Radiation Protection Basics

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Questions and Answers

Who was the founder of Eastman Kodak Company who introduced film to radiography?

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

George Eastman (correct)

Antoine-Henri Becquerel

Marie Curie

What significant advancement in radiology was made in 1946?

Discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (correct)

Introduction of film for radiographic imaging

First use of X-rays in field hospitals

Development of digital imaging technology

Which application of X-rays became evident during World War I?

Localization of tumors

Diagnosis of infectious diseases

Identification of shrapnel and broken bones (correct)

Treatment of bacterial infections

What does PACS stand for in the context of current radiography?

Picture Archiving and Communication System Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered radioactivity in 1896, concurrent with the early use of X-ray applications?

Henri Becquerel Signup and view all the answers

What significant development in radiology occurred in 1961?

The first single-plane positron emission tomography (PET) scan was built. Signup and view all the answers

Which invention is attributed to David Townsend and Ronald Nutt?

PET-CT scanner Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique uses a radioactive tracer to detect signs of various diseases?

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Signup and view all the answers

How has ultrasound technology changed over the years?

Ultrasound became a routine procedure in pregnancy monitoring during the 1990s. Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of the PACS system in healthcare?

It allows for communication with RIS and EHR systems. Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the Father of Radiologic Technology in the Philippines?

Norberto A. Palomo Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the curriculum for X-ray Technology formulated by the officers of PHISMERT?

1969 Signup and view all the answers

What is the current name of the Bureau of Health Devices and Technology?

Center for Device Regulation, Radiation Health, and Research Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT one of the pioneer educators mentioned in the founding of X-ray technology education in the Philippines?

Celia Anatalio Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary training method for radiation workers in the Philippines before formal education was established?

Apprenticeship Signup and view all the answers

When did the first day of class for the first X-ray technology school occur?

November 30, 1969 Signup and view all the answers

Which presidential decree created the Radiation Health Office (RHO) in the Department of Health?

Presidential Decree 480 Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that automation in radiology has improved patient care?

Reduced turnaround times for imaging studies and reports Signup and view all the answers

What role did Dr. Paterno Chikiamco play in the Philippine College of Radiology?

First president Signup and view all the answers

Which technological solutions have contributed to enhancing communication in radiology?

Collaboration of PACS and RIS Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following was recognized as the first Filipina radiologist?

Dr. Macaria Roque Signup and view all the answers

How did the Philippine College of Radiology get its name?

The name changed officially with a new constitution and by laws in 1970 Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of analyzing combined data from PACS and RIS?

Helps identify trends and monitor performance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the Magnificent Seven in the field of radiology?

Dr. Restituto Yuzon Signup and view all the answers

What did Felipe Somera pursue in addition to his work as an x-ray technician?

Dentistry Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Radiation Protection

Emphasis in diagnostic radiology has shifted to patient protection
Current studies show low doses of X-rays can have latent harmful effects
Human fetuses are sensitive to X-radiation early in pregnancy

Radiation Protection Procedures

Radiologic technologists should learn to safely operate X-ray imaging systems with minimal exposures.
Radiation protection is crucial during each X-ray procedure.

Ten Commandments of Radiation Protection

Understand and apply the cardinal principles of radiation control: time, distance, and shielding.
Don't assume familiarity creates false security.
Never stand in the primary beam.
Always wear protective apparel when not behind a barrier.
Wear an occupational radiation monitor outside the protective apron.
Never hold a patient during the examination. Use mechanical restraints whenever possible or ask a family member to hold the patient.
If a person holds the patient, they must always wear a protective apron and gloves, if possible.
Use gonadal shields for reproductive-age individuals when interference with the examination is not an issue.
Avoid pelvic/lower abdominal examinations in pregnant individuals, particularly in the first trimester.
Always use the smallest possible field size for the examination.
Practice ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) to keep radiation exposures as low as possible.

Primary Radiation Protection Devices

Filtration: Metal filters (aluminum or copper) are inserted to absorb low-energy X-rays before they reach the patient. These low-energy rays have little diagnostic value, reducing patient exposure.
Collimation: Limits the X-ray beam to the area of interest, sparing adjacent tissues from unnecessary exposure. Adjustable light-locating collimators are commonly used. Collimation improves image contrast by reducing scatter radiation.
Intensifying Screens: Absorb X-rays and convert them into visible light, exposing the radiographic film. This reduces patient exposure while shortening exposure times. Minimizes motion artifacts during the exposure.

Protective Apparel, Gonadal Shields, Protective Barrier

Lead-impregnated aprons and gloves are worn by radiologists and radiologic technologists during fluoroscopy and certain radiographic procedures.
Gonadal shields should be used for individuals of childbearing age when the gonads are in the X-ray beam path. The use of shields does not interfere with the diagnostic value of the examination.
A lead-lined barrier with a leaded-glass window is used for personnel to remain behind during X-ray examinations.

History of Radiology

Early Radiology: Images were recorded onto glass photographic plates.
1918: Eastman Kodak introduced film, revolutionizing radiographic imaging
Present Day: Digital imaging and archiving technology (PACS) records and stores images electronically.

Timeline Advances in Radiology

1895: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays. The first image captured was of his wife's hand, showing its skeletal outline with a ring on one of her fingers.
1896: Antoine-Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity.
1914-1918: Radiological equipment was used in field hospitals to diagnose fractures, bullets and shrapnel of soldiers during World War I.
1918: George Eastman introduced film.
1946: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was discovered independently by American physicists.
1955: Ian Donald developed a portable ultrasound machine.
1961: The first single-plane positron emission tomography (PET) scan was built by American James Robertson.
1972: Godfrey Hounsfield developed the first clinical prototype of a computed tomography (CT) scanner.
1973: The first NMR image was published by American chemist Paul Lauterbur.
1975-1980: Real-time ultrasound machines were introduced.
1977: Raymond Damadian completed the first Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Early 1980s: MRI scanners were installed in hospitals.
1990s: Ultrasound became a routine procedure in pregnancy to monitor fetal development.
1991: The first functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain was conducted.
2000: The PET-CT scanner was named medical invention of the year by TIME magazine.
2012: The International Day of Radiology (IDoR) was introduced.
2014: The world's first human color X-ray scanner developed by the University of Canterbury.

Pioneers of Radiology

The Magnificent Seven (1948): Paterno Chikamingo (President), Ramon Paterno(Secretary), Paulino J. Garcia, Daniel Ledesma, Sr, Carlos Marquez, Carlos Vergel de Dios, and Hilario Zialcita
Dr. Paterno Chikamingo: First president of the Philippine College of Radiology

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental principles of radiation protection in diagnostic radiology. It emphasizes the importance of minimizing exposure and ensuring safety for both patients and radiologic technologists. Topics include the Ten Commandments of Radiation Protection and safe operating procedures.