Biology Honors Final Exam Objectives 2024 Semester 1 PDF

Biology Honors Final Exam Objectives Semester 1, 2024 Unit 1, Part 1 & 2 – Life Traits and Cells 1. List and provide an example for the characteristics of life (REACH ‘N GRO). Reproduce-The cells are splitting so they are reproducing Energy- They cells are moving around so they have energy Adaptatio...

Biology Honors Final Exam Objectives Semester 1, 2024 Unit 1, Part 1 & 2 – Life Traits and Cells 1. List and provide an example for the characteristics of life (REACH ‘N GRO). Reproduce-The cells are splitting so they are reproducing Energy- They cells are moving around so they have energy Adaptation- the human has adapted to hotter temperatures so they are able to survive in hot weather Cells- The Fish has cells Homeostasis-My internal body temperature rises to fight of my fever Nucleic Acid- I have DNA In my cells Growth and Development- i am way bigger than i was when i was a baby Response-i responded when i touched the hot stove Organization-i have a heart and arteries which make me able to move 2. Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells with eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are usually smaller have no ribosomes and no nucleus but were the first cells on this earth Eukaryotic cells are bigger than prokaryotic and have ribosomes and a nucleus usually you see these cells in animals and other multicellular organisms 3. Discuss the structure and function of the major cell parts visible with a compound microscope, including cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, DNA, cytoplasm, chloroplast, and vacuole. The cell membrane is around the cell and manages what goes in and out of the cell Cell wall is only in plant and bacterial cells and protects the cell from the outside environment and and provides it structural support Nucleus is in the cell and controls the cell and stores DNA DNA is what stores all the genetic information of the cell and the organism Cytoplasm is all around the cell and keeps all the organelles where they belong Chloroplast are green spots in the plant cell and are what make photosynthesis happen Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell and makes the cell work ribosome is what has the cells proteins and are all around the cell vacuole is what stores waste and manages it 4. Recognize and describe the differences between plant and animal cells plant and animal cells are different because animals cells are closer together use photosynthesis and are in plants and animal cells are spread apart don't do photosynthesis and are in animals. Unit 2 – Inquiry in Science and Ecology Part 1 1. Explain the difference between an observation and an inference. An observation is anything detected with your senses and a inference is an educated guess 2. Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data is numerical evidence and Qualitative data is non numerical data 3. Write hypotheses and predictions. Amount of water will affect the plant's growth. If a plant is watered less then it will grow slower. 4. Identify constants as well as independent and dependent variables in experiments. The experiment is how the water will affect plant growth Independent variable: The amount of water given to each plant Dependent variable: Plant growth 5. Differentiate between a control group and an experimental group. A Control group is the group of the experiment that the variable is not being tested and a Experimental group is the group being tested 6. List and define the five different levels of organization that ecologists use to study environments. Organism- One Single living thing Population- the amount of individuals in the same species Community- a group of 2 or more organisms that occupy the same geographical area Ecosystem- All living and nonliving things in an area biome- A Group of ecosystems that all have certain characteristics to group them together Biosphere- A global ecosystem that all groups together with biotic and abiotic factors 7. Differentiate between abiotic and biotic factors and provide examples of both. Biotic is living like a cow pig or human Abiotic is non living like the sun 8. Describe how organisms respond to changes in the environment. Be sure to define tolerance, acclimation, and conformer vs. regulator. They use Tolerance which is a certain range of environmental conditions an organism can survive in they can also acclimate which is adjustments made by an organism to extend its tolerance range to help them survive and organisms can be conformers (aka. Cold blooded animals) and regulators (aka. Warm Blooded animals) and they can use all of these skills to increase their chances of survival and reproduction 9. State the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs make their own food for energy and Heterotrophs eat other organisms for energy 10. Differentiate between the various types of consumers. an herbivore eats plants, a carnivore eats animal, a omnivore eats plants and animals, and a decomposer eats dead things 11. Interpret a food chain and food web and label the various trophic levels. Flower→ Butterfly→Frog→Heron arrows show energy transfer 1st T level 2nd t level 3rd t level 4th t level t level= Trophic level (didn't have enough room) arrows show transfer of energy and the trophic levels show the different animals 12. Describe the transfer of energy from one trophic level to another, and explain the 10% rule. the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next can be done by eating and photosynthesis and when that energy is transferred most of the energy is wasted (90%) from use by the organism so approximately 10% is transferred ergo the 10% rule 13. Identify the key organisms necessary for a successful transfer of energy & the cycling of mater in any ecosystem. the key organisms necessary for for a successful transfer are the producers and the decomposers 14. State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis. the balanced equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2+6H2O—>C6H1206+6O2 15. State the balanced chemical equation cellular respiration. C6H12O6+602—->6CO2+6H2O+38 ATP Unit 3 – Community Interactions and Population Growth and Changes in Communities 1. Describe the three main measures of population: size, density and the three patterns of dispersion. Population size is the number of individuals in a population Population is the amount of individuals in a species in a specific area Population Density is measurement of amount of population in a specific area The 3 Patterns of dispersion are Random (they are all around and don't have a distinct formation) Uniform(They are equally spaced apart) and Clumped (They are in clumps together around the area). 2. Identify the four processes that determine population growth: immigration, birth, emigration, and death, and explain the impact of each on population size. immigration is Moving to a new area Emigration is individuals moving out of a population birth is being born death is dying immigration and birth can increase the population and emigration and death can decrease the population 3. Compare the exponential model and the logistic model of population growth. The Exponential Model will have much more of a steep increase in growth but the logistical will have more of a part that it is exponential growth but then it will level out (carrying capacity) the exponential model will look like a J in the graph and the logistic model will have more of an S curve to it 4. Describe the factors that contribute to exponential and logistic population growth. Exponential growth is the result of unlimited resources and logistical growth is a result for a limited resources 5. Define carrying capacity and its impact on populations. Carrying capacity is the number of organisms that an ecosystem can consistently support it can impact population growth by changing the amount of population there is because of how it is designed 6. Identify density independent limiting factors and explain how they affect a population. A density independent factor is not influenced by the species size an example of density independent factor would be pollution because it doesn't have a difference with small density and large density 7. Identify density dependent limiting factors and explain how they affect a population. A density dependent factor is a factor that depends on the density of the population competition is a density dependent factor because when it is more dense there is more competition for the same limited resources 8. Explain competition and predation as ways in which organisms interact. Competition is when 2 or more organisms compete for the same resources Predation is when predators hunt prey for food and resources they can react by displacement which is when a organism is moved by competition or predation and it could also lead to living beside each other 9. Compare parasitism, mutualism and commensalism and state how these symbiotic relationships impact populations. Parasitism is where one organism benefits and the other is harmed, Commentisism is where one benefits and the other is neither harmed or benefited and mutualism is where they both benefit from them. They can affect populations by helping to thrive the population or harm it. they impact populations by making relationships and being able to survive 10. Define biodiversity and describe threats to biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety of of organisms in a population and that can be affected by competition, and invasive species 11. Describe how to measure species richness and species evenness. To get richness you have to count the numbers of species present and to get evenness you have to find the relative abundance of each species 12. Describe succession and distinguish between primary and secondary succession. Succession is when a series of events by witch life established in a barren area or runs out after a disaster usually it is very gradual. primary is when it is taken down to the bare rock of the ecosystem and secondary is when the soil is still there and the organisms have a starting point Biology Honors Final Exam Vocabulary Semester 1, 2024 Unit 1 Parts 1 & 2 Adaptation -a change to a organism with different conditions Cell- the building blocks of any living organism Cell Membrane-used to manage what goes in and out of the cell Cell Wall- protects and supports the cell Chloroplast-what makes photosynthesis for a plant cell Cytoplasm-what keeps the organelles in place and provides structure for the cell Energy-power to be able to live and survive Eukaryote- a cell with dna and a nucleus Growth & Development-An organism growing over time Homeostasis-the ability to maintain a stable internal environment Nucleus- the brain of the cell and stores the DNA Nucleic Acid-the genetic material that makes you who you are Organelle- a part of the cell Organization-an organized group of thing to make a big assembly Prokaryote- a cell with no DNA or Nucleus Response-a verbal or nonverbal answer to something Reproduction-the process by which by making a copy of something Stimulus-a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in a organ and a tissue Vacuole- what stores and manages the waste products of the cell Unit 2 Abiotic-Nonliving Acclimation-the process or result of becoming accustomed to a new climate or to new conditions Adaptation-a change to a organism with different conditions ATP-is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level Autotroph-An organism that makes its own food Biotic-living Carbon Dioxide-a clear gas composed of one atom of carbon (C) and two atoms of oxygen (O) Carnivore-an organism that eats meat Cellular respiration-The process that cells use to make energy for animals and other living things (not plants) Chlorophyll-Found in plants that give them their color Chloroplast-A part of the cell that is responsible for photosynthesis Climate- long term conditions of a biome Community-a group of interdependent organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat Conformer- change because of change in environment Constants-something the same with everything in a experiment Consumer-an organism that gets energy from eating other organisms Control Group-a group or individual used as a standard of comparison for checking the results of a survey or experiment Decomposer-an organism that get energy from breaking down matter Dependent variable- the variable that's depended on the other variables Ecosystem- a group of organisms all living in the same area Energy pyramid-model that shows the flow of energy from one trophic level to another Experimental Group-the group in a experiment that is getting changed Food chain-model that shows flow of energy in a group of organisms Food web-many food chains that are together to show relationships between organisms Glucose-what gives plant color Herbivore-an organism that eats plants Heterotroph-an animal that eats other organisms for food Hypothesis- a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. Independent variable the changing part of an experiment Inference- an educated guess Mitochondria-the powerhouse of the cell Observation- a idea from your senses Omnivore-an organism that eats producers and other organisms Oxygen-A gas that humans use to breathe Photosynthesis-the process by which plants use sunlight to make energy and oxygen Population- amount of individuals in an area Product-end substances after a biological process has occurred Qualitative data-any non numerical data Quantitative data- data with numbers Reactant-A starting material for a chemical reaction Regulator-a person or thing that regulates something Response-a change to something Sunlight Energy-energy from the sun Tolerance- the ability or willingness to tolerate something, Trophic level -Hierarchy level in a ecosystem Water-Water Unit 3 Biodiversity-Different kinds of life you can find in a ecosystem Carrying capacity-The number of organisms that a ecosystem can support Commensalism-Where one species get something good from another and the other species is neither good or bad Competition-A relationship between two or more organisms that are fighting over the same limited resources Density-The number of individuals in a certain area Dispersion-Arrangement of individuals in a certain area (EX. clumped, random, uniform) Emigration- The process by which a organism leaves a habitat Exponential model-A model that shows exponential growth usually in a J shape Immigration-When a organism moves into a community Limiting Factor-a factor that limits the population growth Logistic model-A model that shows a slight increase with small exponential growth periods Mutualism-A relationship between organisms that BOTH benefit from it NicheThe job/role of an organism in its environment (ex. types of food an organism eats or what an organism does for survival. Parasitism-A relationship between organisms that one benefits from and harms the other Population- The number of individuals in an community Predation-The predator hunting a prey Species diversity - Measures species richness and evenness Species evenness-Relative abundance of each species Species richness -Number of species present Succession-Succession is when a series of events by witch life established in a barren area or runs out after a disaster Symbiosis-Ecological relationship between different species