World History Topic 3 Notes PDF

Topic 3.1 The Life and Times of Muhammad The Hijra – From Mecca to Medina Muhammad was born in Mecca, a pagan Few people listened to Muhammad; Mecca’s religious center, in 570 merchant community feared he would drive He worked as a...

Topic 3.1 The Life and Times of Muhammad The Hijra – From Mecca to Medina Muhammad was born in Mecca, a pagan Few people listened to Muhammad; Mecca’s religious center, in 570 merchant community feared he would drive He worked as a Bedouin shepherd as a away trade teenager; later becoming an honest and In 622 Muhammad and his followers left on a successful merchant Yathrib (sacred journey) to the city of Medina, Muhammad often went into the hills to meditate, and designated 622 as Year 1 on the Muslim motivated by his discomfort at the fear and calendar greed he saw in society In Medina, Muhammad’s teachings gained He claimed to have been called by God to be a traction and his community of followers grew messenger at age 40 Thousands of Arabs converted to Islam, He urged Arabs to renounce paganism and angering leaders in Mecca, who seized worship the God he referred to as Allah Muslim property and prepared for war The Return to Mecca Muhammad and his followers retuend to Mecca and were victorious He destroyed the Arab icons in the temple and rededicated it to Allah Meccas became the Holy City of Islam, and remains so today  Topic 3.1 The Quran The Five Pillars of Islam The Quran, or holy book of Islam, portrays Allah as wise Muslim doctrine lists five duties as and compassionate the “Pillars of Islam” The Quran states that God had previously sent other 1. Declaration of Faith (only prophets (Abraham, Moses, Jesus) but that Muhammad one God, Allash) was the most recent and the “one true” prophet 2. Daily prayers The Quran is believed to have been delivered 3. Give Charity to the poor specifically to Muhammad and serves as a guide to life 4. Fast during Ramadan, the All Muslims are expected to learn the Quran, and the Holy Month language of Arabic unites the Muslim community 5. Make a hajj, or pilgrimage to worldwide Mecca “People of the Book” Muslims believe that Christians, Jewish people, and Muslims all worship the same God Muslims believe that the Quran is God’s final revelation, while the Jewish Torah and Christian Bible are earlier revelations Muslims consider Christians and Jewish people to be “people of the book,” or superior to pagan and polytheistic religions Christians/Jewish people are subject to taxes and restrictions in the Muslim world, but are generally able to practice their religion  Topic 3.1 Islamic Law Women in Islam Islamic Practices Change Muslims live by Sharia In most Arab cultures Muslims adopted the Law, an interpretation of women had few rights, and customs of conquered the Quran in some were even entirely peoples, for example Sharia Law incorporates unwanted veiling women, which came experiences from The Quran gave women from the Persians Muhammad’s life and property rights and Women's lives tended to governs how Muslims prohibited their murder, vary by location, social conduct themselves in Muslim doctrine called for class, but all were required business, gov’t, and education for both men and to dress modestly personal issues women so that everyone Quran doctrines are Sharia Law does not could study the Quran interpreted in different differentiate between civil Inequalities still existed as ways by different cultures and criminal law or men inherited more and separate religion from law had an easier time getting a divorce  Topic 3.2 Arabs Join Together Under Islam Arab Muslims Win Victories After Muhammad died, his father-in-law Abu Bakr Under the first four caliphs Muslims won was his successor as caliph (head of the Muslim victories over the Byzantines and Persians, faith) expanding their empire to three continents He faced a lack of loyalty among some leaders The Muslims greatly diminished the Byzantine who followed only Muhammad and renounced Empire, and conquered the Persian Empire in Islam its entirety Abu Bakr succeeded in reuniting the Muslims They swept through Syria and Palestine, all the and leading them to conquer the remaining way westward into Egypt non-muslim Arab tribes Differing Ideas About Leaders Sunnis and Shiites Sufis Emerge There was disagreement Sunni Muslims, who agreed to A third branch, Sufis, are over whether Muhammad compromise on appointing found amongst both Sunni had designated his future caliphs, comprise about and Shiite communities son-in-law Ali as caliph after 90% of the Muslim world Sufis seek communion with his death The remaining 10%, Shiites, God through meditation Some believed that any good live mostly in Iraq, Iran, and are thought to have Muslim could lead and that Lebanon, and Yemen mystical powers the caliph did not have to be Both sides follow the Pillars of Similar to Christian Monks a descendant of Muhammad Islam and pray to the same and Nuns, sufis often live The majority compromised that God, but a rivalry exists today separate and spread their the caliph *should* be a because when in power each faith through the world descendant of Muhammad if one favors itself and penalizes possible; these Muslims are the other called Sunnis  Topic 3.2 Umayyad Caliphs Create and Arab Empire After the death of Ali a powerful clan in Mecca set up the Umayyad Caliphate, which ruled until 750 They set up their capital at Damascus, Syria, which became a financial and cultural hub for Islam The Umayyads spread Islam to Spain, N Africa, and as far east as the Indus River Valley The Muslim Empire Expands Why the Muslim Empire Succeeded Islamic civilization expanded past the physical barriers of Muslims succeeded in part due to the comparative desert and mountains weakness of the Persian and Byzantine Empires, who had In 731, the Muslim Armies moved north from Spain into fought a war of attrition against each other for decades France Muslims also utilized fighting methods unfamiliar to their Christian/Frankish forces defeated the Muslims at Tours, foes, including camel and horse-mounted cavalry ending their advance into Europe Conquered people, weary of war, often welcomed Muslim Muslims held on in Spain for centuries until finally being rule and viewed them as liberators pushed out during the Reconquista Conquered People Under Islamic Rule Impact on N Africa Muslims imposed restrictions and taxes upon conquered Muslims destroyed Carthage in favor of a new city they built peoples, but allowed them to keep their religions to some called Kairouan, and designated N Africa as “Maghrib” degree Many Africans converted to Islam, and many mosques were Early Umayyads did not attempt to convert others to Islam, built preferring instead to tax them The Berber people converted to Islam and adopted many Muslim rulers prohibited looting and pillaging of conquered Muslim cultures areas Trade w/West Africa and the Sahara grew, including gold, Some conquered people did convert to Islam to avoid taxes salt, ivory, and enslaved peoples or gain political influence, particularly Turkish and Mongols  Topic 3.2 Abbasids Make Changes The Amazing City of Baghdad A Muslim State in Spain Shiites supported a new leader named The Abbasids moved the capital The surviving Umayyads fled to Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of to Baghdad, fostering closer ties Spain and set up a regime there Muhammad with Persia They employed Christian and al-Abbas captured Damascus in 750 Baghdad was a circular walled Jewish scholars, and made and had the Umayyad family killed, city, with the caliph palace in the advancements in Science and giving rise to the Abbasid Dynasty center technology Abbasids allowed non-Muslims to hold The city was heavily influenced The Alhambra, a noteworthy fortified gov’t positions, making the Empire by both Muslim and Persian palace, was built in Granada. more unified culture, and became the cultural Umayyad rule survived in Spain until Abbasids strengthened the center of Islam 1492. bureaucracy and educational systems Islamic Caliphate Cause-and-Effect The emergence of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates created a large, long-lasting Muslim empire in which ruling families passed authority down through their lineage Ultimately Arabic and Islam became the dominant language and religion in the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia Spain is no longer majority-Muslim, but Islamic influence remains in their architecture and similarities between the Spanish and Arabic languages Seljuk Turks Gain Control Mongols Advance in Central Asia A Divided Muslim World As the Caliphs’ power began to fade, Genghis Khan led repeated Mongol The late 1200s found a fragments Seljuk Turks invaded in the 900s invasions out of Central and SW Asia Muslim world, w/the Empire By 1055 a Seljuk Sultan controlled in the 1200s dissolved and independent Baghdad Eventually Mongols looted and caliphates spread across the map They then threatened the Byzantine burned Baghdad, completely ending Islam itself continued to link people Empire, blocking Christians from the Abbasid Caliphate together through a common faith and travelling to Jerusalem and resulting The end of the Caliphates diminished language across a wide area in the First Crusade Muslim influence in regional gov’ts Eventually, other Muslim empires emerged  Topic 3.3 Diffusion of Learning Trade in the Muslim World Muslim civilization influenced the cultures, economies, Unlike in Asian cultures, merchants were and social structures of lands under Muslim rule honored in Muslim culture, perhaps because Muslims were responsible for a reintroduction of Muhammad was one Greco-Roman culture to Western Europeans after the Merchants built a vast trade network, as well Fall of Rome as travelling to SE Asia along the Silk Road Muslim culture blended the traditions of many and maritime trading along the Indian Ocean civilizations Basin Spreading Products and Ideas High Demand for Muslim Goods Knowledge and culture spread along trade routes Damascus steel, Cordoban Leather, Egyptian alongside traded goods carpet, and Persian rugs were popular trade Muslim traders introduced Arabic numerals to Europe, commodities as well as papermaking from China and sugar from As in Europe, Muslim manufacturing was India organized by guilds and work was done Banks and financial partnerships were created to mostly by wage-workers facilitate trade, influencing the rise of modern banking systems Agriculture Flourishes Social Structure and Slavery Umayyad and Abbassid rulers both pritoized agriculture Although Muslim society had a greater As a large part of the Arab world was desert, Muslims degree of social mobility than Europe, developed systems of irrigation and low-water farming slavery was still common Crops native to dry areas such as dates and grains Muslims enslaved other non-Muslims, were common, and Muslim farmers grew herbs, cotton, despite the Quran discouraging it and flowers that were sold in far-away markets Some enslaved people were able to buy their freedom; most worked in households or as artisans  Topic 3.3 Literature Architecture Art Before the coming of Islam, Arabs Early mosques served as Muslims believe God should be and Persians had a tradition of oral community centers and social hubs worshipped directly and do not make poetry as well as places of worship artistic depictions of God or Chivalry and romance were common As Islam grew, mosques became Muhammad early themes, with religion having more formal and started to show Calligraphy (script writing) and more influence later on Byzantine influence (domes, abstract geometric patterns are used Omar Khayyam’s Rubaiyat and minarets, etc) for decor 1001 Nights (a collection of fables) Mosques have towers/bells to issue Some Muslim artists created are the most noteworthy early works calls for prayer, as well as places for non-religious works depicting prayer and worship and a humans or animals designated wall that faces Mecca Muslim Centers of Learning Studying Philosophy and History Baghdad was a hub for learning and Muslim scholars translated works of Greek philosophers and knowledge, with many libraries that drew Hindu/Buddhist texts in an effort to reconcile reason and logic with scholars. Cairo, Cordoba (Spain) and Timbuktu divine revelation (the word of God) (Africa) were also centers of Muslim Learning. Ibn Rushd and Ibn Khaldun were noteworthy voice in philosophy and Scholars translated texts and works of Persian, history, respectively Sanskrit, and Greek authors into Arabic. Advances in Math and Astronomy Improvements in Medicine Mathematician al-Khwarizmi was instrumental The Caliphs setup govt run hospitals that required physicians to take in the development of Algebra, with his book and pass tests to practice there becoming a standard math textbook in Europe Some physicians travelled into the desert, rural areas, and to jails Muslim mathematicians studied the works of Muhammad al-Razi studied and wrote on the link between physical Euclid and Ptolemy and incorporated them into and mental health methodology to create and solve equations Persian physician Ibn Sina wrote the Canon on Medicine, a The quadrant and Astrolabe were Muslim comprehensive encyclopedia of medical knowledge from various innovations that made Astronomy easier cultures The vast range of the Muslim empire gave Muslim doctors access to medicines and knowledge from other cultures that they were able to synthesize into their own  Topic 3.4 Ottomans Conquer Constantinople Suleiman the Magnificent Central-Asian Turks known as Ottomans had Suleiman ruled from 1526-1566, the “golden threatened the Byzantine capital before age” of the Ottomans Mehmet II finally captured it in 1453 Suleiman modernized the army and pushed Ottomans succeeded by hauling ships Ottoman rule eastward into the Middle East overland to deploy them directly into and southern Russia, and west into Europe Constantinople Harbor and using gunpowder European powers formed alliances to stop cannons to breach the walls Suleiman, who pushed nearly as far as Constantinople, which came to be known as Vienna, Austria before being turned back Istanbul, became the capital of the Ottoman France signed a treaty with the Ottomans in Empire an attempt to weaken the Hapsburg Empire and facilitate trade Ottomans Control Trade Ottoman Government Ottomans controlled major Europe Asia Ottomans were largest, most powerful empire trade routes, making Istanbul a trading capital in Europe and Middle East from 15th-17th Suleiman’s naval fleet fought European navies centuries for control of the Mediterranean basin Suleiman declared himself heir to the Abbasid Portugal, Spain, and others eventually found Empire and Caliph of Islam routes around Africa to avoid the Ottomans Suleiman modernized the Ottoman gov’t and and the Mediterranean entirely improved the justice system using a combination of bureaucracy and Sharia Law  Topic 3.4 Ottoman Society Class system w/soldiers (“men of the sword”) and intellectuals (“men of the pen”) at the top Merchants (“men of negotiation”) were in the middle, and farmers/herders (“men of husbandry”) were ranked lowest Religion in Ottoman Society Treatment of Conquered People Ottomans ruled a diverse array of religious Muslims recruited from conquered peoples to fill their people, but the upper class (men of the military and some gov’t positions sword and of the pen) were almost all Christian families, most from the Balkans, were heavily Muslims taxed and forced to send their sons into the military Religious communities (millets) of the The boys were converted to Islam and trained in military lower classes included Christians, Jews, schools, with the most-qualified becoming Janizaries, or and other Muslims elite soldiers; some Janizries received further education as Each millet had its own leadership doctors or engineers structure Non-muslim girls were sometimes enslaved into wealthy Many members of the Jewish millet had Muslim families been expelled from Spain in 1492 and brought banking connections with them Literature/Art Decline of the Ottomans Ottoman authors were heavily influenced Suleiman was a strong ruler; he had two of his sons killed by Persian and Arab poetry tradition, as when he suspected them of conspiring against him were their painters and artisans After his death in 1566, his son Selim II left more of the Royal architect Sinan, a Janizary engineer, ruling functions to his staff, weakening the empire designed hundreds of mosques and Ottomans started to suffer economically and lose land as palaces across the empire, including the European powers outpaced them in commerce and Selimiye Mosque military technology Russia captured a good portion of the empire, and rulers in North Africa began to declare independence from Ottoman  Topic 3.4 Rise of the Safavids A Center of Art and Trade Decline of the Safavid Empire Safavids, located in Persia, Isfahan was the intellectual After Shah Abbas died, were a warlike empire center of the region, Ottoman Armies became between the Ottomans and attracting artists, poets, and more aggressive and the Mughals scholars disagreements between As Shiite Muslims, they had Manufacturing and trade Safavid gov’t and clergy natural conflict with the grew in the fertile economy grew Sunni Ottomans Since Armenians (Christian) Clergy encouraged Shah Abbas the Great ruled controlled trade in the area, persecution of religious Safavids from 1588-1629, Abbas established a minorities, motivating creating a strong military Christian community where Afghan Sunnis to rebel and forming alliances they could live and trade Rebels captured Isfahan w/Europe to work against under self-governance and deposed the last the Ottomans Safavid Shah in 1722 Abbas, who built his capital In their absence the Qajars at Isfahan, reduced took over, moved the capital agricultural taxes and to Tehran, and ruled until encouraged commerce and 1925 industry Safavid heritage established Shia as the ruling faction in Iran