The Science Of Radiology And Radiologic Technology PDF

THE SCIENCE OF RADIOLOGY AND RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY B Y: L A L A I N E Y Z A B E L A. G A R D E , R R T  LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Following the lecture, you are anticipated to: 1. Know the pioneers in radiology and describe their contribution to the field 2. Understand the histo...

THE SCIENCE OF RADIOLOGY AND RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY B Y: L A L A I N E Y Z A B E L A. G A R D E , R R T  LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Following the lecture, you are anticipated to: 1. Know the pioneers in radiology and describe their contribution to the field 2. Understand the history of X-ray discovery and its subsequent application in medicines as well as distinguish Radiology and Radiologic Technology MEDICAL SCIENCE - the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease - explains all aspects about current understanding on how the body works Radiology: A Historic Perspective  Pioneers of Radiology Archimedes Democritus Thales Explained the Described the Discovered some of reaction of solids materials as being the effects of electricity. when they are placed composed of in liquids. ultimate particles. Evangelista Torricelli Otto van Guericke Produced the first-recognized In 1646, he invented an air pump vacuum when he invented a that was capable of removing air barometer in 1643. from a vessel or tube. Robert Boyle Herman Sprengel He repeated Otto van Repeated the same experiment Guericke’s experiment in 1659. in 1865.  17th Century… William Gilbert of England Isaac Newton Extensively studied electricity and Built and improved the static magnetism. He was also noted for generator. inventing primitive electroscope. main interest: electricity Charles du Fay Abbé Jean-Antoine Nollet Worked with glass, silk, and Made a significant improvement in paper, distinguished two the electroscope. The electroscope different kinds of electricity. is a forerunner of the x-ray tube.  17th Century… Benjamin Franklin William Watson Conducted many electrical Demonstrated a current of electricity by experiments. Pioneer in electricity. transmitting electricity from a Leyden jar through wires and a vacuum tube. William Morgan Michael Faraday Noticed the difference in color of 1831- induced an electric current by partially evacuated tubes. moving a magnet in and out of a coil. Foundation of electromagnetic induction.  17th Century… Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff Johann Wilhelm Hittorf of Paris Conducted several experiments with Made significant improvements on cathode rays. induction coil. William Crookes Philipp Lenard Furthered the study of cathode rays and demonstrated that matter as emitted from the Furthered the investigation on cathode cathode with enough energy to rotate a wheel rays. placed within the tube. His study was a repeated experiment based on Hittorf’s work.  17th Century… William Goodspeed Johann Heinrich Schulze Produced a radiograph in 1890. However his He produced the first photographic copy achievement was recognized only in retrospect and after the discovery of x-rays. He of written material in 1727. was not credited with the discovery of x-rays. Richard Leach Maddox George Eastman 1871 - Greatly improved J.H. Schulze’s work 1884 - Produced and patented roll- by producing a film with a gelatin silver paper-film. bromide emulsion that has remained the basic component for film. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - Born on March 27,1845 in Lennep, a small town near the Rhine River in Germany. - Only child of Friedrich Conrad Roentgen, a textile merchant whose ancestors had lived in or near Lennep for several generations. - Wilhelm Roentgen married ANNA BERTHA LUDWIG in 1872. - 1888 - he was offered employment at the University of Wurzburg. This started his interest in cathode ray experiments using the Crookes tube until the discovery of x-ray.  Discovery of X-rays On November 8, 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x- rays while working in his modest laboratory at the university. While operating the Crookes tube at high voltage in darkened room, he noticed a piece of barium platinocyanide paper on a bench several feet from the Crookes tube. He observed a glowing or fluorescence of the barium platinocyanide after he passed a current through the tube for only a short period. He realized that the fluorescence was some kind of ray, rather than light or electricity, escaping the Crookes tube.  Discovery of X-rays Roentgen proved that he had produced some type of x-ray ( x being a mathematical symbol of an unknown quantity ) by continuously producing the fluorescent effect of the barium platinocyanide. By performing several more tests with the mysterious rays, he determined that the x-rays had a degree of penetrative power dependent on the density if the material.  Discovery of X-rays December 28,1895 - Roentgen submitted a report entitled, “On a new kind of rays” to the Wurzburg Physico-Medical Society. He realized that this new type of ray could potentially have a medical use. Putting this thought into action, Roentgen discovered that by placing his hand between the tube and a piece of cardboard coated with barium platinocyanide, he could actually visualize the bones of his hand, thus demonstrating the primitive fluoroscopic screen.  Discovery of X-rays He tried another experiment in which he convinced his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig to place her hand on a cassette loaded with a photographic plate upon which he directed the x-rays from the tube for approximately 15 minutes. Development of the plate proved again that Roentgen’s experiments were successful. The bones in his wife’s hand, as well as the two rings on her finger, were clearly visible.  Discovery of X-rays 1901 - Roentgen received the first Nobel prize in Physics in Stockholm and became a member of the Physical Society of Stockholm. 1902 - he received an invitation from the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D.C., to use its laboratory for special experiments, but he did not accept the invitation. February 10,1923 - Wilhelm Roentgen died in Munich.  Early Days in the Discovery Thomas Alva Edison - attempted to explain the nature of the rays to the citizens in the United States through newspapers. However, no one fully understood the effects of radiation. - He was one of the most knowledgeable on the subject, took notice and questioned the effects of x-rays. He complained that his eyes were sore and red after working with a fluorescent tube. Although it was not clearly established that this was caused by x-rays, later reports coming from other workers in his laboratory confirmed a direct relationship between their injuries and x-ray response.  Advanced Experimentation of the Roentgen Rays January 2,1896 - first known radiograph produced in the United States by Michael Idvorsky Pupin, a professor at Columbia University. Pupin’s production of the radiograph was thought to have occurred approximately 2 weeks after Roentgen discovered x-rays. Soon after the announcement of Roentgen’s discovery, Thomas Edison started his experiments with the roentgen rays. His primary concern was working with fluoroscopy. Edison discovered that calcium tungstate was a great improvement over barium platinocyanide. He immediately stopped all his research in fluoroscopy when one of his assistants, Clarence Madison Dally suffered severe radiation damage as a result of the work. Michael Idvorsky Pupin Clarence Madison Dally - first fatality in x-ray exposure  Advanced Experimentation of the Roentgen Rays The discovery of x-rays resulted to the discovery of radioactivity. Radioactivity – the property of certain elements to emit rays or subatomic particles spontaneously from matter. Three of the most prominent persons credited with this work were Pierre Curie, Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel. 1903 - the 3 scientists received the Nobel Prize for Physics  Advanced Experimentation of the Roentgen Rays Pierre Curie noticed that the radium killed diseased cells, which was the first suggestion of the medical utility of radioactivity. Marie Curie refined the knowledge of radioactivity and purified the radium metal. 1911 – Marie Curie received a Novel Prize for her work in chemistry. She continued to study radioactivity until she suffered a severe illness and required a kidney operation. After her health improved, she became acquainted with Albert Einstein and resumed her experiments with radium. Pierre Curie Marie Curie Henri Becquerel Nuclear Radiology – the branch of radiology using radioactive materials for medical diagnosis and treatment. 1932 - Ernest Lawrence invented cyclotron. A chamber that made it possible to accelerate particles to high speeds for use as projectiles. 1942 - Enrico Fermi made a significant breakthrough when he induced a successful chain reaction in a uranium pile at the University of Chicago. The result of this breakthrough were first demonstrated when atomic devices were detonated experimentally in 1945 at White Sands, New Mexico. Shortly thereafter, these devices were introduced as weapons when atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Ernest Lawrence Enrico Fermi Overview of the Application of Radiation in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy  X-ray Tube - An evacuated glass bulb with positive (anode) and negative (cathode) electrodes. The anode is an electrode toward which negatively charged electrons migrate. The cathode is a filament that gives off electrons when heated.  Digital Imaging - Equipment enhances images of the body. - Includes the ability to post-process images in a variety of ways to provide multiple views of an anatomy. - The images are stored in a computer and can be transferred to multiple locations on a network or sent via email. Computed Radiography - a digital way of doing general radiography with conventional x-ray machine - very similar to film-based systems, but instead of film, a photostimulable phosphor plate is used Digital Radiography - a term used to describe general radiography when the radiographic images are in digital form and are capable of being displayed on a computer monitor - Cassette is eliminated and replaced by an imaging plate that remains in place inside the x-ray table or wall bucky.  Film Screen Imaging - Uses intensifying screens. It is a sheet of plastic that is embedded with crystals called phosphors. - Approximately 95% if the image in film is made by light from the intensifying screens; only 5% of the image is made directly by the x- rays. - The x-ray film is a sheet of polyester plastic that is coated with a thin layer of gelatin and silver compounds.  Fluoroscopy - A type of medical imaging that shows a continuous X- ray image on a monitor, or live-action view of the interior of the body. During a fluoroscopy procedure, an X-ray beam is passed through the body.  Computed Tomography (CT Scan) - Refers to a computerized x-ray imaging procedure in which a narrow beam of x-rays is aimed at a patient and quickly rotated around the body, producing signals that are processed by the machine’s computer to generate cross-sectional images (slices) of the body - Slices are called tomographic images Specialized Imaging Equipment 01  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create images of the organs and tissues within the body Specialized Imaging Equipment 02  Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - A nuclear medicine functional imaging technique for metabolic processes/function in the human body - Uses a radiopharmaceutical agent injected into circulatory system to image the area of interest. Specialized Imaging Equipment 03  Nuclear Medicine - a medical specialty that uses radioactive tracers (radiopharma- ceuticals) to assess bodily functions and to diagnose and treat disease. Specially designed cameras allow doctors to track the path of these radioactive tracers. Specialized Imaging Equipment 04  Sonography - uses high frequency soundwaves to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time - Ultrasound probes utilize acoustic energy above the audible frequency of humans in order to produce images Specialized Imaging Equipment 05 ---END---