Science, Technology, & Society - First Semester - PDF

SCIENCE- The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of physical and natural world through observation and experiment. APPLIED SCIENCE- A discipline that is used to apply existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications...

SCIENCE- The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of physical and natural world through observation and experiment. APPLIED SCIENCE- A discipline that is used to apply existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications. NATURAL SCIENCE- A field of study that deals with matter, energy, and their interrelations and transformations with objectively measurable phenomena such as Earth, Space Science, and Life Science. FORMAL SCIENCE- a field of study that uses formal systems to generate knowledge such as in Mathematics, Logic, Computer Science. SOCIAL SCIENCE - the study of society and how individuals behave and performs activities that influence the word such as in Anthropology, Economics, History, Psychology, and Sociology.\ \ STS CYCLE **SOCIETY\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ** **\ TECHNOLOGY\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ NATURE\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ **STS**-** The study of how social, political, and cultural values of mankind affect scientific research and technological innovation and how these, in turn, affect society in the sated aspects.\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ SUMERIANS- KNOWN FOR THEIR HIGH DEGREE OF COOPERATION AND DESIRE FOR GREAT THINGS - Cuneiform - Uruk City and Ziggurat - Irrigation and dikes - Roadways - Plow - Map - Glass - Wheels - Sailboats BABYLONIAS- KNOWN TO BE A GREAT BUILDERS, ENGINEERS, AND ARCHITECTS - Positional Number System - Astronomers study comet - Hanging Garden - Law-Making - Compilation of observable planets and stars EGYPTIANS- BUILT SEVERAL ENGINEERING FEATS AND CONTRIBURED ANY PRACTICAL THINGS STILL USED TODAY - Hieroglyphics - Mummification - Clay Tokens - Water Clock/Clepsydra - Papyrus - Pyramids - Early Records of Medicine and Diseases - Cosmetics and wigs - Ink ASIA AND OCEΑΝΙΑ - Clay pots in Japan - Iran make wine - bronze in Thailand - Lunar calendar - Clay pipes as drains (Pakistan) - Records sighting comet (China) - Records Solar eclipse (China) - Hindu calendar (India) 360 days - Natural gas forting (China) CHINESE- CONSIDERED TO BE THE OLDEST CIVILIZATION IN ASIA, IF NOT THE WORLD - Writing on bamboo paper from tree - Great wall of China - Tea Production - Seismograph - Acupuncture - Calculator - Plow - Boats with Anchors - Gun Powder - Silk EUROPE - Fire by homo erectus - Stone headed spears - Wooden bow and arrow - Sewing needles from bones - Minoans Build palaces in Crete - Ironworking in Greece - Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold GREEKS - Alarm Clock - Architecture and Infrastructure to Gods - Watermill ROMANS- PERCEIVED TO BE THE STRONGEST POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ENTITY TO THE WEST - Codex or Bounded Books - Roman Numerals - Gazettes/Newspaper - Architecture and Infrastructure like temples and roadways AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST - Uses Stone tools - Begins chipping flakes off stones to sharpen for tools - Uses antlers to create tools for cutting and drilling - Bone harpoons (barbed spears used for fishing - Build houses from sun-dried bricks (Palestine) - Clay tokens used for record keeping - Early form of alphabet (Phoenicians) MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION - Islam religion right actions, rules and laws and follows the teachings of Muhammad - Practicality of Islam and openness to embracing knowledge resulted to some advancement in different fields - SHAHADA- Declaration of Faith - SALAT/SALAH- Obligatory Prayer - ZAKAT/ZAKAH- Declaration of Faith - SAWM- Fasting During Ramadan Period - HAJJ- Pilgrimage to Mecca MATHEMATICS - Arabic numeral and inclusion of sifr or zero - Contributions on Algebra (Al-Kwarizmi) and Trigonometry - Al-Jayyani-Law of Sines and contributions to spherical trigonometry ASTRONOMY - Astrolabe - two-dimensional model of the celestial sphere or universe - Charts sunsets and sunsets for fasting during Ramadan - Length of a degree, latitude and longitude - Relative speeds of sounds and lights. MEDICINE - Al-Razi-medicinal encyclopedia, authority in contagion related-studies - Kitab al-Mansuri-one of influential medical textbook during the 11th century MEDICINE - Al-Razi or Rhazes - medicinal encyclopedia, authority in contagion related-studies (small pox and measles) - Ibn Sina or Avicenna - wrote al-Qanun Fi Al- Tibb or the Canons of Medicine Tackles diseases like tuberculosis and meningitis, as well as, minute parts of the eye AMERICAS - Stone arrowheads - Sophisticated tools - Pottery - Flint tools - Peruvians build long canal to Irrigate crops - Fisherman in Peru make rafts and boats from reeds - Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant human heads MESOAMERICAN - OLMECS - Head of the society are priests and nobles - Portraits of rulers are made by carving colossal heads on volcanic rocks - Calendars and hieroglyphic writing onto stones - MAYANS - Farming methods: shifting agriculture and raise bed farming - Number system (place value and zero) - Hieroglyphics - Solar calendar (365 days) and ritual calendar (260 days) - AZTECS - Chinampas or floating gardens to plant crops - 365 day calendar - Illnesses are punishment of gods - Herbs and medicine MEDIEVAL AGES (5^th^-15^th^ ) - Printing Press by J. Guttenberg - Vertical Windmills - Water mills - Spectacles - Mechanical Clocks - Scholasticism - Armors and Chainmail CULTURED SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT OF MANKIND\ \ MEDIEVAL AGES - Basis of science: Aristotelian Philosophy logical, most of the time, lacks validation through experimentation and observation - Interaction of F.E.W.A - Emergence of alchemy and - Technology : nothing relevant to science Society - Church, St. Thomas Aquinas Scholasticism - strong emphasis on tr dogma based on Aristotle philosophy Constant conflicts between science and Aristotelian philosophy and teachings of Church) INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION - The society always faces criticism and tries to find resolutions. - SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY - one of the key tool in the societal activity - major times in history of mankind, changes are characterized by paradigm shift - PARADIGM SHIFT - can be attributed as the results of different intellectual revolutions. RENNAISANCE\ The Transformation Of Society From Darkness To Light RENNAISANCE PERIOD (14^th^-17^th^ Century) - Rebirth or Revival - Printing w/ Movable Type - Heliocentric Model Nicolaus Copernicus - Telescope by G. Galilei - Hooke and Microscope - Metallurgy and Gunpowder - Anatomy of the Human Body Andreas Vesalius - I. Newton and Optics Period of Mass Industrialization MODERN AGE -Period of Mass Industrialization - The Modern gave rise to the work of - Niels Bohr (Bohr Model of Atom), - Marie Curi (Radioactivity), - Albert Einstein (Theory of Relativity), - Isaac Newton (Laws of Motion), - Rene Descartes - Galileo Galilei INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18^th^-19^th^) - Steam Engines - Steam Boats - Machine replaced Manual Labor - Land transportation powered by steam engine - Mass Production of Textiles, Mining and Manufacturing - Telephone and Light bulbs - Newtonian Mechanics - Electrification MODERN TIMES - Age of Machine Tools - EM Waves J.C. Maxwell - Railways - Pasteurization - Conservation of Energy - Magents and Electricity - Electric Current Oersted - w loom - Petroleum Refinery - Radioactivity - Atomic Theory - Modern Calculator\ Atomic Bombs - Periodic Table - Engine Powered airplanes - First automobile Karl Benz **INFORMATION REVOLUTION** 1st Modern Information Revolution (mid-19th Century) - **Samuel Morse**-Telegraph - **Alexander Graham Bell**-telephone - **Guglielmo Marconi** proved feasibility of radio communications 2nd Modern Information Revolution (mid-20th Century) - **Lee De Forest**-carly computers - **Philo Taylor Farnswerth**-television - **Sergei Korolev** artificial satellites - **Claude Shannon** quantified information and measured in **bits**, digitalization 3rd Modern Information Revolution (1980s) - **knowledge revolution** - Period about the development of communication-related technologies that improve the society **INFORMATION AGE** - ARPANET to INTERNET - Personal Computer - Automobile Mass Production - Spacecrafts and Space Exploration - GMOs - LASER - Biotechnology - Television - Radio - Batteries - Genetic Engineering - Electronics - Transistors - Fiber Optics - Wireless Technology - Artificial Intelligence - Nuclear Technology - Nuclear Energy - Machineries for Agriculture - Plastics - Vaccines - Air Conditioning - Refrigeration **THE PRESENT AGE 21st Century** **21st CENTURY** Known for advancements in the field of science. It involves the following events - merging biological information with computer technology (**bioinformatics**), - exploring the us microscopic equipment that can enter the human body (**nanotechnology**) - Possibility of applying techniques of stem cell research and cloning to replace dead or defective cells and tissues (**regenerative medicine**). **INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION** - The society always faces crises and tries to find resolutions. - In that case, science and technology is one of the key tool in this societal activity - And as for major times in history of mankind, these changes are characterized by paradigm shift. - Paradigm shifts can be attributed as the results of different intellectual revolutions. coined by American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn - The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962 - a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline - The phase of evident and relevant paradigm shifts or changes in the scientific beliefs, values, standards and principles that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people. - Copernican Revolution - Freudian Revolution - Darwinian Revolution **PYTHAGORAS** - The universe is made of crystal spheres that encircle the Earth. Celestial bodies travel through separate spheres: - the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars - When the spheres touch each other, a \'music of the spheres can be heard **ARISTOTLE** - Earth is spherical, and believed that it was at the center of the universe. - the Sun, planets, and stars were located in spheres that revolved around the Earth **ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS** - proposed that sun is the center of the universe - measures the distance between sun, moon and earth - Sun is 18 to 20 times farther than the moon from Earth - In modern times it is actually 400 times. - Provides us the idea about our relative place in space. **HIPPARCHUS** - Considered to be the greatest astronomer of ancient times - Measured Earth\'s distance to the moon - Discovered the wobbling of the Earth **CLADIUS PTOLEMY** - The Ptolemaic system - visualized an earth-centered universe - assumed that all astronomical objects move at constant speeds in circular orbits. - introduces epicycles as the solution for the retrograde motion - A circle within a circle - The apparent retrograde motion of Mars is caused by the Earth \'overtaking\' Mars, as both planets orbit the Sun. **COPERNICAN REVOLUTION** - De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) - On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres - concluded a Sun-centered universe or at least world system - kept the orbits circular and has a sphere of immobile or fixed stars on the outer part of the system - Paradigm shift: - Geocentric to Heliocentric universe/ celestial system **TYCHO BRAHE** - GEOHELIOCENTRIC MODEL **GALILEO GALILEI** - Discoveries: - Moons of Jupiter - Phases of Venus - Sunspots - Depths of craters of the moon - Contradictions to Aristotelian Worldview: - Not everything in space is perfect and unchanging - Not everything orbits the Earth **KEPLER\'S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION** - 1^st^ Law of Ellipses - Elliptical orbits of the planets - Sun is at one of the two foci. - 2^nd^ Law of Equal Areas - The line joining the Sun and planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. - 3^rd^ Law of Harmonies - implies that the period for a planet to orbit the Sun increases rapidly with the radius of its orbit EARTH AND ITS POSITION FROM THE SUN - Earth is closer to the Sun in January and slightly far in July - This difference in astronomical distance for January and July signifies the perihelion and aphelion locations of the Earth around the Sun. - Sun rays energy when it strikes the Earth is Direct\>Oblique UNIFORMITARIANISM - James Hutton - Charles Lyell - Uniformitarianism is the idea that the same geologic processes that shape Earth today have been at work throughout Earth\'s history in gradual progressive manner. CATASTROPHISM - George Cuvier - Catastrophism is the principle that states that all geologic change occurs suddenly, such as mountains and seas, during events called catastrophes. - And life begins as a unicellular organism to\... - A multicellular organism with which becoming more adaptive and complex. **ATTRIBUTES OF LIFE** - Movement - Reproduction - Sensitivity - Growth - Respiration - Excretion - Nutrition - Need for energy - Organization in membrane- - bound cells - Genetic information - Ability to replicate - Change over time **CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN** - Author, Origin of the Species (1859) - Proponent of the theory of evolution by means of natural selection - BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION - a cumulative, long term change in the inherited characteristics in a population over generations. - change in the gene pool of a population, measurable as changes in allele frequencies in a population **BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION** - Variation is already present in the population. - Heritable variation in a population makes a difference in terms of: - Survival - Access to resources - Reproduction - Adaptation to environmental changes - If these conditions exist, for all-natural populations of living organisms, - evolution must occur - Life evolves **EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION** - Nature puts pressure on the organism as the environment changes. - The crux of Darwin\'s Theory of Evolution focuses on the elimination of inferior species gradually over lime, through a process called \'Natural Bele Mection\". **BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION** Evolution - All life on Earth must have descended from a common ancestor - via slow, incremental accumulation of genetic changes - like a tree - many branches emerged from a common beginning, - some branches died off (extinction), - others branched multiple times (present-day diversity) Nature put pressure on the organism as the environment changes - When the environment changes. It favors the population/species that already have heritable and Suitable adaptations. Creates opportunities for these species to survive and reproduces organisms to not develop new mutation. **1. GENETIC VARIATION** - Since variation already exists in population, individual species are not exactly alike - Individuals with superior, heritable traits: - greater opportunity for acquiring resources, - ensures survival of individuals - surviving individuals with superior adaptation will compose of the population over time **2. OVERPRODUCTION** - Most species produce far more offspring than are needed to maintain the population or the environment can sustain. - But over production does not cause evolution. - Crisis arises due limitation in resources and variations in species of a population **3. COMPETITION** - Living space and food are limited, so offspring from each generation must compete among themselves in order to live. - Variations among characteristics of species in a population will determine the survival and reproduction. **4. ADAPTATION** - an Inherited trait that increases an organisms\' chance of survival and reproduction in a given environment. - brown colored moth is an example of the adaptation, a variation favored by natural selection. **5. NATURAL SELECTION** - Nature/environment \"selects\" for the living organisms that already have the better, suitable inherited traits to survive and reproduce. - An individual cannot \"try\" to evolve or \"anticipate\" the types of mutations it should have for future environmental change. **LAMARCK VS DARWIN** - Natural selection requires genetic variation and an environmental pressure that gives some individuals an advantage. **6. SPECIATION** - The Origin of Species - Eventually, accumulated changes become so great, the result is a new species. - favorable adaptations (in a particular environment) gradually accumulate in different species - \"bad\" ones (in a particular environment) disappear. - Therefore, the next generation will be genetically different from the previous generation as long as: - there is heritable variation in a population - there is differential reproductive success (not everyone reproduces equally) **EVIDENCE OF THE THEORY** - Fossil Records (Paleontology) - Comparative Anatomy - Embryology - Molecular Biology - Biogeography **FOSSIL RECORD** - Law of Faunal Succession - Rock strata contains fossilized flora and fauna and is arranged vertically wherein fossils succeed in a reliable and orderly manner. - Fossils of organism are deposited according to ages they lived in. (W. Smith) **COMPARATIVE ANATOMY** - An apparent relationship between structure and function in an organism and its physiological system. - Structure determines function, function reflects structure - Wings of birds are used for flying - Structure for flying = wings - Homologous structures have same evolutionary origin based on related or similar structure, but different in function. - Limbs of man, cat, bat, porpoise and horse - Analogous structures have similar structure and function, but different evolutionary origin. - Wings of bird, bat, and butterfly **EMBRYOLOGY** - Embryo=unborn or unhatched young organism - Similarities in embryonic development means: - Basic structural plan for these organisms are the same - organisms are related and will develop similarly - have common ancestry, but, evolving gradually and differently **BIOGEOGRAPHY** - study of geographic distribution of related plant and animal species on the surface of the earth. - Distinguish the relationship between related species in different places and their similarities**\ \ MOLECULAR BIOLOGY** - Reveals that closely related species of organisms are similar in amino acid sequences of proteins - It means the similarities proves that they share higher percentages of sequences than species that are distantly related. **CAUSES OF VARIATION AND INHERITANCE** - All living things have DNA as their genetic material. - DNA is composed of nucleotide bases (G-C-A-T) - DNA is organized into one or more chromosomes - Genome is complete set of genetic information for a species. - human genome - Gene is a hereditary unit that codes for a particular trait. (hair color, skin color) - Genes are specific DNA sequence located on a specific region of a specific chromosome. (genetic locus) - Alleles-variants of a gene. - Black or brown color of hair - Curly or straight hair - Genotype-particular collection of alleles found in its DNA - Homozygous - two of the same alleles for a particular gene - Heterozygous-two different alleles for a particular gene - Phenotype - observable trait; behavior and/or physical traits. - Influenced by genotype or environment - All animals, and only animals have Hox genes that - regulate the development of body form. - Homeotic gene is the reason why many animal species look similar during embryonic development but were very different as adults. - Mutation-change in the DNA sequence (A, T, C, or G). - some mutations are deleterious (\'bad\') - some have no effect (\'neutral\') - some are beneficial (\'good\'). - Mutations create new alleles, so without mutations, there would be no new genetic variation. **INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION** Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud - Father of Psychoanalysis - explained how human mind works and cure its mild mental illness, - developed topographical and structural model of the mind to explain the sources of human behavior. Psychoanalysis - defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques founded in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. - The core idea is that the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. Topographical View of Human Mind - Conscious Level - Subconscious Level - Unconscious Level - Personality of a person is based on early childhood experiences and how it is processed within the human developmental stages. - These experiences should be examined to shape the personality STRUCTURAL MODEL OF HUMAN MIND - ID - Eros, the life or survival instinct of man; and - Thanatos, the death or destructive instinct of man (pleasure principle) - SUPER-EGO - operates based on principles of morality that drive man to become socially responsible and behave in an acceptable manner (morality principle) - EGO - a socially acceptable way to satisfy the demands of id as it operates the conscious and unconscious mind (reality principle) FREUDIAN REVOLUTION - role of the automatic repetition of basic patterns of behavior, - Bowel movements - Mannerisms and habits - consequences of early childhood emotional experiences (pleasant or unpleasant) in structuring enduring mental dispositions - the distinction between two distinct modes of thinking. - Primary process thinking (pleasure principle) ➤Impulsive, fast and directed to immediate pleasure - Secondary process thinking ➤Deliberate, slow and involves delayed gratification for long-term rewards. **HISTORY OF THE STS IN THE PHILIPPINES** **ARCHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY** - THE \"YAWNING\" JARLET OF LETA LETA CAVE - Discovered in Leta Leta Cave. Northern Palawan - The earliest pot recovered in the country. - It has a distinct rim that resembles a shouting or yawning person. - THE CALLAO MAN - A foot bone discovered in Callao Cave in Cagayan. - The earliest human fossil found in the Asia Pacific Region - Approximately 67,000 yrs. Old. predating the Tabon Man - LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION - The earliest historical document in the country and also the only pre-Spanish document discovered so far. - The National Museum sought help to Antoon Postma to decipher the inscription. - The LCI was written in Kavi(Old Javanese writing system) and the language used was a combination of old Tagalog, old Javanese, old Malay. & Sanskrit. - MANUNGGUL JAR - It is a burial jar used to store bones of someone who was previously buried. - Discovered in Manunggul Cave in Lipuun Point, Palawan - The lid features a \"spirit boat \" or \"ship of dead\" carrying two souls on a journey to the afterlife. - BUTUAN \"MOTHER BOAT\" - Believed by archeologists to be the biggest balangay (plank boat) in Philippine history. - It is centuries older than the European ships that landed in the archipelago. - Is believed to be the main \"safekeeping\" boat where trade goods and supplies were stored. - 700,000-YEAR-OLD RHINO HUNTING TOOLS - Archeologists excavation in Kalinga province uncovered Rhinoceros fossils dated 700,000 yrs. old along with 57 stone tools. - The discovery suggests that modern humans might have occupied the Phil. islands much earlier nearly 600,000 yrs. earlier than previously thought. - The most likely culprit is the Homo erectus. the first modern human believed to have ventured out of Africa **PHILIPPINE S&T -- PRE-SPANISH PERIOD** - Before the arrival of the conquerors, early Filipinos are already engaged with different activities in relation to their religion, culture and survival. - making pottery - weaving cotton - Social class system - Making pottery - Plant and Herbal Medicine - Development of scripts and language - mastery in ship/boat-making - Moon and harvest- based calendar. - Seashells as ornaments - Trade and commerce - Mining and Smelting - Weights and Measurements - Early Filipinos made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes. - Later developed new skills like sawing and polishing tools. - In 3000BC, they have learned to produce ornaments of seashells and pottery. - During the iron age, they have learned to use metals as their tools. - They are also engaged in mining (copper, gold, bronze, and iron) - Filipinos have engaged themselves into weaving. - They have engaged themselves also in ship building (for coastal trade), and warships called \"Caracoa\". - Farming was also rampant in the Philippines that led in creating the finest product of engineering, Banaue Rice Terraces - Early Filipinos are also aware of the medical properties of plants and extracting medicine from herbs. - They also have alphabets, counting methods, weights and measurement system, and calendar based on the period of the moon. - Relatively self-sufficient and has autonomy among communities. Social stratification: Rajah, datu, maharlika, timawa, alipin and oripun - Pre-colonial Filipinos were still highly superstitious and does not develop archiving and record keeping in writings. - Inequitable development of communities. - People at coastal areas receive more interaction from other communities and foreigners. - People on mountains are still hunters and partly secluded. - Little pressure for Invention and innovation among the early Filipinos due to the abundance of natural resources and safe environment. - Shows that science and technology developed separately, with the latter being largely a product of trial and error in response to a particular human need. **SPANISH PERIOD** - REDUCCION-consolidation of the far-flung, scattered barangay communities into fewer, larger and more compact settlements within the hearing distance of the church bells. - They also constructed government establishments, churches, roads, bridges, and fort. - LABORATORIO MUNICIPAL DE CIUDAD DE MANILA - to conduct biochemical analyses for public health and to undertake specimen examinations for clinical and medico-legal cases. - PADRE FEDERICO FAURA - Observatorio Meteorológico del Ateneo Mu Municipal de Manila - Predicted the existence, course, and duration passing the northern Luzon on July 7, 1879 - Predicted the second typhoon in November 18 same year and prevented more casualties as the people took proper precautions - Introduced formal education but not for all. - Free primary education and Spanish compulsory - 4RS - reading, arithmetic, writing, religion - Elites can access higher education either here through schools managed by priests and religious sectors on in Spain. - Higher education is essential for priesthood. - Science course through recitation/lectures with limited utilization of laboratory equipment. - Research made by educational institutions focused on pharmacy, medicine, and study of infectious diseases. - infectious diseases such as smallpox, cholera, bubonic plague, dysentery, leprosy and malaria were intensified with the participation of graduates of medicine and pharmacy from UST. - LEON MARIA GUERRERO - First licensed pharmacist - Father of Philippine Pharmacy In 1918, he authored a study on \"Medicinal Plants\" on 174 types of plants with healing elements. therapeutic uses of Philippine plants, from which he extracted pharmacological ingredients. - Improved currency and Banking System - Foreign capital and technology brought modernization in sugar and hemp production - OBRAS PIAS - first charitable institution and organized credit institution - REAL SOCIEDAD ECONOMICA DE LOS AMIGOS DEL PAIS DE FILIPINAS (1851) - Encourage research in agriculture and industry offering prizes on successful experiments and inventions. - The galleon trade had accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. - Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard authorities due to the prospect of big profit - OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL 1869 - Enables Philippines to have direct commercial and trade relationship with Spain - Shorter travel time than the usual Galleon Trade via Mexico - Philippines become an agricultural exporting economy. - Agricultural development are boosted by foreign capital and technology. - Growth and development in agriculture sector is also improved by support of government for research and education relevant to this field. - Importation sector later failed in flourishing due to lack of interests and support in R&D of native industries. - Medicine and pharmacy becomes prominent area of university education due to social prestige and necessity of this field. **AMERICAN PERIOD** - FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION - DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION - The department is created due to Philippine Commission Act No. 74 In 1901 - English as medium of instruction - PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL - Training Filipino Teachers - Followed by opening of many secondary schools - BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS - Initiated by American engineers due to lack of competent Filipino engineers - Provide efforts in attracting Filipinos to take the field. - By 1925, the bureau have seen increase in Filipino engineer employees as compared to American engineers. - BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES - From the old Laboratorio Municipal - Has biological, chemical and serum laboratories for studies and production of vaccine, serums and prophylactics, as well as a library. - BUREAU OF SCIENCE - Pioneered research on leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri. - Studies on the commercial value of tropical products, tests of Philippine minerals and roadbuilding materials, the nutritional value of foods - Published the Philippine Journal of Science concerning issues and development concerning the Philippines - - UNIVERISTY OF THE PHILIPPINES - Created on 18 June 1908 - Act No. 1870- the First Philippine Legislature - College of Agriculture in Los Baños, Laguna in 1909 - College of Liberal Arts in 1910 - College of Medicine - (Phil. Medical School, 1905) - College of Veterinary Medicine in 1910 - College of Law in 1911 - - PRES. CARLOS P. GARCIA - BUREAU OF SCIENCE - Institute of Science - SCIENCE ACT OF 1958 - Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) - National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) - It is when the DOST-SEI scholarship grants started **MARCOS ERA** - NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHORITY - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development - Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development - Philippine Council for Health Research and Development - National Research Council of the Philippines - National Science Development Board to National Science and Technology Authority - DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION - Upgrading teaching equipment for science and technology together with NSDB - Revamping science education and curricula - Philippine Science Highschool - PAG-ASA under DND - to provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people. - NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - scientists with \"innovative achievement in the basic and applied sciences,\" - to serve as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for the country. - NATIONAL GRAINS AUTHORITY - to provide for the development of the rice and corn industry to fully harness it for the economy of the country. - PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH - to support the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for the nation. - PHILIPPINE COCONUT RESEARCH INSTITUTE - under the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry - NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES - to advise government and private entities on matters concerning development in geological sciences - PLANT BREEDING INSTITUTE - INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH - INSTITUTE THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY - BUREAU OF FOREST PRODUCTS - The market machinery did not adapt and developed due to high risks in investment cost. - PHILIPPINE OIL NATURAL COMPANY - to promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of energy sources - Oil crisis in 1973 - BATAAN NUCLEAR POWERPLANT - Addressing the problem in 1973.oll crisis - 2.3 billion-dollar nuclear powerplant capable of producing 620 MW of power. - Issues and controversies about the financing, bidding process corruption and lack of research based approach in the planning and construction process an key reasons for its halt in operation despite the completion of the infrastructure. - ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA) HEADED BY AKIRA OMOTO (2008): - committed group of evaluators with expertise and experience in preservation management must be the one to do technical inspections and economic evaluation. - Appropriate infrastructure, safety standards, and knowledge should be implement if the government wants to purse the nuclear energy program. PRES. CORAZON S. AQUINO - replaces NSTA to DOST - R.A. 6655 OR FREE PUBLIC SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT OF 1988 - Encourage scientists and inventors to participate in bringing back the Philippines as second to Japan in terms of science and technology - abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the Philippine Inventors Incentive Act - Tripled the budget for Science and Technology sector - Increase the budget for grants and scholarships in science and technology PRES. FIDEL V. RAMOS - give incentives and rewards for people who have been influential in the field of S&T - Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (RA 8439) - Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (RA 7687) - Inventors & Inventions Incentives Act (RA 7459) - INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (RA 8293) - industrial property rights, copyrights and related rights, and technology transfer arrangements PRES. JOSEPH M. EJERCITO ESTRADA - PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 (RA 8769) - designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources PRES. GLORIA MACAPAGAL- ARROYO - Golden Age of Science and Technology Filipinnovation - science innovation hub of Asia - R.A. 9367 or the \"Biofuels Act - promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country - lack of raw materials is holding the full implementation of the laws since necessary materials need to be imported - REPUBLIC ACT 10601 - to improve Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech) PRES. BENIGNO S. AQUINO III - conferred four-new-National Scientist 1. RAMON C. BARBA - studies on the induction of and mic mango and crop species flowering of micropropagation of important - changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits to an all year-round availability of mangoes 2. EDGARDO D. GOMEZ - advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics, and herpetology 3. GAVINO C. TRONO - helped a lot of families in the coastal populations through the extensive studies he made on seaweed species 4. ANGEL C. ALCALA - advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics, and herpetology PRES. RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE - BALIK SCIENTIST ACT OR RA 11035 - science and technology experts or professionals who are of Filipino descent will be offered with benefits and incentives provided they are certified by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). - PHILIPPINE SPACE AGENCY (PHILSA) - To make the Philippines \"space capable\" by 2022. - MAYA-1, DIWATA 1 AND 2 - Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat) program. - Boosts the space and satellite program of the Philippines through partnership with Japan - STAMINA4Space - (Sustained Support for Local Space Technology and Applications Mastery, Innovation and Advancement) - Maya-3 and Maya-4 soon to be deployed. - Ε.Ο. ΝΟ.164 - Nuclear Energy Programme Inter-Agency Committee (NEP-IAC) - conducted a pre- feasibility study and public consultation on the matter of nuclear energy and sources. **SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND PHILIPPINE NATION BUILDING** WHAT IS NATION? **E. Renan** (1882) A large-scale solidarity constituted by the feeling of sacrifices that one made in the past and those that one will be able to make in the future. **NATION** If the nation is good and worthy of sacrifices\... - it will involve a great deal of violence and subsequent process of forgetting. **B. Anderson** (2006) Imagined political community that is inherently **limited** in scope and **sovereign** in nature. **\"Imagined\"** - An individual will not meet most of the other members - Yet, perceived that they part of the nation as they share common features like language, religion, or origin. **\"limited\"** - finite but elastic and permeable - \"No nation imagines itself coterminous with mankind\" - Limits are beyond where the other nations lie **\"sovereign\"** - Its legitimacy is not based on divinity as in kingship or hierarchical dynasty - Nation is its own authority, founded by its own name and invents its own people as its citizen. **\"community\"** - Implies \"deep, horizontal comradeship\" to knit all citizens together - regardless of class, color, or race, inequality and existing exploitation - There is willingness to die for the community among its people. **DEFINING NATION** A community of people built based on the shared characteristic feature such as culture, ethnicity, history, language and territory. **NATION BUILDING (Aberjhani, 2012)** \" NATION BUILDING IS NEVER A \'DONE DEAL\' CONFINED TO HISTORY ALREADY ESTABLISHED\" **NATION** - Overconsumption of fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal - Overpopulation - As population increases, demands for energy increases - Nation is a soul, a spiritual principle (Renan, 1882) - Nation emerges because there is a desire to continue living and progressing. - Nation is imagined political community as it is sovereign. - Nation exists because people want self- government. - Nation\'s interest does not dwell on holding territories to those who do not want to be held. **Development** **McMichael (2004)** - the social engineering of emerging national societies **Reisman (2008)** - \"decision processes and decision outcomes\" - effective in influencing all ways the values and culture of global communities (Reisman, 2008) **NATION STATE** - **Build institutions that symbolizes the political entity**: bureaucracy, economy, judiciary, universities, civil service, civil society organizations - **Build a political entity** that includes but not limited to: territory, rules, norms, principles, laws and common citizenship - **Build a common sense of purpose, shared destiny, a collective imagination of belonging.** **DEFINING STATE** A governmental apparatus by which a nation rule itself. (Fagoyinbo, 2013) **THE CONSTITUTION** **constitution** noun con-sti-tu-tion \| \\ kän(t)-sta- tü-shan, -tyü-\\ **Definition of constitution** **a**: the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it **b**: a written instrument embodying the rules of a political or social organization **Science and Technology in Nation-Building** **Article XIV of 1987 PH Constitution** **Section 10** - Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. - Focus on R&D, innovation, invention and utilization - Prioritize science and technology education, training and services **Section 11** - The Congress may do: - provide incentives to encourage private participation - Provide grants, scholarship, or incentives to deserving scientists, students and citizen. **Section 12** - State shall: - regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for national benefit - Encourage public, private, government and community- based organizations in generation and utilization of S&T **Section 13** - The State shall: - Protect and secure exclusive rights to intellectual property and creations of scientists, artists, and other gifted citizen. \"From a policy-oriented perspective, not all change is development; changes incompatible with human dignity can be characterized as retrogressions or as dis developmental\" - **W. M. Reisman, 2008** **SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** - Science without technology is impotent. - Technology is not existent without science. - Technology is a tool for wealth creation, improvement of quality of life and real economic growth and transformation in any society. - Evident in different multidisciplinary and multisectoral applications **The role of science and technology in nation building** \"Science and technology hold the key to the present and future development of Nigeria or any other country for that matter.\" **- (Anaeto et al., 2016)** **Facets affected by S & T (Anaeto et al., 2016)** - National Development - Agriculture - Poverty Alleviation - Affordable Energy - Water Supply - Health - Economic Growth - Environmental Management - Education **Focusing on Science and Technology Programs** Accordingly, developing countries realize the importance of benchmarking and learning best practices from the developed nations to eventually produce a localized science and technology programs. - **(National Academy of Sciences, 2006)**  \"Development means balancing the apparent inevitability of technological change with social intervention.\" **- McMichael, 2004**  **DEVELOPED COUNTRIES** - Australia - Spain - Iceland - Japan - Germany **ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION** - Russia - Ukraine **DEVELOPING COUNTRIES** - Philippines - Egypt - Argentina - India - China **THE GLOBAL SCIENCE SCORECARD (2012)** - UNITED STATES - GERMANY - CHINA - JAPAN - UNITED KINGDOM - FRANCE - CANADA - ITALY - SPAIN - SOUTH KOREA The scorecard necessitates not only scientific outputs but also the process of utilizing scientific knowledge directly affecting the lives of the people in the real world. **Guterl, 2012** \"I can see no other way of creating wealth in this country except through science and technology.\" **Senator Edgardo J. Angara (2012)** **Science and Technology Innovation as a driving force\...** - Government investment in public goods and services such as roads, clean water, health and education; - Support for small and medium scale enterprise; - Support for higher education institutions, science and engineering sectors, and industry and trade associations; - Inter-institutional linkages between universities, industries, government agencies and non-government organizations; and - Good governance **Government Agencies and Agendas in S&T** **Department of Science and Technology (DOST)** Primary science and technology body in the country responsible for: - providing central direction, leadership and coordination of all scientific and technological activities, and - of formulating policies, programs and projects to support national development **Congressional Commission on Science & Technology and Engineering (COMSTE)** - Created by the Senate and the House of Representatives - Serves as an advisory and the policy making body that aims to strengthen the linkage with all sectors related to science and technology in pursuit of its objectives **Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)** - Responsible for implementing-focused policies and with DOST co-fund program - responsible for realizing the country\'s goal of globally competitive and innovative industry and services sector that contribute to inclusive growth and employment generation **Commission on Higher Education (CHED)** - Responsible for formulation of policies, plans, programs for the development of higher education system in the country - Formulate plans and establish programs and projects for the promotion and development of science and technology education and training in coordination with DOST, DepEd, and other institutions of learning. **National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)** - Responsible to formulate development plans - ensure that plan implementation achieves the goals of national development - Ambisyon Natin 2040 - launched in 2016, the Philippine Development Plant (PDP) 2017-2022 **Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda (HNRDA)** The Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda (HNRDA) is divided into five sectors. The agenda is founded on the three pillars of development which is aligned to Ambisyon Natin 2040 and each sector has six issue-based National Integrated Basic Research Agenda (NIBRA) programs. **National Integrated Basic Research Agenda (NIBRA)** - **Water Security** TUBIG Program (Tubig ay Buhayin at Ingatan) - **Food and Nutrition Security** SAPAT Program (Saganang Pagkain Para sa Lahat) - **Health Sufficiency** LIKAS Program (Likas Yaman sa Kalusugan) - **Clean Energy** ALERT Program (Alkernative Trends) Energy Research - **Sustainable Community** SAKLAW Program (Saklolo sa Lawa) - **Inclusive Nation-building** ATIN program (Ang Tinig Natin) **AMBISYON 2040** **PILLARS OF PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017-2022 (Leyco, 2018)** **Malasakit.** - Regain people\'s trust in public institutions and cultivate trust among fellow Filipinos **Pagbabago.** - Inequality-reducing transformation through increasing opportunities for growth of output and income **Patuloy na Pag-unlad.** - increasing potential growth through sustaining and accelerating economic growth  \"Quality education is the key to building a strong nation." **Science Education in the Philippines** **Science Education in the 1940\'s** - development of the production of basic necessities and substitute medicines for immediate use. (Borbon et al., 2000) - 120 students in one elementary classroom. - Science and arithmetic is only offered in Grades 5 and 6 for 30 minutes daily. **Hernandez (1996)** cites development in science curriculum. - Natural science in 1st and 3rd years. - Mathematics in 2nd and 3rd years were given 1.5 units. - Physics, chemistry and advanced algebra-optional subjects **Educational Act of 1948**-restoration of Grade 7; drafted but not enacted. **Science Education in the 1950\'s** science museums or science and corners in elementary classrooms **Bulletin No. 15 s. 1954** - on construction of science laboratory apparatus in vocational shops - **Biology** - community school projects in health and sanitation, food production, and home beautification. - **Physics** - students found occasions for application in mechanical and electrical appliances in the school shops. **Science Education in the 1960\'s** **Hernandez (1996)** claimed that summer institutes also focused on certain issues related to the improvement of science and mathematics education such as: - Relevance of courses to the day-to-day functions of teachers; - Teachers should let students do science instead of teaching about science; - Students should be provided with instructional materials that illustrate current accepted concepts about science teaching; - Develop skills in inquiry as a method of teaching/learning. **Science Education in the 1970\'s** New stress in educational development focuses on: - health and nutrition, - population education, - green revolution, - taxation education, - agrarian reform, - work-oriented curriculum, and - youth civic action programs **Science Education in the 1970\'s** Medium of instruction for elementary to university level: - English and Filipino (Bilingual system) - Arabic in Muslim areas **Science Education in the 1980\'s** **University of the Philippines Science Education Center (UPSEC)** - curriculum development efforts in textbook development - funded by the World Bank - several microcomputer lessons were prepared for students and teachers - Video recorders and computers were very much a part of the classroom **UPSEC** changed its name into **Institute of Science and Mathematics Education Development (ISMED)** **Science Education in the 1990\'s** **Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP)** - To improve the quality of secondary school graduates and the internal efficiency of the system; - expand access to quality secondary education; and - To promote equity in allocation of resources especially at the local level SEDP Components: - **curriculum development staff development and physical development** **Science Education in the 1990\'s** **Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP)** - Subjects are oriented to the development of values; - It prescribes a set of specific competencies to be mastered by students in each subject area; - Each subject area is concept-based; - The structure of the curriculum is cognitive-affective- manipulative based. **SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES** **Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science**. - Teaching science involves exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes effectively. - Learning science includes both pedagogy and the most interesting aspect, which is helping students understand and love science. - Understanding science implies developing and applying science process skills and using science literacy in understanding the natural world and activities in everyday life. **Science education in basic and tertiary education** - In basic education, science education helps students learn important concepts and facts that are related to everyday life including important skills such as process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills. - In tertiary education, science education deals with developing students\' understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific works. It also focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and other professionals in various science-related fields. **QUALITY OF SCHOOL SYSTEM IN FIELD RELATED TO S&T** If we assess the school system, surveys and common observations tell us that most schools have inadequate and substandard libraries, laboratories and science classrooms. The quality of science equipment is generally poor even in those identified as science high schools. **The K-12 Education Curriculum** **THE NEW K-12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM** The conceptual framework of Science Education in the Philippines designed towards developing productive members of the society who are scientifically, technologically and environmentally literate. **Conceptual Framework of Science and Technology in the Philippines** It envisions members of society who are: - problem solvers, - responsible steward of nature, - innovative and creative citizens, - informed decision makers, - and effective communicators Strengthening Early Childhood Education (Universal Kindergarten) Building Proficiency through Language (Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education) Making the Curriculum Relevant to Learners (Contextualization and Enhancement) Gearing Up for the Future (Senior High School) Ensuring Integrated and Seamless Learning (Spiral Progression) Nurturing the Holistically Developed Filipino (College and Livelihood Readiness, 21\" Century Skills)  **The K-12 Education Curriculum** **Republic Act No. 10533** Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 - to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. **Republic Act No. 10157** Kindergarten Education Act - institutionalizes Kindergarten as part of the basic education system and is a pre-requisite for admission to Grade 1. The acquisition of the following domains is facilitated using the following approaches: - Multi/interdisciplinary approach - Science, technology-society approach - Contextual learning - Problem/issue-based learning - Inquiry based approach The approaches are based on sound educational pedagogy such as: - Constructivism - Social cognition learning model - Learning style theory; and - Brain-based learning