History101 Notes Week 6 (1) PDF

30s, 40s, & 50s 1930s Clarence Birdseye (?) ○ Businessman & inventor ○ Best known for developing a process for retail frozen foods Founded the Birds Eye Frozen Food Company Al Capone/ Scarface ○ Chicago Prohibition-era gangster/...

30s, 40s, & 50s 1930s Clarence Birdseye (?) ○ Businessman & inventor ○ Best known for developing a process for retail frozen foods Founded the Birds Eye Frozen Food Company Al Capone/ Scarface ○ Chicago Prohibition-era gangster/ biggest gangster Organized crime, narcotics trafficking, robbery, bootlegging, prostitution Bootlegging: selling alcohol illegally ○ Caught because of tax evasion Sent to Alcatraz Suffered from long-term syphilis & transferred to Terminal Island Prison ○ Broken out by _______ ○ Last picture: smoking in nightgown and fishing ○ Frank Wilson Accountant Found out Al Capone wasn’t paying income taxes Evita Peron ○ Helped enact a number of reforms & policies ○ Helped bring about the passage of Argentina’s women's suffrage law Don’t cry for me, Argentina Death: cervical cancer Favorite flower- rose For 3 days, Argentina didn’t have any roses ○ More popular than husband, Juan Person ○ 9th grade high school dropout 1st amendment → balance test between state & individual and clear & present danger 14th amendment → most recited amendment ○ 3 clauses: due process, equal protection, privileges John Scopes trial ○ Practiced and preached evolution Man is not created by God but came out of the sea as some type of a fish that progressed into an ape that progressed into a man BEAR MARKET/ BULL MARKET ○ Stock market is doing bad / good SOCIAL SECURITY ACT ○ Roosevelt’s crowning achievement as president ○ Elderly couldn't pay for their physician/ medical treatment ○ 1.5% investment, general return is 5-7% ○ Medicare  What was the first cartoon? ○ Steamboat Willie (Mickey Mouse) by Walt Disney Immigration act of 1924 ○ Ends restriction of putting a limitation of number of people who can enter America What city became the capital of the movie industry? ○ Hollywood ○ Made 800 movies a year President during fireside chats? ○ Roosevelt Most famous romantic actor of the silent film era, “Latin Lover” ○ Rudolph valentino Charlie chapman ○ Was called little tramp because he dressed like one Percent of people unemployed in America ○ 33% Involved stocks that needed rules and regulations with the stock market ○ SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) (?) 3 nightmares of Roosevelt ○ The Great Depression ○ Dust Bowl ○ WWII 1940s (WWII) Most notable thing is WWII ○ Germany giving problems The bad guys of WWII ○ Germany, Italy, Japan (axis powers) Later joined: Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Croatia Allied powers: UK, US, Soviet Union, France, China Hitler wanted to control Europe ○ Brainwashed them into believing he was a god and that Germany will be the greatest for 1000 years ○ Inject himself with bull sperm ○ Never learned to drive ○ Claim to fame: Mein Kampf (book) ○ Gave his men meth, making them angry & sleepless Allowed them to fight day & night aggressively Said it was a supplement ○ Needed someone to blame  Blamed Jewish people for the economic situations Winston Churchill ○ Prime Minister of UK during WWII ○ Lead UK to victory over axis powers America wanted to stay out of the war but didn’t because Japan bombed Pearl Harbor ○ Japan was the ally of Germany that sent us into WWII (Atlantic Ocean & Pacific Ocean?) ○ One of the greatest tragedies in american history 2400 people died Japanese people living in America were giving secrets to Germany and Japan 1942 - Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, held in favor of the US ○ Led to forced relocation of ~120,000 Japanese Americans ○ America confined them in internment camps in Washington DC Camps had barbed wire, german shepherds, & armed guards ○ Bill Clinton becomes president Gives every person affected $20,000 (Reagan??) Komesut (?) How long did the Great Depression last? (Roosevelt) ○ 10 years ○ Was supposed to be the war that ends all wars ○ Philippines, Guam, & Wake Island (& Midway Atoll?) Japan attacked US territories shortly after Pearl Harbor attack Wanted more land Captured Wake Island in 2 weeks, others in following days Campaign of double v ○ Women picked up the slack ○ Victory of enemies at home & victory overseas G.I. Bill of Rights ○ If you went to war, the government gave you certain rights Free education, housing, healthcare for the rest of your life Discount for mortgages & on a loan to start a business ○ Quid pro quo Japan knew everything because they planned everything a year ahead ○ Wasn't going to end, we had to take drastic measures Atomic bomb made by J. Robert Oppenheimer Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 ○ Aug. 6: Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima 90,000-166,000 died from bombing ○ Aug. 9: Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki ~60,000-80,000 died from bombing  ○ → “black rain” that was radioactive → develop cancer → more people died Truman became president after Roosevelt was torn on the atomic bomb droppings ○ If you were in a plane and participated, you had an 80% chance of not coming back/ 20% chance of survival Death total: ~75 million (?) (20 million military personnel & 40 million civilians) ○ 135,000 - America ○ 200,000 - UK ○ 9 million (?) - Soviet Union ________ won because of overproduction & mass goods ○ Allied powers? America? FACTS ABOUT WWII (from website) 1.5 million children died during The Holocaust 12 million people died in concentration camps The longest battle was the Battle of the Atlantic Country with largest number of WWII casualties was Russia: over 21 million Russians were involved in the last days of the war taking over Berlin ○ Discrete by wearing white to blend in the snow Hitler and wife committed suicide at the end ○ Hitler first with a bullet to the head then wife Wasn't quite sure because of there being doubles of people German war soldiers dressed as Jewish people to escape Hitler/ Nazis murdered about 11 million people ○ 6 million Jews & 6 million homosexuals Japanese kamikaze pilots → suicide attack on ships & enemy targets Construction of the Jeep to transport troops & supplies Nuremberg trials ○ Defense: “we were just following orders” WWII ended on September 2, 1945 ○ Japan signed the Instrument of Surrender agreement One of the developments that came out of WWII ○ Blood transfusions - saved thousands of lives WWII hamburgers were called “liberty steaks” to avoid sounding German Sanity becomes reality Hitler kept a framed photo of Henry Ford on his desk ○ Ford kept a photo of Hitler on his desk Out of 40,000 soldiers on U-Boats, only 10,000 returned A lot of German nazis ended up in Argentina Tokyo would’ve been the 3rd city bombed if necessary Hitler responsible for Volkswagen for his own people Hitler’s nephew was in the US Navy  Hitler has to convince German people that he was the best thing since microwavable popcorn and _________ Hitler’s 2 brainstorms: ○ 1. He killed all the professors at universities so that people would learn history ○ 2. He takes over the newspapers and publishes whatever benefits him/ so they wouldn’t learn anything he didn’t want them to What developed during the Cold War? communism? ○ Containment theory - goal of Truman & Eisenhower Prevent the spread of communism after the end of WWII To block expansion of Soviet power ○ Domino theory - Truman & Eisenhower believed if one country became communist, other countries would follow What were the 3 ○ Live in democracy state, socialist state, or Housing Act of 1949 – signed by Truman ○ 18,000 homes built because people were coming home & getting married ○ Close to $1 million in housing ○ Goals were to establish national housing policy & provide a decent home & suitable living environment 1950s Battle in Korea / Battle of Osan ○ First time America becoming involved in an Asianic battle ○ First time America gets involved in military action dealing with communism ○ Division of North/South Korea 38th parallel that divided North Korea & South Korea One of the things that takes place internally in America ○ Construction of roadways and freeways Levitt housing/ Levittown ○ Affordable houses ○ Can be built in 16 minutes 1950s - California is the place to live ○ 1958 - NY Dodgers come to california and become LA Dodgers ○ 1961 - Minnesota Lakers become LA Lakers  ○ Disneyland Hernandez v Texas ○ Hispanic community called upon to serve as jurors in trials Called on but never selected There was discrimination against hispanics to serve on jury duty Supreme community ruled that ______ Voir dire - “to speak the truth” Peremptory challenge - right to remove certain jurors without reason Typical American family ○ Father, mother, & 2 children 1950s - golden era of America ○ Tv dinners - swanson tv dinners US Constitution Notes (For Quiz 4) FASCINATING FACTS ABOUT THE US CONSTITUTION, pgs. 25-29 The U.S. Constitution has 4,440 words. ○ It is the oldest and the shortest written constitution of any major government in the world. Of the spelling errors in the Constitution, "Pensylvania" above the signers' names is probably the most glaring. Thomas Jefferson did not sign the Constitution. He was in France during the Convention, where he served as the U.S. minister. ○ John Adams was serving as the U.S. minister to Great Britain during the Constitutional Convention and did not attend either. The Constitution was "penned" by Jacob Shallus, a Pennsylvania General Assembly clerk, for $30 ($1,027 today). Since 1952, the Constitution has been on display in the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C.. ○ Currently, all 4 pages are displayed behind protective glass framed with titanium. ○ To preserve the parchment's quality, the cases contain argon gas and are kept at 67 degrees Fahrenheit with a relative humidity of 40 percent. Constitution Day is celebrated on September 17, the anniversary of the day the framers signed the document. The Constitution does not set forth requirements for the right to vote. As a result, at the outset of the Union, only male property-owners could vote, African Americans were not considered citizens, and women were excluded from the electoral process. ○ Native Americans were not given the right to vote until 1924. James Madison, "the father of the Constitution," was one of the first to arrive in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. ○ Arrived in early May bearing the blueprint for the new Constitution. Of the 42 delegates who attended most of the meetings, 39 actually signed the Constitution. ○ Edmund Randolph & George Mason of Virginia and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts refused to sign due in part to the lack of a bill of rights. When it came time for the states to ratify the Constitution, the lack of any bill of rights was the primary sticking point. The Great Compromise saved the Constitutional Convention, and, probably, the Union. Authored by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman, it called for proportional representation in the House, and 1 representative per state in the Senate (this was later changed to 2.) ○ The compromise passed 5-to-4, with one state, Massachusetts, "divided." Patrick Henry was elected as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, but declined, because he "smelt a rat." Because of his poor health, Benjamin Franklin needed help to sign the Constitution. As he did so, tears streamed down his face.  Gouverneur Morris was largely responsible for the "wording" of the Constitution, although there was a Committee of Style formed in September 1787. The oldest person to sign the Constitution was Benjamin Franklin (81). The youngest was Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey (26). When the Constitution was signed, the US population was 4 million. It is now more than 334 million. ○ Philadelphia was the nation's largest city, with 40,000 inhabitants. A proclamation by President George Washington and a congressional resolution established the first national Thanksgiving Day on November 26, 1789. ○ The reason for the holiday was to give "thanks" for the new Constitution. The first time the formal term "The United States of America" was used was in the Declaration of Independence. It took 100 days to actually "frame" the Constitution. There was initially a question as to how to address the President. The Senate proposed that he be addressed as "His Highness the President of the United States of America and Protector of their Liberties." Both the House of Representatives and the Senate compromised on the use of "President of the United States." James Wilson originally proposed the President be chosen by popular vote, but the delegates agreed (after 60 ballots) on a system known as the Electoral College. Although there have been 500 proposed amendments to change it, this "indirect" system of electing the president is still intact. George Washington and James Madison were the only presidents who signed the Constitution. In November of 1788 the Congress of the Confederation adjourned and left the US without a central government until April 1789. ○ That is when the first Congress under the new Constitution convened with its first quorum. James Madison was the only delegate to attend every meeting. He took detailed notes of the various discussions and debates that took place during the convention. ○ The journal that he kept during the Constitutional Convention was kept secret until after he died. It (along with other papers) was purchased by the government in 1837 at a price of $30,000 ($841,000 today). ○ The journal was published in 1840. Although Benjamin Franklin's mind remained active, his body was deteriorating. He was in constant pain because of gout and having a stone in his bladder, and he could barely walk. He would enter the convention hall in a sedan chair carried by 4 prisoners from the Walnut Street jail in Philadelphia. As Benjamin Franklin left the Pennsylvania State House after the final meeting of the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787, he was approached by the wife of the mayor of Philadelphia. She was curious as to what the new government would be. Franklin replied, "A republic, madam. If you can keep it." On March 24, 1788, a popular election was held in Rhode Island to determine the ratification status of the new Constitution. ○ The vote was 237 in favor and 2,945 opposed!  The members of the first Congress of the US included 54 who were delegates to the Constitutional Convention or delegates to the various state-ratifying who opposed ratification. ○ The number also included 7 delegates who opposed ratification. Vermont ratified the Constitution on January 10, 1791, even though it had not yet become a state. The word "democracy" does not appear once in the Constitution. There was a proposal at the Constitutional Convention to limit the standing army for the country to 5,000 men. ○ George Washington sarcastically agreed with this proposal as long as a stipulation was added that no invading army could number more than 3,000 troops! John Adams referred to the Constitution as "the greatest single effort of national deliberation that the world has ever seen" and George Washington wrote to the Marquis de Lafayette that "It (the Constitution) appears to me, then, little short of a miracle." The Pennsylvania State House (where the Constitutional Convention took place) was where George Washington was appointed the commander of the Continental Army in 1775 and where the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. It was also where the Articles of Confederation were adopted as our first constitution in 1781. To amend the Constitution, a proposal must gain the support of 2/3 of the House and Senate, and 3/4 of the states. ○ As a result, of the thousands of proposed amendments, only 27 have passed. Amendments must be proposed either by a 2/3 vote in Congress, or by Constitutional Convention. Such a convention can only be held if 2/3 of the states' legislatures support it. During an event to celebrate the Constitution's Sesquicentennial in 1937, Harry F. Wilhelm recited the entire document through the newly added 21st Amendment from memory. He then obtained a job in the Sesquicentennial mailroom! AMENDMENTS PROPOSED BUT NEVER RATIFIED, pg. 57 One of the enduring features of our Constitution is its flexibility ○ At the time of its ratification, US population was ~4 million (334+ million today) ○ From the time of its adoption (1787?), the Constitution has changed 27 times Since 1791 (with Bill of Rights included) it has only changed 17 times– extraordinarily, in the light of radical shifts in technology, infrastructure, population, and other changes that have occurred in this country during the last 200 some years Framers of the Constitution realized that no document could cover all changes that would take place in the future ○ To ensure its longevity, they developed procedures for amending it To pass an amendment, a number of steps must be taken as outlined in Article V of the Constitution The article provides 2 methods for proposal & 2 methods for ratification of an amendment An amendment may be proposed by a 2/3 vote of the House of Representatives & the Senate or a national convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of the state legislatures The latter procedure has never been used The amendment may then be ratified by 3/4 of the state legislatures (38 states) or special conventions called by the 3/4 of the states The 21st amendment was the only one to be adopted this way It is within the power of Congress to decide which ratification method will be used The time limit for the ratification process of 7 years was first applied to the 18th amendment ○ There have been 10,000+ amendments proposed in Congress since 1789 Less than 1% have received enough support to go through constitutional ratification process FASCINATING FACTS ABOUT THE SUPREME COURT, pgs. 77-78 When the 1st secession of the Court convened in 1790, the tradition of justices wearing wigs still lingered ○ Justice William Cushing was the only justice to arrive wearing the white wig he wore on the Massachusetts bench ○ The ribbing he took from boys outside the court turned the tide against the headgear, & he took Thomas Jefferson’s advice: “For heaven’s sake, discard the monstrous wig which makes the English judges look like rats peeping through bunches of oakum.” During the Supreme Court’s first term (1790) it had no docket & made no decisions ○ When the nation’s capital moved to Washington, D.C. in 1800, it did not even have a courtroom ○ Congress provided a small committee room in the Capitol basement, where the Court remained until the Civil War 1789: chief justice’s salary was $4,000 & associate justices was $3,500 ○ 2023: chief justice’s salary is $298,000 & associate justices is $285,400 The “conference handshake” tradition began with Chief Justice Melville W. Fuller in the late 1800s ○ Before taking their seats at the bench, each justice shakes hands with the others ○ The practice was a way to remind justices that they share a common purpose although different opinions William O Douglas was the longest serving justice who retired in November 1975 after 36 years & 6 months on the bench ○ John Rutledge had the briefest Court tenure Appointed chief justice and served for 4 months, at which point the Senate rejected his nomination Samuel Chase was the only Supreme Court justice to be impeached ○ The politically motivated charges failed in the Senate, however, in 1805 A Supreme Court term begins on the first Monday in October & runs through late June or early July ○ The term is divided between “sittings” for case hearings & opinion delivering, and intervening “recesses” for consideration of the business before the Court & opinion writing Sittings & recesses alternate every 2 weeks or so George Washington appointed the most Supreme Court justices (11) ○ Franklin D. Roosevelt came close with 9 appointments 2 Supreme Court justices have been featured on U.S. currency: ○ Salmon P. Chase on the $10,000 bill ○ John Marshall on the $500 bill Marshall was replaced by William McKinley (25th president) until bills were discontinued in 1969 William H. Taft was the only president to also serve as a Supreme Court justice Justice Byron (“Whizzer”) White is the only justice in the College Football HoF  Youngest Supreme Court appointee– Joseph Story (32) ○ Oldest sitting justice– Oliver Wendell Holmes, who served until he was 90 Jimmy Carter is the only president to serve a full term without nominating a Supreme Court justice Of all 1-term presidents, Taft appointed the most Supreme Court justices (6)