I.1 Intro+Late middle ages.pdf

AP EURO Notes The exam 4 sections 55 MCQs (55min) 3 short essay questions(40min) DBQ (60min) LEQ (40min) Skills Identify and explain historical developments Analyze sourcing and situation sources...

AP EURO Notes The exam 4 sections 55 MCQs (55min) 3 short essay questions(40min) DBQ (60min) LEQ (40min) Skills Identify and explain historical developments Analyze sourcing and situation sources Analyze claims of sources Analyze context of events Using comparison, causation and continuity and change to analyze patterns and connections Develop an argument TEA framework to organize thoughts and knowledge for SAQ: Thesis statement Evidence Analysic PERSIA framework to organize thoughts and knowledge: Political Economical Religious Social Intellectual Artistic Expectations Laptop Notebook+paper for tests Enveloppe binder for handouts Mckay textbook Chapter 1 - Intro Flat land favorable to conqueror (mountains ==> opposite) Europe before the fall of constantinople Major players: France, Uk , Holy Roman Empire, Northern city states and southern papal states of Italy, Lithuania and Poland, Hungary (strongest of the Danube), Austria (Hapsburg family), Ottoman Empire, Moscow, Castile and Aragon (later united in Spain kingdom) The late Middle Ages in Europe Political: Monarchies, feudalism, Catholic Church Economical: Agrarian based economies, guilds for production of goods, Venice and Genoa controlled trade into Europe (successful thanks to partnerships with byzantine and crusades) Religious: Catholic Church in Western Europe, Orthodoxy in Byzantine Empire+Slavs, Islam in Ottoman (balkans) and southern Spain  Social: Large landowners and nobility had decent lives, serfs (land workers-semi slaves) were treated like property, urbanites had more protection of rights than farmers as nobles had less control on them Intellectual: Clergy was in charge of education, Latin was the language of scholarship in catholic Europe and was controlled by the church, Greek in Orthodox Europe and Arabic in Ottoman controlled territories. Anything contrary to religious scriptures was illegal. Artistic: Church art, gothic architecture, gospel music Three notable changes in dynamics: ○ Black plague and little Ice age ○ Fall of Constantinople ○ 100 years wars Little Ice age (1300-1450) ○ End of “Medieval warm period” Better weather ⇒ more food ⇒ more population ⇒ more food for horses ⇒ Mongols expansion and crusade ○ Colder weather⇒less crops despite the increased population⇒social agitation Medieval economies down since their system was agrarian 1312-1322: Great famine in northern Europe 1320s: Peasant revolts in Flanders 1358: Jacquerie peasant rebellion in France 1381: English peasant’s revolt +much more The black plague (1346-1353) ○ Variant of the yersinia pestis (first reported in 6th century) Spread by fleas infection rats and other animals ○ Reached Europe from Asia along the Silk Road trade network The mongol empire of the 13th allowed more Eurasian trade ○ Killed around ⅓ of Europe population with the first wave alone ○ Good note: Intellectual knowledge from Middle Ages kept + smaller labor force⇒more bargaining power for higher wages Fall of Byzantium - Rise of the Ottoman Turks ○ 1071 Battle of Manzikert - Turkish nomads defeats byzantines army and settle in Anatolia (Turkish peninsula) ○ 1202-1204 Fourth crusade sacked Constantinople Byzantine empire could never come back ○ 1389 Battle of Kosovo - Ottoman EMpire controls most of the balkans ○ 1444 Sultan Mehmed II becomes ruler of the Ottoman EMpire and wants to invade Constantinople ○ Constantinople = connection between Europe and Anatolia, connects black sea and mediterranean Could fish so couldn't be besieged by water Walls of Theodosius (strong walls that were never broken until Ottomans attack) Strong asset for byzantines Always seen as barrier of Europe to Islam 1453: Constatinople falls to Ottomans thanks to canons - huge defeat, first time it fell ○ Consequences of fall Ottomans seen as unstoppable power Trade between Europe and Asia disrupted as ottomans had total control Luxury goods became more expensive Seen as defeat of christianity  Prince Ivan II of Moscow married last heir of byzantine empire (Constatine XI’s niece) and claimed to be rightful heir to Constantinople and Orthodox church Continuous feeling that Russia is heir of Orthodox church ○ Hundred Year’s War 1337 Philip VI of Valois (France) confiscated Aquitaine from England First male in the lineage where english heirs were women Also dispute for the french crown between Edward III of England a,d Philip VI of Valois Stars war 1346 English victory at Crecy 1356 English victory at Poitiers 1370-1380 du Guesclin retakes territory from the English 1415 English victory at Agincourt French overconfident ○ Don’t scout area for english tricks All the nobility is killed Lose of all Northern France Nobility dead⇒meritocracy⇒Joan of Arc Supports french king Win at Orlean (Connects Loire and hence trade could be stopped) makes her a symbol and reinvigorate France 1440s France captures most of England’s possessions in France 1453 war ends 1455 Beginning of the war of the Roses France busy at war⇒couldn't trouble neighbors that could focus on themselves⇒reconquista(spain) and Renaissance (Italy) ○ Hundred Year’s War consequences Strengthening if the royal bureaucracies in France and England More organized, better finances Development of professional armies Decreasing use of mercenaries Focuses on trained soldiers (archers, cavalry, canons etc) Use of cannons in Western Europe Castles lose their importance English use of “representative assemblies” to to raise taxes More rights to nobles and merchants Proto-nationalism in England and France Specifically Joan of Arc symbol