RAD 91 Summer 2024 Radiology Lecture Notes PDF

X Ray in the 8/03/20XX This Photo by Unknown Author PITCH DECK is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND begining 1 Lecture Notes:...

X Ray in the 8/03/20XX This Photo by Unknown Author PITCH DECK is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND begining 1 Lecture Notes: You are responsible for everything covered in class, including what is located in the textbook, and on the syllabus for this course. It is important to listen and learn to understand concepts and ideas for practical use in clinic, later in the program. Material for tests will be taken from the lecture power points and any additional information to be understood is taken from the text book. It is important to utilize the text book for further understanding thus you are able to ask specific questions in the classroom. There may be information on each quiz and tests from the textbook as well. RECAP INTORDUCTION: (not on quiz) X Ray in the beginning. Ch.1 pg. 4. Benjamin Franklin- Discovered Electricity William Watson- Discovery of Electrical Current 1 Michael Faraday- introduced the passing of electricity by passing magnet with field of a coil of wire. Pg. 4. William Goodspeed made actual first radiograph (hand seen above) on February 22, 1890. w/o publishing his work. Sir William Crookes, English physicist created the vacuum tube, named the crooks tube. Pg. 4 picture of the crooks tube. William Roentgen (picture above in slide) discovered “A” on the wall appearing from the Crookes tube in his lab in the early 1890’s, X is the unknown number. Thus, named the unknown source of energy, X-Ray. December 28, 1895, he published his report of the new findings. In, 1901 received the first Noble Peace Prize for the discovery of X Ray. At the same time, Thomas Edison developed the VITASCOPE….considered the first fluoroscopy tube. Fast Forward to 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack took the mathematical equition for X Ray and created a tube that encirclued the patient which today is known as CT, Computed Tomography. MRI was started in 1946, by Felix Bloch, Edward Pursell. Most recent advancement is PHOTON CT scanners….. The newest way to image the body with lowest dose. As technology advances the objective is now to produce the HIGHEST image quality for diagnosis at the same time the LOWEST dose to the patient.  PATIENT CARE IN IMAGING TECHNOLOGY Lecture Notes: Patient Care and Safety are number one in any facility or outpatient setting. Good patient care helps to prevent incidents and liability to the hospital. 2  CHAPTER ONE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AND WORKING IN A HOSPITAL The Health Care Team (pg. 11) Healthcare environment (pg. 5-7) Health Provider Organization (pg. 7-8) Accreditation (pg. 8-9) Professional Credentialing (pg. 9) Regulatory Agencies (pg. 9-10). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 4 Lecture Notes: Quiz and Final information begins with this slide. Health care team: Who are they? Everyone who works in the hospital, including housekeeping. Patient care is dependent on most healthcare professionals, Radiology, Respiratory, Nursing staff, Physicians, PA’s. Care for All patients. Healthcare Environment: Mission, Vision, Values of the organization are 4 critical for high quality of patient care. Why do we have Hospitals? To promote Health, prevent illness, promote wellness, education and research. Healthcare Organization and Elements of professionalism in healthcare: Positive attitude One who follows the Code of Conduct Arrives at work on time, daily. Doesn’t call out sick unnecessarily or regularly unless with an excuse from a physician or family emergency (managed by direct supervisor). Works well with other people, team player. Doesn’t gossip, stir the pot with rumors, or talk about politics or religion at work. Follows policy of department and hospital, which prevent harm to the patient, department, and employee. (We will review this in more detail during chapter 4, Ethics and Law in medical imaging).  ACCREDITATION TJC- The joint commission , DNV (Das Nors Veritas) and GACH Independent and not for profit to assist hospitals in compliance and patient safety measures for high standard of patient care. Accreditation effects hospital reimbursements Ability to maintain daily operations with standards of quality patient care. ACR- American College of Radiology AMA-American Medical association AHRA- American Hospital of Radiology Administrators Academic accreditation JRCERT- Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 7 Lecture Notes: ACR- Gold standard of accreditation. The largest and oldest accrediting body. Established in 1923 by Radiologist Albert Soiland. Non profit medical association that represents Radiologist, radiation oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians and medical physicists. Responsible for guiding radiology reimbursement and coding issues, legislation 7 and regulation.  PROFESSIONAL CREDENTIALING ASRT- American Society of Radiologic Technologists CSRT- California State of Radiologic Technologist ARRT- American Registry of Radiologic Technologist ACERT- Association of Collegiate Educators in Radiologic Technology AEIRS- Association of Educators in Imaging and Radiologic Sciences 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 5 Lecture Notes: ASRT CSRT ARRT- ACERT- AEIRS- 5 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 6 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This slide is for visual interest Not on quiz. 6  RADIOGRAPHER RESPONSIBILITIES Perform Radiographic examination Perform Patient Care and assessment Adhere to Radiation protection guidelines Follow Radiographer practice standards set forth by the ARRT/ASRT/HOSPITAL POLICY/ STATE LAWS See textbook display 1-3 pgs. 12-19, display 1-4 pg. 20, and display 1-5 pg. 22. Assist the Radiologist or Radiologist Assistant (RA) 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 7 Lecture Notes: Ch. 1 Pg. 11 Top right of text book. General requirements, skills and abilities to perform the position. Display 1-3 to 1-5. pgs. 11-19. 7  RADIOGRAPHER RESPONSIBILITIES Evaluate radiographic images Correctly document as required by policy and procedures of hospital, state and national practices. Provide patient and family education Demonstrate knowledge and use of contrast media and administration Follow established practice standards 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 8 Lecture Notes: Ch. 1 Pg. 11 Top right of text book. General requirements, skills and abilities to perform the position. Display 1-3 to 1-5. pgs. 11-19. 8  RADIOGRAPHER RESPONSIBILITIES Assist Radiologist in Procedures (UGI, BE, Lumbar Punctures, all radiographs performed) Apply Modern principals of Radiography and Radiation exposure (Rad 50) Understand and Demonstrate medical terminology , anatomy, physiology and pathology of imaging. Maintain HIGH level of accuracy in positioning and performing a Radiograph. Provide DIRECT patient care Evaluate equipment errors 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 9 Lecture Notes: Ch. 1 Pg. 11 Top right of text book. General requirements, skills and abilities to perform the position. Display 1-3 to 1-5. pgs. 11-19. 9  8/03/20XX This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC PITCH DECK 10 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This slide is visual Interest not on the quiz. 10  ASRT PRACTICE STANDARDS WHY do we need practice standards? Provide the standard of care Standard of care is defined as… What any prudent Radiologic Technologist would do for the patient in the same situation. Who enforces the practice standards? Supervisor/Employer/Hospital/ARRT 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 11 Lecture Notes: We will dive deeper into the standard of care in chapter 4, when we talk about ethics and medical Law in imaging. For this quiz understand how is it defined. Standard of Care is what any prudent Technologist would do in the same situation. Know and UNDERSTAND ALL practice standards for Quiz. Pg. 11-19. 11  ASRT PRACTICE STANDARDS 1. Assessment 2. Analysis and Determination 3. Education 4. Performance 5. Evaluation 6. Implementation 7. Outcomes Measurements 8. Documentation 9. Quality 10. Self- Assessment 11. Collaboration and Collegiality 12. Ethics 13. Research and Innovation and Professional 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 12 Ch. 1 Pgs. 18-23 Understand and know all practice of standards and scope of practice for the quiz. 12  REGULATORY AGENCIES FDA- Food and Drug Administration CDC- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NIOSH- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health CMS- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services AHRQ- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 13 Lecture Notes: Five regulatory agencies who provide oversight to the Health care system. FDA CDC NIOSH CMS AHRQ OSHA 13 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 14 This slide is for visual interest. Not on the quiz. 14  SCOPE OF PRACTICE Administer contrast agents enterally (BY mouth, G tube, J tube, for digestion), Parenterally (outside of intestine, i.e.. Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injections). Administer by hand into a iv site or with a power injector, as prescribed by a physician's order. (cystogram, retrograde cystogram). Applying principals of ALARA, minimize exposure to patients, self and others. Applying SAFETY for patients before, during and after all patient care exams or interactions. Assisting in maintaining medical records and HIPAA policy and procedures. Corroborating clinical history, documenting correct patient information for Radiologist and Medical records. 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 15 Lecture Notes: Each of these are important and ought to be clearly understood for the ARRT. Ch. 1 Pg. 20 Display 1-4 Scope of practice for Medical Imaging and Radiation therapy professionals. 15  SCOPE OF PRACTICE Educating other health care professionals and students. Evaluating Images for proper technical quality and ensuring proper identification is documented. Evaluate the images for proper diagnostic information. Identify and respond to emergency situations. (More in Ch. 9). Perform ongoing QA and QC of equipment. Perform Venipuncture as prescribed by physician for specific exam, protocol set by Radiologist. Post process imaging data. 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 20 Lecture Notes: Each of these are important and ought to be clearly understood for the ARRT. Ch 1 Pg. 20 Display 1-4 Scope of practice for Medical Imaging and Radiation therapy professionals. Are more images necessary to acquire all the anatomy or information for a diagnostic purpose; especially when pathology is seen by the Technologist. Patients will faint, vomit, spit, aspirate, code (cardiac arrest), have difficutly breathing, vasovagal reaction, become dizzy, become 20 combative, etc.… Understand QA and QC in other courses. Lead technologist and Supervisors will typically take care of this in a hospital facility. This responsibility comes with experience and willingness to learn more responsibilities as technologist.  SCOPE OF PRACTICE Prepare patients for Radiology exams and procedures. Provide patient education and optimal patient care. Receive, relay and document data into Electronic Health Record. (EPIC) Verify and archive data storage Verify informed consent for applicable Radiology procedures. 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 22 Lecture Notes: Each of these are important and ought to be clearly understood for the ARRT. Ch 1 Pg. 20 Display 1-4 Scope of practice for Medical Imaging and Radiation therapy professionals. Are more images necessary to aquire all the anatomy or information for a diagnostic purpose; especially when pathology is seen by the Technologist. Patients will faint, vomit, spit, aspirate, code (cardiac arrest), have difficutly breathing, vasovagal reaction, become dizzy, become 22 combative, etc.… Understand QA and QC in other courses. Lead technologist and Supervisors will typically take care of this in a hospital facility. This responsibility comes with experience and willingness to learn more responsibilities as technologist.  Normal Cervical spine radiograph 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 18 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This slide is for visual interest, not on the quiz. 18  8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 19 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This slide is for visual interest, not on the quiz. 19  SUMMARY RE-cap! Standard of Care Radiographer responsibilities ASRT practice standards Scope of Practice Accreditation Regulatory agencies 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 20 Review all areas of Chapter one which correlate with lecture slides for the quiz and final. 20  Don’t overschedule yourself Sleep, eat healthy food as much as possible, and hydrate regularly to maintain a healthy Immunity Don’t procrastinate with studying, this will increase anxiety. Prepare each week for clinical and courses, have a plan! Exercise Believe in yourself! This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC 8/03/20XX PITCH DECK 21 Ch.1 Pg 23-26 Other tips for a successful experience in the Radiology Program. This material is not on any quiz or final exam. 21