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Chapter 8 *Lecture PowerPoint The Skeletal System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all...

Chapter 8 *Lecture PowerPoint The Skeletal System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Introduction Many organs are named for their relationships to nearby bones Understanding muscle movements also depends on knowledge of skeletal anatomy Positions, shapes, and processes of bones can serve as landmarks for clinicians 7-2  Overview of the Skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Parietal bone Axial skeleton is Skull Maxilla Occipital bone colored tan Mandible Clavicle Mandible Clavicle – Forms central Pectoral girdle Scapula Scapula supporting axis of the Sternum Thoracic Ribs Humerus body cage Costal cartilages – Skull, vertebrae, Vertebral column sternum, ribs, Hip bone sacrum, and hyoid Pelvis Sacrum Ulna Coccyx Radius Carpus Metacarpal Appendicular bones Phalanges skeleton is colored green – Femur Pectoral girdle – Patella Upper extremity Fibula – Pelvic girdle Tibia – Lower extremity Metatarsal bones Tarsus Phalanges 8-3 Figure 8.1 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view  Bones of the Skeletal System Number of bones – 206 in typical adult skeleton Varies with development of sesamoid bones (patella) – Bones that form within some tendons in response to stress Varies with presence of sutural (wormian) bones in skull – Extra bones that develop in skull suture lines – 270 bones at birth, decreases with fusion Surface markings – Ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces 8-4  Anatomical Features of Bones Bone markings—ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces Ways to study bones – Articulated skeleton: held together by wire and rods, show spatial relationship to each other – Disarticulated bones: bones taken apart so their surface features can be studied in more detail 8-5  Anatomical Features of Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 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Lines Crest Sinuses Fovea Head Foramen Meatus Crest Head Trochanters Tubercle Process Condyle Alveolus Spine Foramen Tuberosity (a) Skull (lateral view) Line Process Spine Fossae Epicondyles Fossae Condyles 8-6 (b) Scapula (posterior view) Figure 8.2 (c) Femur (posterior view) (d) Humerus (anterior view)  The Skull Expected Learning Outcomes – Distinguish between cranial and facial bones. – Name the bones of the skull and the anatomical features. – Identify the cavities in the skull and in some of its individual bones. – Name the principal sutures that join the bones of the skull. – Describe some bones that are closely associated with the skull. – Describe the development of the skull from infancy through childhood. 8-7  The Skull Skull—the most complex part of the skeleton 22 bones joined together by sutures (immovable joints) 8 cranial bones surround cranial cavity which encloses the brain Other cavities—orbits, nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle- and inner-ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses 8-8  The Skull Paranasal sinuses—frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary – Lined by mucous membrane and air-filled – Lighten the anterior portion of the skull – Act as chambers that add resonance to the voice Foramina—holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels 14 facial bones support teeth, facial, and jaw muscles 8-9  The Skull Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity Ethmoid Frontal bone air cells Ethmoid bone Orbit Superior Zygomatic Nasal Middle bone conchae Inferior Maxilla Maxillary Vomer sinus Nasal cavity Oral cavity Mandible Figure 8.7 8-10  Cranial Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior cranial Frontal lobe fossa Temporal lobe Middle cranial fossa Cerebellum Posterior cranial Posterior cranial fossa fossa Middle cranial fossa Figure 8.9 Anterior cranial fossa (a) Superior view (b) Lateral view Cranium (braincase)—protects the brain and associated sense organs – Meninges separates brain from direct contact with bones—that is, dura mater – Swelling of the brain inside the rigid cranium may force tissue through foramen magnum (large hole, exit for spinal cord) resulting in death – Consists of two parts: calvaria (skullcap) and cranial base 8-11  Cranial Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 8.9 Anterior cranial Frontal lobe fossa Temporal lobe Middle cranial fossa Cerebellum Posterior cranial Posterior cranial fossa fossa Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa (a) Superior view (b) Lateral view Base is divided into three basins that comprise the cranial floor – Anterior cranial fossa holds the frontal lobe of the brain – Middle cranial fossa holds the temporal lobes of the brain – Posterior cranial fossa contains the cerebellum 8 cranial bones: 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid 8-12  The Frontal Bone Forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Coronal suture—posterior Glabella Supraorbital foramen boundary of frontal bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Supraorbital Supraorbital margin forms margin Squamous suture Temporal bone Sphenoid bone roof of the orbit Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Ethmoid bone Supraorbital foramen Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Inferior nasal provides passage for nerve, concha Maxilla Vomer artery, and vein Mandible Glabella—smooth area Mental protuberance Mental foramen above root of the nose Contains frontal sinus Figure 8.3 8-13  The Parietal Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Form most of cranial roof and Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone part of its lateral walls Sphenoid bone Nasal bone Occipital bone Bordered by four sutures Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic bone Maxilla – Sagittal: between parietal Temporal process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible bones Mental foramen (a) Right lateral view Figure 8.4a – Coronal: at anterior margin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. – Lambdoid: at posterior Anterior margin Frontal bone Coronal suture – Squamous: at lateral border Parietal bone Two temporal lines serve as Sagittal suture attachment of the temporalis Sutural bone muscle Parietal foramen Lambdoid suture 8-14 Occipital bone Posterior Figure 8.6  The Temporal Bones Lateral wall and part of floor Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture of cranial cavity Parietal bone Frontal bone Temporal lines – Squamous part Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Encircled by squamous Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Nasal bone suture Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Temporal process Styloid process Mandible Mandibular condyle Mental foramen – Tympanic part (a) Right lateral view Figure 8.4a External auditory meatus Styloid process 8-15  The Temporal Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. – Mastoid part Coronal suture Frontal bone Mastoid process Parietal bone Temporal lines – Mastoiditis from ear Lambdoid suture Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bone infection Occipital bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Infraorbital foramen Mastoid notch Stylomastoid foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Temporal process Mastoid foramen Styloid process Mandible Mandibular condyle Mental foramen (a) Right lateral view Figure 8.4a 8-16  The Temporal Bones – Petrous part Part of cranial floor Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diploe (spongy bone) Crista galli Frontal bone Cribriform plate Separates middle from Cribriform foramina of ethmoid bone posterior cranial fossa Houses middle- and inner- Sphenoid bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Temporal bone ear cavities Receptors for hearing and Internal acoustic meatus Petrous part of temporal bone Jugular foramen Parietal bone Groove for venous sinus Foramen magnum sense of balance Occipital bone Internal auditory Hypoglossal canal meatus—opening for CN (b) Superior view of cranial floor VII (vestibulocochlear Figure 8.5b nerve) Carotid canal Jugular foramen 8-17  The Temporal Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Squamous suture Squamous part Mastoid part Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid notch External acoustic Mastoid process meatus Styloid process Tympanic part (a) Lateral surface Squamous suture Squamous part Zygomatic Petrous part process Internal acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process 8-18 (b) Medial surface Figure 8.10  The Occipital Bone Rear and base of skull Foramen magnum holds spinal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. cord Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Basilar part, thick median plate Zygomatic bone Intermaxillary suture Skull rests on atlas at occipital Palatine bone Zygomatic arch Greater palatine foramen Posterior nasal Medial pterygoid plate condyles aperture Vomer Lateral pterygoid plate – Condylar canal, posterior to Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum each occipital condyle Styloid process External acoustic meatus Basilar part of occipital bone Carotid canal Occipital condyle Hypoglossal canal transmits Mastoid process Mastoid notch Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Temporal bone hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Condylar canal Parietal bone Mastoid foramen supplying tongue muscles Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line External occipital External occipital Superior nuchal line protuberance Occipital bone protuberance for nuchal (a) Inferior view ligament Figure 8.5a Superior and inferior nuchal lines mark neck muscles 8-19  The Sphenoid Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lesser wing Dorsum sellae Greater wing Superior orbital Body fissure Foramen Foramen ovale rotundum Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate Pterygoid processes Body (b) Posterior view Figure 8.11b Greater wing Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diploe (spongy bone) Lesser wing Frontal bone Crista galli Optic foramen Cribriform plate Cribriform foramina of ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Sella turcica Temporal bone Anterior clinoid Internal acoustic meatus Petrous part of temporal bone processes Jugular foramen Parietal bone Groove for Foramen magnum venous sinus Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone Superior orbital fissure (b) Superior view of cranial floor Figure 8.5b 8-20  The Sphenoid Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Optic foramen Hypophyseal fossa Lesser wing Foramen Greater wing Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Anterior clinoid rotundum process Dorsum sellae Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen ovale (a) Superior view Figure 8.11a Foramen lacerum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior nasal Diploe (spongy bone) apertures or Crista galli Cribriform foramina Frontal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone choanae Optic foramen Sphenoid bone Medial pterygoid Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Sella turcica Temporal bone plate Internal acoustic Lateral pterygoid Petrous part of meatus temporal bone Jugular foramen Parietal bone Groove for venous sinus Foramen magnum Occipital bone plate Hypoglossal canal Figure 8.5b Sphenoid sinus (b) Superior view of cranial floor 8-21  The Sphenoid Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 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Coronal suture Frontal bone Incisive foramen Palatine process Parietal bone Sphenoid sinus of maxilla Squamous suture Frontal sinus Intermaxillary suture Zygomatic bone Crista galli Palatine bone Occipital bone Zygomatic arch Cribriform plate of Greater palatine foramen Temporal bone ethmoid bone Posterior nasal Sella turcica Medial pterygoid plate aperture Lambdoid suture Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Lateral pterygoid plate Internal acoustic meatus Vomer Jugular foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Hypoglossal canal Foramen spinosum Vomer Mandibular fossa Foramen lacerum Palatine process Styloid process Styloid process Basilar part of of maxilla Mandibular foramen External acoustic meatus occipital bone Maxilla Occipital condyle Carotid canal Palatine bone Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Mandible Mastoid notch Jugular foramen Mental spines Temporal bone Foramen magnum Condylar canal Mastoid foramen (b) Median section Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line Figure 8.4b Superior nuchal line Occipital bone External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view Figure 8.5a Sphenoid sinus 8-22  The Ethmoid Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Supraorbital foramen Orbital plate of frontal bone Roof of orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Zygomatic process of frontal bone Optic foramen Greater wing of Lateral wall sphenoid bone of orbit Medial Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Anterior cranial bones wall Frontal process of maxilla Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital located between the fissure Orbital process of Infraorbital eyes palatine bone Contributes to medial Floor of foramen orbit Orbital surface of maxilla wall of orbit Figure 8.14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral walls and roof of Cribriform plate nasal cavity, and nasal Cribriform Crista galli septum foramina Orbital plate Three major portions of Superior Ethmoidal nasal concha this porous, delicate cells Middle bone Perpendicular nasal concha Perpendicular plate plate forms superior two-thirds of nasal septum Figure 8.12 8-23  The Ethmoid Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Crista galli Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid sinus Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Squamous suture Cribriform foramina Frontal sinus Nasal bone Sella turcica Crista galli Nasal conchae: Occipital bone Cribriform plate of Superior Temporal bone ethmoid bone Middle Sella turcica Lambdoid suture Perpendicular plate Sphenoid sinus Inferior Internal acoustic meatus of ethmoid bone Jugular foramen Nasal cartilages Nasal bone Occipital bone Hypoglossal canal Vomer Palatine process Styloid process Sphenoid bone of maxilla Mandibular foramen Anterior nasal spine Maxilla Palatine bone Incisive foramen Palatine bone Figure 8.4b Mandible Mental spines Lacrimal bone Maxilla Lip Incisor (b) Median section Figure 8.13 Cribriform plate—forms roof of nasal cavity – Crista galli: attachment point for meninges – Cribriform (olfactory) foramina Labyrinth—large mass on each side of perpendicular plate – Ethmoidal cells make up the ethmoid sinus – Orbital plate 8-24  The Ethmoid Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Crista galli Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid sinus Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Squamous suture Cribriform foramina Frontal sinus Nasal bone Sella turcica Crista galli Occipital bone Nasal conchae: Cribriform plate of Superior Temporal bone ethmoid bone Middle Sella turcica Lambdoid suture Perpendicular plate Sphenoid sinus Inferior Internal acoustic meatus of ethmoid bone Jugular foramen Nasal cartilages Nasal bone Occipital bone Hypoglossal canal Vomer Styloid process Palatine process Sphenoid bone of maxilla Mandibular foramen Anterior nasal spine Maxilla Palatine bone Incisive foramen Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Lip Mandible Maxilla Incisor Mental spines (b) Median section Figure 8.4b Figure 8.13 Superior and middle nasal conchae—scroll-like plates project into the nasal fossa Inferior nasal concha—separate bone Three chonchae occupy most of the nasal cavity, create turbulence of airflow, humidify air before it reaches the lungs 8-25  Facial Bones Facial bones (14)—those that have no direct contact with the brain or meninges – Support the teeth – Give shape and individuality to the face – Form part of the orbital and nasal cavities – Provide attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication 2 maxillae 2 nasal bones 2 palatine bones 2 inferior nasal conchae 2 zygomatic bones 1 vomer 2 lacrimal bones 1 mandible 8-26  The Maxillae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Supraorbital Glabella foramen Parietal bone Coronal suture Supraorbital margin Squamous suture Temporal bone Largest facial bones Sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bone Forms upper jaw and meets at Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic bone Inferior nasal median intermaxillary suture Vomer concha Maxilla – Alveolar processes: bony points Mandible Figure 8.3 between teeth Mental foramen Mental protuberance – Alveolus: sockets that hold teeth Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Intermaxillary suture Zygomatic arch Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Posterior nasal Medial pterygoid plate aperture Vomer Lateral pterygoid plate Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Styloid process Basilar part of External acoustic meatus occipital bone Occipital condyle Carotid canal Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid notch Jugular foramen Temporal bone Foramen magnum Condylar canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipital bone (a) Inferior view 8-27 Figure 8.5a  The Maxillae Cont. Forms inferomedial wall of orbit – Infraorbital foramen – Inferior orbital fissure Forms most of the hard palate – Palatine process – Palate: forms roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavity – Incisive foramen – Palate allows us to chew while breathing – Cleft palate and cleft lip 8-28  The Maxillae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus Figure 8.8 Figure 8.8 Maxillary sinus fills maxillae bone Larger in volume than frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses 8-29  The Palatine Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. L-shaped bone Crista galli Frontal bone Cribriform plate Form the posterior Frontal sinus Cribriform foramina Nasal bone Sella turcica Nasal conchae: portion of the hard Sphenoid sinus Superior Middle Inferior palate Occipital bone Nasal cartilages Sphenoid bone Part of lateral nasal Anterior nasal spine Palatine bone Incisive foramen Lacrimal bone Lip cavity wall Maxilla Incisor Figure 8.13 Part of the orbital Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Supraorbital foramen Orbital plate of frontal bone floor Roof of orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Zygomatic process of frontal bone Optic foramen Greater wing of Lateral wall sphenoid bone of orbit Greater palatine Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Medial Lacrimal bone wall Superior orbital fissure Frontal process of maxilla foramina Inferior orbital fissure Orbital process of palatine bone Infraorbital Floor of foramen orbit Orbital surface of maxilla Figure 8.14 8-30  The Zygomatic Bones Forms angles of the cheekbones and part of Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture lateral orbital wall Frontal bone Zygomaticofacial Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bone foramen Lacrimal bone Zygomatic arch is Squamous suture Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Mastoid process Styloid process Maxilla Temporal process Mandible formed from temporal Mandibular condyle (a) Right lateral view Mental foramen process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic Figure 8.4a process of temporal bone 8-31  The Lacrimal Bones Form part of medial Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. wall of each orbit Coronal suture Smallest bone of skull Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Squamous suture Temporal bone Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomaticofacial foramen Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic bone houses lacrimal sac Mastoid process Styloid process Maxilla Temporal process Mandible in life – Tears collect in Mandibular condyle Mental foramen (a) Right lateral view lacrimal sac and drain Figure 8.4a into nasal cavity 8-32  The Nasal Bones Forms bridge of nose Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Supraorbital Supports cartilages Glabella foramen Parietal bone Coronal suture Supraorbital that shape lower Squamous suture margin Temporal bone portion of the nose Sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Often fractured by Infraorbital foramen Inferior nasal concha Maxilla blow to the nose Vomer Mandible Mental protuberance Mental foramen Figure 8.3 8-33  The Inferior Nasal Conchae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Three conchae in the Crista galli Frontal bone nasal cavity Cribriform plate Cribriform foramina Frontal sinus Nasal bone Sella turcica – Superior and middle are Nasal conchae: Superior Middle part of the ethmoid Sphenoid sinus Occipital bone Inferior Nasal cartilages bone Sphenoid bone Anterior nasal spine Palatine bone Incisive foramen Lacrimal bone Lip Maxilla Incisor Inferior nasal concha is a separate bone Figure 8.13 – Largest of the three 8-34  The Vomer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Inferior half of the Parietal bone Frontal bone Sphenoid sinus nasal septum Squamous suture – Superior half formed Frontal sinus Crista galli Occipital bone by perpendicular Cribriform plate of Temporal bone ethmoid bone Sella turcica Lambdoid suture Perpendicular plate Internal acoustic meatus of ethmoid bone Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Nasal bone