Honors Biology 1st Semester Exam Study Guide PDF

Honors Biology 1st Semester Exam Study Guide \*Final Exams begin on December 16th. The test will consist of approximately 75 questions, which you will have an hour to complete (with an additional 30 minutes allotted as extra time to finish). \*The final exam is worth 15% of your grade. \*Study re...

Honors Biology 1st Semester Exam Study Guide \*Final Exams begin on December 16th. The test will consist of approximately 75 questions, which you will have an hour to complete (with an additional 30 minutes allotted as extra time to finish). \*The final exam is worth 15% of your grade. \*Study resources include: notes, past study guides, textbook, worksheets/assignments, Quizlet, Gimkit, Quizizz, and any previously posted youtube videos) \*Also ask questions about the material in class and through e-mail () **Final Exam Topics:** ***[Unit 1:]*** Foundations of Life (MDHS Honors Biology Textbook Ch. 1): o Experimental design ▪ Hypothesis ▪ Independent vs. dependent variables ▪ Controls o Hypothesis vs. theory vs. law o Characteristics of life Chemical Basis of Life (MDHS Honors Biology Textbook Ch. 2) o Atoms & Elements ▪ Protons, neutrons, electrons ▪ Charges of atomic particles ▪ Atomic number ▪ Mass number ▪ Valence electrons o Compounds ▪ Ionic bonding ▪ Covalent bonding o Properties of water ▪ polarity o Acids and bases ▪ pH scale ▪ common acids and bases ▪ the higher the H+ ion concentration, the lower the pH (acids have more H+ ions) o Organic compounds ▪ lipids ▪ nucleic acids ▪ carbohydrates (covered in detail in Cellular Energetics lecture notes) monosaccharides o Glucose ▪ formula ▪ importance disaccharides polysaccharides uses o Proteins (covered in detail in Cellular Energetics lecture notes) ▪ primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures ▪ denaturing o Enzymes (covered in Cellular Energetics lecture notes) ▪ activation energy ▪ protein structure o Chemical equations ▪ Reactants ▪ Products ***[Unit 2:]*** Cell Structure and Function (MDHS Honors Biology Textbook Ch. 3, "Cell Structure and Function" Lecture Notes): o History of the Cell Theory ▪ Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schwann, Schleiden, Virchow ▪ Cell theory o Prokaryote vs. eukaryote ▪ similarities? ▪ differences? o Animal cell vs. plant cell o Organelles ▪ nucleus, ribosomes, cell wall, nucleolus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, centrioles, lysosomes, nuclear envelope, cytoskeleton o Plasma membrane ▪ characteristics ▪ components phospholipids proteins o Transport ▪ active vs. passive ▪ diffusion ▪ osmosis ▪ facilitated diffusion ▪ active transport ▪ bulk transport (endocytosis & exocytosis) o Solutions ▪ Definition ▪ Solute ▪ Solvent o Hypertonic vs. hypotonic vs. isotonic ▪ definitions ▪ examples ***[Unit 3:]*** Cellular Respiration (MDHS Honors Biology Textbook Ch. 4, o Metabolism o Exergonic vs. endergonic reactions o ATP "Cellular Energetics" Lecture Notes) ▪ importance ▪ structure ▪ high-energy bonds ▪ ATP/ADP cycle o Overall equation ▪ reactants ▪ products o Glycolysis ▪ what are the reactants? ▪ what are the products? ▪ how many ATP are made? ▪ activation energy o Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration ▪ role of oxygen ▪ fermentation o Krebs cycle ▪ what are the reactants? ▪ what are the products? ▪ how many ATP are made? ▪ how many turns does it take? ▪ why is it a cycle? o Electron transport chain ▪ what are the reactants? ▪ what are the products? ▪ how many ATP are made? Photosynthesis (MDHS Honors Biology Textbook Ch. 5, "Cellular Energetics" lecture notes) o Autotrophs vs. heterotrophs o Overall equation o Leaf structure ▪ stomata o plant pigments ▪ chlorophyll absorbs? reflects? ▪ carotenoids o Oxidation-reduction ▪ what is oxidized? ▪ what is reduced? o Light-dependent reactions ▪ where does this occur? ▪ cyclic vs. non-cyclic electron flow ▪ what are the reactants? ▪ what are the products? ▪ chemiosmosis function? location of H+ ions, ATP synthase, ATP o Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions) ▪ where does it occur? ▪ what are the reactants? o Photorespiration ▪ what is it? ▪ what are the adaptations that some plants use to avoid it? ***[Unit 4:]*** The Cell Cycle (MDHS Honors Biology Textbook Ch. 6; Cell Cycle Lecture Notes) o Chromosomes o Interphase ▪ G1,S,G2 o Mitosis ▪ Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase o Cytokinesis o Meiosis ▪ Meiosis I and II o Differences between mitosis and meiosis o Haploid and diploid o Karyotypes - Cancer - Cell Cycle Regulation - P53 - CDK - Kinases