Biology Honors Semester Exam Review Guide 2024 PDF

**Biology Honors Semester Exam Review Guide 2024** ================================================== *This review sheet is to be used as a **guide** to help you study for the midterm exam. Follow this guide as you go through your notes, handouts, labs, and e-text. There is nothing magical about th...

**Biology Honors Semester Exam Review Guide 2024** ================================================== *This review sheet is to be used as a **guide** to help you study for the midterm exam. Follow this guide as you go through your notes, handouts, labs, and e-text. There is nothing magical about this review sheet. If you have made review guides for each of the previous chapters those would be helpful. Be able to apply the information and give examples. Making a Quizlet with just definitions or passively reading and re-reading the e-text and powerpoints would not be sufficient. [Applied definitions are best!] **Use the practice questions in MasteringBiology or at the end of each chapter.** Watch videos (Amoeba Sisters, Bozeman Science, Khan Academy) for the concepts with which you are less confident. Make graphic organizers or concept maps. Highlight, color-code, add additional notes and diagrams! You will need to study all of your notes and put forth your best effort. I know you can all be successful. Good luck!* **Here is a [sample] of information for each chapter\...** **[Chapter 1 ]** ---------------------------- **Sections 1.1 What is Life** - Define sexual and asexual reproduction. Be able to give an example of each. - Define cell. - Define homeostasis and recognize examples of homeostasis - Define metabolism- how does this relate to energy? - Define and give examples of autotrophs and heterotrophs. - Define organism - Define biology - Characteristics of Life and examples of each (Figure 1.1) **Section 1.4-1.5 The Process of Science** - Be able to analyze a controlled experiment and apply all parts of the scientific process. What is the important quality of a controlled experiment? - Know the difference between qualitative and quantitative measurements. - Be able to define and recognize a hypothesis and the manipulated and responding (independent and dependent) variables in an experiment, as well as valid Claim/Evidence/Reasoning from an experiment or case study. **Ch 1 Review Questions- Level 1 (\#1-6), Level 2 (\#8-9), Level 3 \#16** [Chapter 2 The Chemical Basis of Life] -------------------------------------------------- **Sections 2.8-2.14** - Review Figure 2.8 Structure of Water - Know types of bonds that connect one water molecule to another and bonds that connect oxygen to hydrogen within a water molecule - What makes water a polar compound? (Properties of oxygen like *electronegativity*) - What are cohesion, adhesion, surface tension and capillary action? How/why do they occur? - Be able to interpret the pH scale and use it to identify substances as an acid or base (neutralization reactions - antacid lab) **Ch 2 Review Questions Level 1 (\#6), Level 3 (\#14)** **[Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells]** **Sections 3.1-3.8, 3.12-3.14** - What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? - What is difference between a monomer and a polymer? - Hydrolysis/dehydration synthesis -- what happens and what is formed? - For each of the biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins/enzymes, and nucleic acids): - Most important [functions ] - Components. EX: carbohydrates consist of C,H,O (What is the ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a Carbohydrate?) - Examples [ ] of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (storage form and structural forms of carbohydrates in plants and animals), lipids and proteins - Know functions of different types of polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, glycogen - Importance of protein folding & structural levels (primary -- quaternary) and consequences of denaturation. **Ch 3 Review Questions Level 1 (\#2, 4, 5), Level 2 (\#8, 9), Level 3 (\#18)** **[Chapter 4 Tour of the Cell & Chapter 5 Working of the Cell]** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Sections 4.2-4.18** - What types of cells have cell walls? Which have cell membranes? - Know the importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratio to cell size and division. ***(Discussed in class with Chapter 8 -- understand concepts from Beets and Bleach activity)*** - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes - Define - Examples of each cell type. - Similarities and differences (Venn Diagram) - Organelles and their functions in an animal cell and a plant cell (mostly matching organelle with function) - Recognize that cells vary in the number/type of organelles depending on the function/purpose of the cell - Recognize the statements that make up the cell theory **Ch 4 Review Questions Level 1 (\#3-7), Level 2 (\#8-14)** **Section 5.1 (components of plasma membrane)** - Components of the plasma membrane - Which sides are hydrophobic and which hydrophilic? - Understand the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane (Visualizing the Concept Figure 5.1) & how concepts from Cell Membrane Bubble Lab and Bioman Cell Defense activity relate **Section 5.3-5.9** - How does cellular transport allow the cell to maintain homeostasis? - Define diffusion and osmosis - Define selectively permeable. What types of substances is the cell membrane permeable to? - How does concentration and concentration gradient effect the rate of diffusion? - Define hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. Be able to identify and recognize examples of each type of solutions. These questions will be mainly application. - Be able to analyze a situation and tell whether water is lost, or gained (hypotonic or hypertonic) - What is the difference between active and passive transport? What processes are passive and what processes are active? - What is an example of active transport? - Define facilitated diffusion and give an example of this process. What are examples of substances that would enter by facilitated diffusion? - What are aquaporins used for? What type of cellular transport are they used for? - Define cell lysis, turgid, flaccid - Osmosis Pivot lab - Why is the concept important for cells? - Identify types of cellular transport based on a diagram or written scenario (demos in class) **Section 5.12 -- 5.13 ATP and How Enzymes work** - Define phosphorylation. Recognize which bonds are broken/made to release energy in a diagram of ATP/ADP. - What is the importance of ATP to the working cell? - How does the hydrolysis of ATP harvest energy? - Know how enzymes work (active site, substrate, and catalyst, induced fit) - Identify enzyme, substrate, and products from a graph of a reaction over time - Characteristics of Enzymes (Ex. Proteins, not consumed by the reaction) and analyze a graph to determine ideal conditions for enzyme activity - Review the main ideas from the lab - liver enzyme catalase. How do enzymes react under different environmental conditions? What causes enzymes to denature? What does this have to do with the folding of proteins? - Know the effects of enzymes on activation energy and the rate of a reaction. **Ch 5 Review Questions- Connecting the Concepts \#2, Level 1 (\#3-8), Level 2 (\#11), Level 3 (\#15)** **[Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Energy & Chapter 7 Photosynthesis]** ***Focus on the main ideas and not the details.*** **Sections 6.1-6.8, 6.11; Sections 7.2-7.5** - Which processes of respiration are aerobic? Which processes are anaerobic? - In which organisms does aerobic respiration take place? - Which processes produce ATP? How much? - Where do Glycolysis, fermentation, Krebs cycle, and ETC+Chemiosmosis (Oxidative Phosphorylation) occur in Cellular Respiration? - What's the order of the processes in cellular respiration? - What is the role of NADPH/ NADP+? - Where does the Light-Dependent and Light-Independent (Calvin Cycle) reaction take place in the cell during Photosynthesis? - What is the purpose of the electron transport chain? - What molecule is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration and the importance of this? - What are the requirements for photosynthesis? - What are the products of photosynthesis? - Be able to recognize the equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration and identify reactants (substrate) and products - What is the ultimate source of energy for photosynthesis? What energy transformations take place during cellular respiration and photosynthesis? - How can measuring products/reactants of photosynthesis or cellular respiration be an indicator the reaction is occurring? - What are the products from the light reaction? Light Independent reaction? - Major events occur during the light reaction of photosynthesis? - Major events occur during the light independent reaction of photosynthesis? - How are the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? **Photosynthesis Lab Activities and Cellular Respiration demos (bromothymol blue)** - Major concepts/takeaways from each **Review Questions** **Ch 6 Level 1 (\#2, 4),Level 2 (\#7)** **Ch 7 Connecting the Concepts \#1, Level 1 (\#2-6)** [Chapter 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance] -------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Sections 8.1,8.3-8.10** - Define: - Interphase (G1, S, G2) - Cell Division - Parent Cell/ Daughter Cell - Chromatin - Chromosome - Sister Chromatids - Centromere - Centrioles - Spindle Fibers (Microtubules) - What is the relationship between genes, chromosomes and nucleotides, chromatin - Know the stages/phases of the cell cycle and what happens in each stage? Recognize stages from a diagram. - Events in mitosis (this will be in matching form) - Recognize stages of mitosis based on a diagram or picture - How many chromosomes are in each body cell (somatic cell) - What is the goal or importance of mitosis to an organism? What is the result of mitosis? - What is cancer (tumor)? What is apoptosis? How are those concepts related? - Know the importance of Surface to Volume Ratio to cell size and division. ***(from Chapter 4)*** **Section 8.12-8.16** - Define: - Gametes - Haploid - Diploid - crossing over - homologous pairs - tetrads - zygote - What is the function of meiosis? - What is the location of meiosis in cells? - How many chromosomes are in each gamete (sex cell) after meiosis? - During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up? What phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur? Why is this important? - Recognize stages of meiosis based on a diagram or picture **Review Questions Connecting the Concepts \#1, Level 1 (\#2-4), Level 2 (\#7-10)** [Chapter 10 ] ------------------------- **Sections 10.1 -- 10.5** - Structure of DNA - History of DNA (Franklin, Watson & Crick) - Edpuzzle - Chargaff's Rule (Base pairing rule) - Purpose of DNA (What does it code for)? - Monomers of DNA (nucleotide structure) - Deoxyribose vs Ribose structure (numbering carbons) - Role of DNA polymerase - Role of DNA helicase - Role of DNA ligase - Leading and lagging strands - Okazaki fragments - Replication fork - Hydrogen bonds - What is the process of replication? - Where does DNA replication take place in the cell? - What determines the genetic code of an organism? - What are the differences in DNA and RNA? **Section 10.6 -- 10.15** - Know that DNA codes for proteins - Know steps and purpose of Transcription & Translation - Be able to transcribe a sequence of DNA to mRNA - How is mRNA processed before leaving the nucleus? (introns, exons, splicing) - Define Codons and anticodons -- where are they found and what is the purpose? - Recognize in a picture and identify function of tRNA, mRNA and structures involved in protein synthesis (Figure 10.11A) - What is the relationship between DNA, RNA, proteins, and genes (Central dogma)? - Define gene. - Know how to read a codon chart to translate a sequence of mRNA to amino acids - What is the function of transcription, translation and replication? Where in the cell do these processes take place? - How many codons make up an amino acid? - What organelles are involved in protein synthesis? **Concept and conclusion from BioBits lab activity** **Ch 10 Review Questions Level 1 (\#2,3,4), Level 3 (\#8)**