History Of Radiology PDF

BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION  Today, the emphasis on radiation control in diagnostic radiology has shifted back to protection of patients. Current studies suggest that even the low doses of x-radiation used in routine diagnostic procedures may result in a small incidence of latent harmful...

BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION  Today, the emphasis on radiation control in diagnostic radiology has shifted back to protection of patients. Current studies suggest that even the low doses of x-radiation used in routine diagnostic procedures may result in a small incidence of latent harmful effects. It is also well established that human fetuses are sensitive to x- radiation early in pregnancy.  As you progress through your training in radiologic technology, you will quickly learn how to operate your x-ray imaging systems safely, with minimal radiation exposures, by following standard radiation protection procedures. Radiation protection must be an important consideration during each x-ray procedure. Primary Radiation Protection Devices Filtration Metal filters, usually aluminum or copper, are inserted into the x- ray tube housing so that low-energy x-rays are absorbed before they reach the patient. These x-rays have little diagnostic value. This reduces the patient exposure. Collimation Collimation restricts the useful x-ray beam to that part of the body to be imaged and thereby spares adjacent tissue from unnecessary radiation exposure. Adjustable light-locating collimators are the most frequently used collimating devices. Collimation also reduces scatter radiation and thus improves image contrast. Intensifying Screens They absorb X-rays that pass through the patient's body and convert this X-ray energy into visible light. This light then exposes the radiographic film, leading to image formation. This process reduces patient exposure to X-rays while shortening exposure times, which is particularly important for minimizing patient motion Artifacts during the exposure. Protective Apparel, Gonadal Shield, Protective Barrier Lead-impregnated material is used to make aprons and gloves worn by radiologists and radiologic technologists during fluoroscopy and some radiographic procedures. Gonadal shields should be used with all persons of childbearing age when the gonads are in or near the useful x-ray beam and when use of such shielding will not interfere with the diagnostic value of the examination. The protective barrier is lead-lined and is equipped with a leaded- glass window. Under normal circumstances, personnel remain behind the barrier during x-ray examination. HISTORY OF RADIOLOGY HISTORY The earliest radiography involved the recording images onto glass photographic plates. The next leap in the progression of radiographic imaging – screen- film radiography- came in 1918 with the founder of Eastman Kodak Company, George Eastman’s introduction of film. At Present… Current radiography utilizes digital imaging and archiving technology with the use of PACS to record and store radiographic images electronically. Technological advancements have contributed to the continued evolution of medical imaging. TIMELINE ADVANCES IN RADIOLOGY 1895 X-rays are discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895, Germany. The first image captured was of his wife’s hand, showing its skeletal outline with a ring on one of her fingers. 1896 X-ray applications are being used as early as January. Concurrently, French physicist, Antoine-Henri Becquerel, discovers radioactivity. The radioactivity of uranium was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel who, starting from a wrong idea, progressively realized what he was observing, regularly informing the French Academy of Sciences of the progress he was doing. 1914-1918 Radiological equipment is used in field hospitals during World War I. Following Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x- rays in 1895, it became readily apparent that x- rays could be utilized in the localization of shrapnel, bullets, and broken bones seen in soldiers on the battlefield. localization of shrapnel, bullets, and broken bones seen in soldiers on the battlefield. 1914-1918 “The use of the X-rays during the war saved the lives of many wounded men; it also saved many from long suffering and lasting infirmity.”--Marie Curie This “petite Curie,” which brought X-rays to the Front in World War I, was displayed in Paris in 1998 during the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the discovery of radium. 1918 George Eastman introduces film, replacing radiographs made onto glass photographic plates. 1946 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is discovered independently by American physicists, Edward Purcell and Felix Bloch. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a dominant technique for determining the molecular structure, content, and purity of a sample. Medical practitioners employ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a multidimensional NMR imaging technique, for diagnostic purposes. 1955 Ian Donald, a Scottish physician, endeavors ultrasound in gynecology. Together with engineer Tom Brown, he develops a portable ultrasound machine. 1961 The first single-plane positron emission tomography (PET) scan is built by American James Robertson. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that uses a radioactive tracer to check for signs of cancer, heart disease and brain disorders. 1972 English electrical engineer, Godfrey Hounsfield, develops first clinical prototype of CT scanner. 1973 The first NMR image is published by American chemist, Paul Lauterbur. 1975- 1980 "Real-time" ultrasound machines are introduced. 1977 American physician, Raymond Damadian, completes the first MRI. Early 1980’s MRI scanners are installed in hospitals. 1990’s Ultrasound becomes a routine procedure in pregnancy as a means of monitoring the development and health of the fetus. 1991 The first functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain is conducted by Belliveau et al. 2000 The PET-CT scanner, attributed to David Townsend and Ronald Nutt, is named by TIME Magazine as the medical invention of the year. The International Day of Radiology (IDoR) is introduced. It is recognized on November 8 annually. 2012 2014 The University of Canterbury was granted $12 million to build the world's first human color X-ray scanner. The MARS scanner (color x-ray scanner) reveals much more than just bone fractures in its images, its efficiency could one day aid in cutting down hospital wait times. Intricate details such as fat and soft tissue can be revealed by using the world's first colour x-ray system. HOW HAS RADIOLOGY CHANGED OVER TIME? From image production with glass photographic plates to high resolution digital modalities that harness cutting edge technologies, medical imaging has transformed medicine and continues to revolutionize patient care delivery. HOW HAS RADIOLOGY CHANGED OVER TIME? PACS integrates seamlessly with other healthcare systems, allowing for streamlined workflows. It can communicate with RIS and Electronic Health Records (EHR), ensuring that patient information is readily available. RIS facilitates the creation and distribution of radiology reports, allowing for quicker communication of findings to referring physicians. By automating processes such as image acquisition, reporting, and patient tracking, these systems reduce turnaround times for imaging studies and reports, enhancing patient care. HOW HAS RADIOLOGY CHANGED OVER TIME? The combined data from PACS and RIS can be analyzed to identify trends, monitor performance, and implement quality improvement initiatives within radiology departments. In conclusion, the collaboration of PACS, RIS, and other technological solutions has transformed radiology into a more efficient, accurate, and patient-centered field. This integration enhances communication, streamlines workflows, and ultimately improves diagnostic and treatment outcomes in healthcare. THE PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY THE MAGNIFICENT SEVEN (1948) - DR. PATERNO CHIKIAMCO (PRESIDENT) - DR. RAMON PATERNO (SECRETARY) - DR. PAULINO J. GARCIA - DR. DANIEL LEDESMA, SR. - DR. CARLOS MARQUEZ - DR. CARLOS VERGEL DE DIOS - DR. HILARIO ZIALCITA DR. PATERNO CHIKIAMCO He was the first president of the Philippine College of Radiology. Considered as the “ Dean of Philippine Radiology. Served as the Department head of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (DRM) of the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) from 1937 to 1971. Together with Dr. Hilario Zialcita y Legarda, he organized the Philippine Radiology Society. Other active Radiologists in the Association Dr. Restituto Yuzon Dr. Aczona Dr. Macaria Roque (First Filipina Radiologist) PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGY In august 21, 1970, a new constitution and By Laws changed officially the name of the association to “Philippine College of Radiology.” First Filipino X-ray Technologists Felipe Somera – a nurse at the Philippine General Hospital - He was assigned by the Division of Nursing as a technician at the Physical Therapy, Radium and X-ray Section. - While working full time as an x-ray technician, he studied dentistry and eventually became a licensed dentist. - He remained with the x-ray department of the PGH until his retirement in the 1960s. Founding of the first formal school of x-ray technology education The practicing radiation workers in the Philippines (from Batanes to Jolo) learned the trade and become X-ray Technicians through: - Apprenticeship - Through the study grant for military personnel (AFP) to US military schools for X-ray Technicians Curriculum for X-ray Technology Formulated in 1969 by the officers of PHISMERT (Philippine Society of Medical Radiologic Technologists): - Mr. Norberto A. Palomo -Serafin P. Ocampo - Benjamin Hernandez - Jayne Villarino The curriculum was extracted from the curricula of Australia, England, Singapore and Japan First school of X-ray Technology in the Philippines Sept 9, 1969 - the approval to open the first school of x-ray technology at the Family Clinic and Hospital Nov. 30, 1969 - first day of class of 13 students (pioneer students) majority were already employed and working x-ray technicians in different agencies.  Luis M. Ibarra - army sergeant - fort Bonifacio Army Hospital Gregorio L. Dizon - X-ray Technician of FEU Hospital PIONEER EDUCATORS NORBERTOA. PALOMO- Principal/ Father of Radiologic Technology in the Philippines DR. JOSE T. GAFFUD-Radiologist, Professor ENGR. LUCIANO N. NIGUIDALA-physicist OSCAR A. ROMERO-legal officer-instructor SERAFIN P. OCAMPO- Radiologic Technologist-instructor ELSA AGUILA- Nurse-instructor DR. ROBERTO REODICA-Radiologist Bureau of Health Devices and Technology Formerly known as “Radiation Health Services” It was created in 1999 to perform the same function as BFAD (Bureau of Food and Drugs) but for medical devices. The BHDT conducts its own research on health technologies and medical devices and advices the Secretary of DOH for medical device policy. Due to the amendment of the Republic Act (RA) 3720, BHDT has a new official name - Center for Device Regulation, Radiation Health, and Research. (CDRRHR) RADIATION HEALTH SERVICE June 3, 1974 - Issuance of Presidential Decree 480 entitled Creating a Radiation Health Office (RHO) in the DOH with the appointment of Dr. Celia Anatalio as President. Appointed members of RHS were Mr. Oscar Fausto (first full time x-ray technologists of RHS), Mr. Luciano N. Niguidula (first Filipino medical Physicist), and Mr. Norberto Palomo. RADIATION HEALTH SERVICE One of the major activities of the RHS is the conduct of training courses and seminars for Radiologic/ X-ray Technologists. On July 14, 1974 the first qualifying examination for x-ray technicians (CSC eligible) was held. On Feb. 16, 1990 - Dr. Anatolio retired as RHS director for 40 years and was succeeded by Ms. Agnette P. Peralta. In 2001 the name of Radiation Health Service is changed into Bureau of Health Devices and Technology (BHDT). Radiologic Technology Act of 1992 It was signed into law by President Corazon C. Aquino thereby professionalizing Radiologic Technology. Formation of Groups and Associations of X-ray/ Radiologic Technologist Philippine Society of X-ray Technicians (PSXRT) Gilberto V. Palomique, RRT - President from 1954-1957 He became the officer in charge of the 2nd School of Radiologic Technology in the country - the Marian College late on renamed as Emilio Aguinaldo College. The association was in-active and died in natural death from 1958-1963 Philippine Society of Medical Radiologic Technologists (PHISMERT) Gilberto V. Palomique, RRT - President from 1964-1966 Philippine Association of Radiologic Technology, Inc (PART, Inc) -1973 to Present Fusion of three organization into one society (PHISMERT, PSRT, PIRT) which is now - PART, Inc. PHISMERT (Philippine Society of Medical Radiologic Technologists) with Mr. Norberto A. Palomo as president. PSRT (Philippine Society of Radiologic Technologists) with Mr. Gilberto Palomique as president. PIRT (Philippine Institute of Radiologic Technologists) with Mr. Almario Lutap as President Philippine Association of Radiologic Technology, Inc (PART, Inc) -1973 to Present Jose L. Cervantes, RRT (The first president of PART, Inc.) The term for office of elected officers of the association was for one (1) year. Philippine Society of Government Radiologic Technologist, Inc. (PSGRT, Inc) The association focused particularly on the Salary Standardization Law (SSL) problem faced by X-ray Technologists in 1991. On June 1992, the Association was formally registered by the Security and Exchange Commision. On Aug. 11, 1992, the association was affiliated with the Alliance of Health Workers. Philippine Federation of Professional Radiologic Technologists Inc. (PFPRT, Inc.) PFPRT, Inc is a non stock, non-profit corporation of PRC licensed RadTech's and X-ray Technologists duly registered with SEC under registry No. AMO 95-936. It was conceptualized in early 1994 when PSGRT and PART are discussing plans of merging and this was initiated by Dr. Jaime Tomas, Jr.  History of Board of Radiologic Technology in the Philippines  The board was created on Feb. 27, 1992 by virtue of Republic Act No. 7431 also known as the Radiologic Technology Act of 1992. The first chairman of the board is Mr. Fortunato C. Gabon Jr. The rules and regulations governing the examination, registration, licensure and practice of radiologic and x-ray technology was promulgated on Sept. 20, 1993. The board conducted its first fully computerized licensure examination on Dec. 27. 1993, the results were released on April 9, 1994. The second chairman of the board is Mr. Nicomedes M. Gopez.  The present chairman of the board is Mr. Reynaldo Apolonio S. Tisado. Members: Dr. Orestes P. Monzon, Mr. Bayani C. San Juan, Ms. Ma. Jesette B. Canales, and Mr. Roland P. Conanan. Qualifications of Board Members Each member of the Board shall at the time of his appointment: Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines; Be of good moral character; Be at least thirty (30) years of age; and Is neither a member of the faculty, whether full time, part time or lecturer, of any school, college or university where a regular course in radiologic technology is taught, nor has any pecuniary interest, directly or indirectly, in such institution during his term of office as a Board member. Three (3) members of the Board, including the Chairman, shall at the time of their appointment: Be radiologic technologist; and Have at least ten (10) years practice as radiologic technologists prior to their appointment; Provided, that the three (3) radiologic technologists appointed as members of the first Board shall be deemed automatically registered as radiologic technologists upon assumption of their duties as members One (1) member of the Board shall at the time of his appointment: Be a radiologist; and Has at least ten (10) years practice as a radiologist prior to his appointment. One (1) member of the Board shall at the time of his appointment: Be a medical physicist; and Has at least ten (10) years practice as a medical physicist Removal of Board Members Any member of the Board may be removed from office by the President upon the recommendation of the Commission for neglect of duty, incompetence or unprofessional, immoral, or dishonorable conduct, or commission or toleration of irregularities in the conduct of the examinations, after having been given the opportunity to defend himself in a proper administrative investigation conducted by the Commission.  Local and International Organizations in Radiology and Radiologic Technology Philippine Association of Radiologic Technologists (PART, Inc.) Jose L. Cervantes, RRT (The first president of PART, Inc.) Founded on May 1954 To practice Radiologic Technology in the Philippines, aside from passing the licensure examination, one must be an active member of PART, Inc. In 1969, PART became the 36th regular chapter member of the International Society of Radiographers and Radiologic Technologist. Accredited by the PRC in Sept. 1992. Philippine Federation of Professional Radiologic Technologists (PFPRT) Founded on Dec. 1993. This federation is composed of 3 sectoral organizations namely the PSGRT (Phil. Society of Government Radiologic Technologists), SPERT (Society of Privately Employed Radiologic Technologists), and PSRTP (Phil. Society of Radiologic Technology Professors). American Registry of Radiologic Technology (ARRT) Founded in 1992 by the Radiological Society of North America, with the support of the American Roentgen Ray Society and the American Society of X-ray technicians. The worlds largest credentializing organization that seeks to ensure high quality patient care in medical imaging, interventional procedures, and radiation therapy. They test and certify technologists and administer continuing education and ethics requirements for their annual registration. The registry was incorporated in 1936 as the American Registry of X- ray Technicians. Forty years after its founding, the Registry expanded its program of examination and certification and changed its name to American Registry of Radiologic Technology. Designation awarded by ARRT An ARRT certificate confers upon its holder the right to use the title "Registered Technologists" and its abbreviation "R.T. (ARRT) or "Registered Radiologic Assistant“ and its abbreviation "R.R.A. (ARRT)" in connection with his or her name. Unauthorized used of any of these registered trademarks constitutes trademark infringement and is subject to damages and court injunction. International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists (ISSRT) Fifteen (15) national societies formed the ISSRT in 1962. In 2006 it has grown to 80 member societies. The main objective of the organization is to assist the education of radiographers and to support the development of medical radiation technology worldwide. The first president of ISSRT is Ms. D. vn Dijk. 15 founder member societies nominated one person from its country to be their Council Member.