Human Structure and Function I - Appendicular Skeleton - Lecture 1 PDF

MEDI 101 Human Structure and Function I Appendicular Skeletal System Lecture 1- Bones Dr. Hassaan A. Rathore, PhD Associate Professor...

MEDI 101 Human Structure and Function I Appendicular Skeletal System Lecture 1- Bones Dr. Hassaan A. Rathore, PhD Associate Professor College of Pharmacy Where are we as per syllabus? Learning outcomes At the end of the session, the student must be able to: Know the appendicular skeleton which includes bones of limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles Identify on a skeleton or diagram the bones of the appendicular skeleton Describe three major differences between a male and a female pelvis Learning outcomes The appendicular skeleton consists of: Pectoral and pelvic girdles, Appendages: Arm and leg bones.  The Upper Limbs The pectoral girdle consists of two bones: the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collarbone) The clavicle is a slender, doubly curved bone. It attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and to the scapula laterally where it helps to form the shoulder joint. The scapula is triangular each scapula has a flattened body and two important process. The acromion and the coracoid process. The glenoid cavity (of scapula) articulates with the head of the humerus Humerus The humerus is the bone of the arm which is a typical long bone. The radius and ulna make up the forearm. The hand is made up of eight carpal bones, with five metacarpals and the phalanges of the fingers and thumbs. Humerus Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck: is where the tubular shaft begins and is a common area of fracture Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum :Lateral distal humerous Trochlea: Medial to capitulum Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Anterior view Posterior view Ulna The longer of the two forearm bones Medial forearm bone Trochlear notch: the deep fossa that receives the trochlea of the humerus during elbow flexion. Olecranon process: the large prominent proximal end “tip of your elbow”. Coronoid process: the anterior lip of the proximal ulna. Styloid process Radius Lateral forearm bone Head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus Radial tuberosity Styloid process Wrist and Hand Carpals (8) Two rows Distal row Proximal row Metacarpals (5) - numbered 1-5 from lateral to medial Phalanges (14) Proximal phalanx middle phalanx distal phalanx The Lower Limb The pelvic girdle consists of two coxal (hip) bones, joined with the sacrum at the sacroiliac (SI) joints. Each coxal bone is made up of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, all fused at the acetabulum. The thigh contains the femur, and the lower leg is made up of the tibia and fibula. The ankle contains 7 tarsal bones, and 5 metatarsals make up the three arches (transverse, medial, and lateral longitudinal arches) of the foot. Pelvic Girdle Coxae (hip bone) (2)are joined anterioly by the pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage). Joined posterioly by the sacrum forming the sacroiliac joint. Pelvic Girdle supports trunk of body and protects viscera. Each hip bone consists of three bones that fuse together: ilium, ischium and pubis  Coxae Hip bones acetabulum ilium iliac crest iliac spines( hip pointer Occur at A.S.I.S) greater sciatic notch: Allows passage of sciatic n. Ischium ischial spines lesser sciatic notch ischial tuberosity :most Prominent feature it meets the chair when you are siting. Pubis Obturator foramen Symphysis pubis Pubic arch  False and TruePelvis False Pelvis lumbar vertebrae posteriorly iliac bones laterally abdominal wall anteriorly Greater or FALSE pelvis Lesser or TRUE pelvis True Pelvis sacrum and coccyx posteriorly lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones laterally and anteriorly  Male and Female Pelvis Female: iliac bones more flared (wide) Broader hips Pubic arch angle greater than 90 More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities Sacral curvature shorter and flatter Lighter bones Lower Limbs Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Femur Longest, heaviest and strongest bone of body Proximal head Neck Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter where large muscles attach. Linea aspera attachment site for the large hip muscles. Distal condyles Intercondylar fossa Epicondyles Anterior view Posterior view  Patella Kneecap Anterior surface of knee Largest flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon. Base is superior. Inferior narrow apex Tibia Shin bone Medial to fibula Condyles (like knuckles) Tibial tuberosity attachment site for the patellar ligament. Anterior crest Medial malleolus (shaped like a hammer head) Fibula Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Lateral malleolus Does not bear any body weight.  Ankle and Foot Tarsals (7) Calcaneus : heel bone Talus articulate with tibia and fibula. Navicular Cuboid Metatarsals (5) Lateral cuneiform Phalanges (14) proximal Intermediate cuneiform middle distal Medial cuneiform Big toe is the hallux Summary Appendicular skeleton includes bones of pectoral and pelvic girdle They help to attach the limb bones to the axial skeleton Limb bones are also parts of the appendicular skeleton [email protected]