Post Classical Islamic Empires Review PDF

Post Classical Islamic Empires Review General Information: How does interaction influence the spread of new ideas and impact societies and human expression? Trade ○ Long-distance trade through: Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Tran...

Post Classical Islamic Empires Review General Information: How does interaction influence the spread of new ideas and impact societies and human expression? Trade ○ Long-distance trade through: Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan Mediterranean War Diplomacy ○ Pax Mongolia Peace and order were established due to the vast Mongol Empire, trade, interaction Internal Organizations Creates opportunities to be shared, transformed, and more Spreads Islam, making it the center of science philosophy, artistic expression, and political innovation What leads to expanded interaction? Religion Political Expansion and Caliphates Trade and Economic Networks ○ Silf Road ○ Indian Ocean ○ Trans-Saharan Syncretism ○ Religion ○ Language Technological Advancement Cultural/Social Networks ○ Major Cities in the Islamic World Pilgrimage Language, Arabic becoming lingua franca (trade language) What defines this time period? Political, Cultural, and Intellectual Growth in the Islamic World Rapid Expansion of Islamic Religion Characterized by the flourishing of Islamic Civilization What is globalization and why does it begin during this time period? Interconnectedness and interdependence between culture, countries, etc  Islamic world played a huge role in connecting a diverse world (Middle of everything, trading goods and knowledge Explain how works of the humanities reflect the ideals of a civilization. Provides insight (lens) into ideals values and world view of civilizations Reflect core beliefs, values, social structure, norms, ideal societies, political ideals, and responses to social changes Define Egalitarianism. A doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. Belief in the equality of all people Defined in a religious sense, similar to aspects in the religion of Islam, in the Quran Islam: From humble beginnings to great empire Describe the key components and beliefs of the Islamic religion. Beliefs: ○ Angel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad to begin reciting the Word of God ○ Muhammad was the final prophet Support those in need Hajj, Pilgrimage to Mecca Five pillars Monotheistic Religion Allah is the only God Social and gender standards mean men and women are equal in their ways Quaran in the holy book Jihad: Strive and Struggle Explain the importance of Muhammad to Islam. The last prophet sent by Allah Delivered final revelation to humanity through the Qur-an Spread the religion of Islam as Allah’s messenger Merchants were seen as higher status bc Muhammad was a merchant He was a political leader and founder of the Muslim State What are the differences between Sunni and Shi’a sects of Islam? Sunni ○ Believed Caliph (leader) selected by the Muslim community Shia ○ Caliphs are blood relatives of Muhammad Compare Islam to the two other monotheistic religions. Judaism Christianity Islam Both monotheistic Monotheistic Mosques Reject the divinity of Bible Monotheistic Jesus Jesus is a divine figure Reject the divinity of  Emphasize charity and Jesus is the last prophet Jesus social justice Recognize judgment Emphasize charity and Synagogues and the afterlife social justice Torah Qr-an Does not recognize the Belief in Muhammad final prophet, as the final prophet Muhammad Recognize judgment and the afterlife Describe how the Islamic religion spread. Spread through trade and merchants, especially through the Silk Road. It can be spread by conquering Trade routes Military conquest ○ Abbasid and Umayyad Missionaries (Sufi Benefits: ○ Social/Political/Economic Little forced conversion Mostly social (People align beliefs with Muslims) Islamic cities (Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba) being popular What impact did Islam have on South Asia (India)? Disappointed Buddhists and lower cast Hindus convert to Islam Islam was NEVER a dominant faith OCmmunites were concentrated Hindus and Muslims separated ○ Many didn’t convert due to the large difference between mono vs polytheistic or supporting the caste system Islam came to India through Turkic/Muslim regimes governing the country and Central Asian warriors converting people How did Muslims get along with other religions in regions that they controlled? Muslims coexisted with those of other religions Tolerant due to Qur’an acknowledging the existence of other faiths (People of the Book) Jizya: Tax on Non-Muslims in exchange for state protection Religious freedom allows to build places of worship/engage in their practices Non-Muslims could NOT hold high power positions in government ○ This is due to the government being run by the religion Islamic Caliphates: Compare and contrast the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Umayyad ○ 1st dynasty to rise after the founding of Islam ○ Center in Damascus (Syria) Gained territory through conquest Jizya: Tax on non-muslims ○ Sunni Dynasty Shias persecuted ○ Falls due to: Rebellion by Shias (Sunni vs Shia) Poverty (Caliphs lived rich, while the rest were poor Abbasid ○ Center power of Baghdad ○ More inclusive than Ummayyads ○ Anyone could get a government job ○ House of Wisdom; Center for learning, research learning, etc ○ One focus was to help the poor ○ Fall due to: Family feud for the throne and about who should be the leader Set out to kill each other for the throne Mongols invaded ○ Baghdad Capital of Abbasid empire 1 of the most progressive and learned cities in the world Had the House of Wisdom, burnt ○ Cordoba Capital of Islam influence in Spain Under Umayyad Empire Religiously tolerant Economic/Cultural Centered What are the achievements of the Islamic Empires? Advancements in: All used today ○ Science ○ Medicine ○ Algebra ○ Astronomy Define jizya. What does the use of this tell you about the Islamic Caliphates? Tax on Non-Muslims (People of the Book ○ Religiously tolerate and coexistent  ○ Muslims were of higher status and did not pay tex ○ Revenues for Caliphate Know the Dome of the Rock. Why is this building important to multiple faiths? How has it been a source of conflict? Conflict: ○ Issue of who controls Temple Mount where the building stands ○ Significant to all so they all want to keep it Dome of the Rock: Islam: Abraham almost sacrificed Cheovic Significant to all religions Gold Dome Blue top of base building and light tan bottom Arches Arabesque design Symmetrical What is arabesque? Why is it used in Islamic art? Arabesque: ○ Repeated design ○ Geometric ○ Symmetrical ○ Floral ○ No people or animals ○ Design used in the construction of Islamic buildings ○ Nature ○ Calligraphy ○ Shapes What are key elements found in Islamic architecture? (What is ablution?) Minarets ○ Towers/Spirals, usually 4 Expensive materials Arches Arabesque design Domes Ablution qs`1wde ○ The act of washing oneself Fountains ○ For cleansing before entering sacred places Minbar ○ Where religious speaker stans to deliver speeches  Mihrab ○ Indentation indicating which way Mecca is facing for prayers What is Alhambra? Where is Cordoba? Where are these places located? Cordoba: ○ Spain ○ Striped Arches ○ Religiously Tolerant ○ Economic, Cultural Center ○ Capital of Muslim Spain under the Umayyad Empire and caliphate Alhamra ○ Lions ○ Water (Sound of water) ○ Islamic ○ Palace in Islamic Spain ○ Not mosque, fortress ○ Contains Islamic Architecture elements like: Arches Sound of water Calligraphy Fountains South and Southeast Asia: What impact did Islam have on South Asia (India)? How did Islam come to the region? Taj Mahal ○ Arches ○ Minarets ○ Water ○ Expensive ○ Caligraphy Arrived through Trade Hindus and Muslims disagreed as they had very different religions How did the different religions in South Asia get along with one another? Describe the Delhi Sultanate. Series of Muslim empires ruling over large parts of India ○ Established after the Turkish invasion ○ Rulers mostly Persian or Central Asian ○ Governed from the city of Delhi ○ Marked by the spread of Islam in the subcontinent as well as political/cultural changes Islamic Architecture New administration and administrative systems Describe the Khmer Empire. Modern Day Cambodia Agriculture was a huge economic component HEaviyl influenced by India bc of trade routes Miz of Hindu and Buddhist traditions, religions, and architecture Angkor Wat Declines because of drought and invasion Know Angkor Wat. What religions influenced its design? How does this show cultural diffusion? Temple Built in the Khmer Empire A mix of Hindu and Buddhist tradition Reflects syncretism of Indian and Buddhist influences Cultures diffuse everywhere to combine their designs Buddhism, and Hinduism Africa: Describe the Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa. Traded gold, and salt Connected to Sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa, the middle East and India Rise of Ghana, Mali, Songhai empires Facilitated long distance Trade Important trade center ○ Timbuktu Used caravans ○ Donkeys, horses, etc Describe the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Why were they important nations? What was their economy based upon? Mali: ○ Minarets Ethiopia ○ Highlands Carved Rock Underneath grounud Church How did the spread of Islam impact sub-Saharan Africa? What changes in daily life did it bring about? Who is Mansa Musa? Why is he important? Describe the mosque at Jenne. What is Axum? What architecture are they known for creating? Which religion influenced their building? Axum ○ East African Kingdom Located on the Mile River Near the Ethiopian Highlands Christian Kingdom Ethiopia Isolated from other regions Traditionally a monarchy ○ 12th century Rock-Hewn churches in Ethiopia Reached Africa before Rome’s conversion Coptic (Egypt and Nubia) translated the gospels into their language and were tolerated Ethipia - Remained isolated and independent King Lalibela - ll churches carve form stone Later Dynaasty - Traced lineage back to solomon Sheba Al buildings were caraved What is Great Zimbabwe? Describe the architecture found there. Zimbabwe ○ Near Zambezi ○ Limpopo Rivers ○ Cost of Indian Ocean ○ City of Great Zimbabwe - capital of rich empire Kings granary ○ Rocks ○ BIgeger than everyone else ○ Wall-Like Complex Stone ruins 11th century 30’ wall enclosures Towers - date from the 13th to 15th centuries Size is unusual Finds- Beads & pottery from Persian, Near East, China, Copper and Gold Rulers - Ancestors of present Shona-speaking peoples  Complex - Royal residence with a special area for the ruler Open Court - for ceremonial gatherings Trade: What technology helped to increase trade on the Indian Ocean? Describe the impact of Indian Ocean trade on Africa. What language was created as a result of this trade? Describe trade in the Middle East in the Post Classical period. Who were key trading partners? How does trade impact societies? Give specific examples. How does trade spread new ideas, religions, technologies, and diseases? Give specific examples. English What is antithesis? Contradictory ideas to convey emphasis Things opposing each other ○ Paradise lost Satan is protagonist Better to rein in hell than serve in heaven ○ Romeo and Juliet’ Love from hate Define the following literary devices: onomatopoeia, hyperbole, symbolism, foreshadowing, imagery. Onomatopoeia ○ Describes sound Hyperbole ○ Exaggeration for effect Symbolism ○ Something that represents something else Foreshadowing ○ Giving hints about something that will happen in the future Imagery ○ Creating a scene using descriptive language ○ Appeals to the five senses What is a framed narrative? A story within a story  1000 and one night Many stories in a picture Device to have different collections of stories in one narrative Sheharazad was told a story every night by a woman to distract him from killing others Describe 1001 Arabian Nights. Stories told to Sultan who killed woman every night as he was betrayed Met a woman who read the stories to keep him distracted and interested without killing Power of stories Aladdin Ali Baba and the 40 Theieves Describe Sundiata. Mali Empire Literature Physically disabled kid Exiled Epic Proved his power to fight He becomes a leader after people tell them he can't Angor wat: Hinduism and Buddhism