algia: pain
  • -dynia: pain
  • -emesis: vomiting
  • -megaly: enlargement
  • -orexia: appetite
  • -pepsia: digestion
  • -phagia: swallowing
  • -rrhea: discharge, flow

Digestive System - Diseases

  • anorexia: loss of appetite

  • diarrhea: frequent, watery bowel movements

  • nausea: urge to vomit

  • emesis: vomiting

  • constipation: difficult or infrequent defecation

  • Other terms related to Digestive System function and issues

  • antacids, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, emetic, laxative

Exercise

  • Includes questions related to various definitions and concepts from the lecture, requesting medical terms for given definitions.

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