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Questions and Answers
What framework is used to organize thoughts for Short Answer Questions in the AP European exam?
What framework is used to organize thoughts for Short Answer Questions in the AP European exam?
Which of the following regions was considered one of the major players in Europe before the fall of Constantinople?
Which of the following regions was considered one of the major players in Europe before the fall of Constantinople?
What was the primary economic system in place during the late Middle Ages in Europe?
What was the primary economic system in place during the late Middle Ages in Europe?
Which language was primarily used for education in Catholic Europe during the late Middle Ages?
Which language was primarily used for education in Catholic Europe during the late Middle Ages?
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What type of social structure characterized Europe during the late Middle Ages?
What type of social structure characterized Europe during the late Middle Ages?
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Which empire was dominant in the Balkan region during the late Middle Ages?
Which empire was dominant in the Balkan region during the late Middle Ages?
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What was the role of the clergy in the intellectual landscape of the late Middle Ages?
What was the role of the clergy in the intellectual landscape of the late Middle Ages?
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What characterized serfs' social status during the late Middle Ages in Europe?
What characterized serfs' social status during the late Middle Ages in Europe?
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What was a notable consequence of the Little Ice Age on medieval economies?
What was a notable consequence of the Little Ice Age on medieval economies?
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Which event is primarily associated with the rise of the Ottoman Empire?
Which event is primarily associated with the rise of the Ottoman Empire?
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What was a result of the Black Plague's impact on labor in Europe?
What was a result of the Black Plague's impact on labor in Europe?
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Which battle is noted for the English victory during the Hundred Years' War that occurred in 1415?
Which battle is noted for the English victory during the Hundred Years' War that occurred in 1415?
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What was one significant consequence of the Ottoman control over trade routes after the fall of Constantinople?
What was one significant consequence of the Ottoman control over trade routes after the fall of Constantinople?
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What major development in military strategy was a consequence of the Hundred Years' War?
What major development in military strategy was a consequence of the Hundred Years' War?
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What did the peasant revolts during the Little Ice Age indicate about the social conditions at the time?
What did the peasant revolts during the Little Ice Age indicate about the social conditions at the time?
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Which figure became a symbol of French nationalism during the Hundred Years' War?
Which figure became a symbol of French nationalism during the Hundred Years' War?
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What did the Fall of Byzantium in 1453 signify for Europe?
What did the Fall of Byzantium in 1453 signify for Europe?
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Which of the following events contributed to the decline of feudalism in both France and England during the Hundred Years' War?
Which of the following events contributed to the decline of feudalism in both France and England during the Hundred Years' War?
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Study Notes
The Exam Structure
- Four sections: 55 multiple-choice questions (55 minutes), three short essay questions (40 minutes), Document-Based Question (DBQ) (60 minutes), Long Essay Question (LEQ) (40 minutes).
- Skills assessed include identification and explanation of historical developments, source analysis, context analysis, and argument development.
- TEA framework for Short Answer Questions (SAQ): Thesis statement, Evidence, Analysis.
- PERSIA framework for organizing thoughts: Political, Economical, Religious, Social, Intellectual, Artistic.
Expectations for Students
- Required materials: Laptop, notebook, binder for handouts, McKay textbook.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Europe
- Geography: Flat terrain favored conquerors, while mountainous regions presented challenges.
Major Powers in Europe Before the Fall of Constantinople
- Key players included France, the UK, the Holy Roman Empire, Italian city-states, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Austria (Habsburg family), the Ottoman Empire, Moscow, Castile, and Aragon (later unified into Spain).
The Late Middle Ages Overview
- Political landscape characterized by monarchies, feudal systems, and the dominance of the Catholic Church.
- Economically agrarian societies relied on guilds, with Venice and Genoa controlling European trade.
- Religious dominance of the Catholic Church in the West, Orthodoxy in the Byzantine Empire, and Islam in the Ottoman Empire and parts of Spain.
- Social hierarchies: Large landowners led decent lives, while serfs were treated as property; urban dwellers enjoyed more rights due to less noble control.
- Intellectual authority held by the clergy, with Latin as the scholarly language in the West and Greek and Arabic in other regions.
- Artistic expressions involved church art, Gothic architecture, and gospel music.
Notable Changes Influencing Dynamics
- The Black Plague and Little Ice Age significantly affected demographics and economies.
- Fall of Constantinople marked a shift in power dynamics.
- The Hundred Years' War reshaped territorial and political landscapes.
Little Ice Age (1300-1450)
- End of the warmer Medieval period led to food shortages and social unrest.
- Great Famine (1312-1322) in Northern Europe caused widespread suffering.
- Peasant revolts occurred across Europe, including significant uprisings in France and England.
The Black Plague (1346-1353)
- Caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium, spread via fleas and animals.
- Reached Europe via the Silk Road, exacerbated by Mongol trade routes.
- Resulted in the death of approximately one-third of Europe's population in the first wave.
- Led to a smaller labor force, increasing workers' bargaining power for wages.
Fall of Byzantium and Rise of the Ottoman Turks
- 1071: Battle of Manzikert leads to Turkish control of Anatolia.
- 1202-1204: Fourth Crusade results in the sacking of Constantinople, crippling the Byzantine Empire.
- 1389: Battle of Kosovo sees the Ottomans gain control over the Balkans.
- 1453: Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman forces, marking a significant shift in power.
- Aftermath: Ottomans disrupt European-Asian trade, heightening luxury goods prices and viewed as a defeat for Christianity.
Ivan II of Moscow
- Married to the last Byzantine heir, claiming succession to the Byzantine legacy and the Orthodox Church.
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
- Initiated by Philip VI of Valois’ land confiscation from England and a dispute regarding the French crown.
- Major battles included Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356), and Agincourt (1415), showcasing military innovation and tactics.
- Joan of Arc emerged as a pivotal figure, rallying French forces and revitalizing national sentiment after the English victories.
- French forces began reclaiming territory in the 1440s, leading to the war's conclusion in 1453.
Consequences of the Hundred Years' War
- Strengthened royal bureaucracies in France and England, enhancing organization and financial management.
- Development of professional armies shifted away from reliance on mercenaries.
- Introduction of cannons diminished the importance of castles.
- Emergence of representative assemblies in England laid groundwork for increased rights for nobles and merchants.
- Fostered a sense of proto-nationalism, exemplified by Joan of Arc’s symbolism.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential structure of the AP European History exam, detailing the four main sections including multiple-choice questions, short essays, and document-based questions. It also highlights the skills required for successful analysis of historical developments and sources, providing a comprehensive overview for students preparing for the exam.
