History Notes PDF

Days: Day 1: Of the people is events after 1877 Mary pickford is an autobiography written by a women (rare) about mary’s acting career and how she influenced the gilm industry Tammy picket is about tammany hall political machine Humans were around 2-3 mill bce From 2-...

Days: Day 1: Of the people is events after 1877 Mary pickford is an autobiography written by a women (rare) about mary’s acting career and how she influenced the gilm industry Tammy picket is about tammany hall political machine Humans were around 2-3 mill bce From 2-3 mill bce to 7000 bce, was the paleolithic era During this era humans behaved like animals The only history remaining from this era were legends from older members of the tribe As such, the oral history’s accuracy is vastly inaccurate 7000 bce is the neolithic revolution Greatest single achievement Featured the advancement of agriculture, cities, urban life, astronomy Developed the wheel Brought about recorded history Historians prefer this recorded history over oral paleolithic Second greatest acheivement is the industrial revolution around 1800 ce in great britain The civil war of the united states helped bring th IR to the US Within 4 decades the US quickly surpassed britain and became the greatest IR force This course goes over IR Historians value perspective and context SJ Harris wrote about unconscious bias Facts are the building blocks of truth The journal was about john hancock, it took a lot of courage to sign it because they could be hanged, he however singed very big It shows how the british perspective and american perspective would defer from unconscious bias, both are true, history must condense facts, which one are left out depend on bias Unconscious bias: - Nationality - Religion - Gender (pink collar ghetto, women couldn’t do much older) - Social class (wealth) historians is largely from lower social class bias  You have the freedom to form any opinion, just learn from the most accurate expert opinion Tips and tricks of professional readers - highlight things you don’t know - Relate book to class - Read the last chapter first The myth of laissez faire: There was an absence of government regulation C van Woodward - off all the nation of the Industrial Revolution, the US encouraged businesses the most Aids to businesses: absence of regulation - Corporate taxes did not exist - Just excise taxes ant bellum, civil war, post bellum era 1789-1861 (ante bellum era) corporations advantages that came from civil war Age Stock holding system equals enormous capital raising Limited liability The moderate corporate system allowed , finished hallowed economic theories That threatened to rise over Americas traditional democratic values First major industry after they war was railroad the importance of railroad corp - miles of track over the years greatly increased, from 35 to 200 thousand - Largely because of the standard gauge, one consistent width so there wasn’t different widths of tracks - Before the civil war this wasn’t a thing (ante bellum era) - Post civil war was the post bellum era aids to business 2 Credit + land Aided the railroad business Land was given by the feds in a checkerboard 1 square mile squares This refutes laissez faire because government is actually aided companies, instead of not interfering  The railroads accentuate the inclines and declines or economy Railroads created time zones Because of the railroads the west was settled much more quickly Railroads offered American farmers unbelievable deals for lands in the Rocky Mountains, where rain was very little Summary: the IR massively affected American life largely because of the aids provided by the government Day 2 (covers chapter 16): Notes should have explanations of perspective IR is the second most important achievement - First is neolithic/agricultural revolution The economy followed boom and bust cycles with many depressions The myth of laissex faire (continued) The lack of laws The beginning of the types of aids that buinesses received ~Why the use of the corporation was a big advantage in ecouraging industrial growth The idea that a laissez-faire economy is possible, where the government doesn't intervene in business, markets, or the economy, is considered a myth by some Aids to business: Lack of regulation Credit Land (a lot of land, checkboxes) Perversion of the 14th Amendment - 14th amendment gave citizenship to people of color, Due process - Did not provide the right to vote - A supreme court vote expanded the 14 amendnment - The santa clara case held thta the word “person” was not merely there to help newly freed former slaves, but instead the person meant corporate persons - Republican roskow conkling was a candiate for president - He helped wright the 14th amendment, in front of the supreme court he said that he intneitionaly meant thet corporations meant people - The supreme court memebers were heavily invested in coporate stock, so they saw this as a way to help the industrialization of the US and profit aswell - After this california couldnt tax the southern pacific railroad, because “No state can deprive any person (corporation aswell) of life, liberty, or property without due process of law”  - Unlike people, the corporate body was not disposed to natural death, this perversion garanteed immortality for american corperations - Sueing a corporation was not very effective for regular citizens, and a corporation found guilty would not be jailed - The IR was truly a corporate revolution Tariff - A protective tariff is a tax, fee, or duty imposed on foreign goods to protect domestic industries from international competition. The goal is to make imported goods more expensive than similar domestic products, which encourages consumers to buy domestic goods instead. - Andrew Carnegie (leading steel manufacturer) was aided by steel tariff laws - When railroad expansion jumped rapidly, steel producers like AC could boost the prices of steel sky high - Republican party favored high tariffs - The money came from users of steel, the users raised their prices as a result, and finally the customers paid the most - The customers that were most hurt were farmers - They enjoyed no tariff protection - The passage of the tariff law gave an incentive to domestic corps to raise their price - Alexander Hamilton argued for high protective tariffs - American corps needed a high protective tariff because they could not compete against british and french corps - He used the term infant corporations - But by the 1800s americas infant corporations had become hundred of years old, yet they still used hamiltons argument Acess to government power - The northern states rapidly industrialized - In the civil war, most battles happened in the south - A colonial relationship works against a body that produces raw materials - Price decay, industrial prices increased rapidly - Convict lease system, made southern life harder - It allowed a business or a large farmer to rent out a conscript labor force from the state penitentiary, the large the force, the more revenue the state made - State laws began to consider more and more crimes to demand manditory ~~~ - In 1874, there werer 272 prisoners. Then the pig law happened & defined as grand theft (stealing of property worth 10 dollars or more or of any cattle of hogs), violations brought 5 years of jail. An increase of 400% of prisoners happened afterwards - These prisoners never received normal wages - Those who rented out convicts were aided - Southern life in the late 19th century became incredibly hard Nefarious practices were tolerated  - Actions that most people considered to be morily wrong, but there were no laws against them - Looting ones owns company - Before the civil war, people who owned the stocks ran the company, so there was no incentive to loot your own company - Example: James H Inman, president of the largest railroad in the south - As a private individual, he bought 4 mill worth of stocks in another rival railroad, as president now he sold his stock to his corporation - 4 mill stock in a rival line bought by inman was then sold for 7.5 mill after 3 years, less than 5 years later the rival railroad became bankrupt - It wasnt against the law because no legislature ever thought someone would loot their own corperations - Industrial blackmail (another nefarious practice) - Railroads in NJ and OH werer built not so that they owners could operate them at a profit but instead simply so already established railines at an exorbitant price, to avoid competition - Example: launching construction of telegraph lines so that a partly constructed line could be sold to a monopoly telegraph line company at a outrageous price - Monopolies were willing to purchase these companies to erase compeittion - In city councils, many members would introduce a ~nuisance bill, to regulate a particular industry by men who were willing to kill their own bill - (In plunket of tammany hall, cities werent only the place of corruption) Trust - John D Rockefeller 1870s oil business, Standard Oil - In the 1870s, the oil business was primarily centered in Pennsylvania, near the major city pittsburg, however it was not a great oil refining city - The cities that were ideal for oil refining were NYC, philadelphia, and Boston - One of the problems were the appalachian mountains that blocks pittsburgh from the rest - JDR was able to persuade rail corps to give his company rebates - Since oil needed to cross applachians to eastern coastal cities, rebates would be given to JDR by the leading railroads in Pennsylvania - The rails would charge those seeking to send their oil in carts, JDR would pay the typical price, however his company, standard oil, would be given a cashback (rebate) whenever his oil was carried - A drawback was a diff type of rebate that was paid to JDR wheneve a competing company shipped its oil across the rails - Why would the railroads give this preferential treatment to JDR? Well he did more than persuasion, he told the rails that he build a pipeline if the railroads did not give rebates - A pipeline would mean that standard oil would not be using the railroads much at all - Farmland was bought by JDR to show that his threat was not idletalk - This way JDR managed to put out of business most oil copmanies  - Standard oil very quickly became the first monopoly in oil - JDR was able to put out of business more than 23 competing businesses - JDR hated price competition (the advertising industry tries to create brand royalty to stop PC, they will entice people to buy theirs even if its a higher price, they will endorce famous people to convice others) - JDR tried to portray himself as a good member of his community, he taught kids at sunday school (he praised rugged individualism) - 1880, creation of the trust: An elaborate legal device by which different producers come together under the umbrella of a single company that could police competition internally - The trust JDR created was a group of 9 business men who convinced local corps to give their stock to them, in return trust certificates were given to the corps - Their goal was to hold, control, and manage the said stock for the benefit of the corporations - Price competition was no longer since the board of trustees were in charge of price - no company was able to set prices once they had joined - In 1980 congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, defined as illegal any conspiracy or combination in restrained of trade or commerce, to be defiend as a trust - This had little effect because enforcement of the laws were lacked because most presidents were conservative and for business, supreme courts were heavily invested - Just 5 years after the passage of the act, the Supreme court said manufacturing that was not commerce - After that decison the sherman anti trust act had basically no power - ~A holding company owned the stock of various corps - Often times anti trust laws only happened because of public dismay The refutation of laissez faire helped the IR/corporate revolution and surpass britain and germany in industrialization The captains of industry were genius men and helped revolutionize american life, however they did it in a way that had to relation to the United States Constitution The results of the corporate revolution (post civil war): There is a very large difference between 19th century US and 20th century US 1. Corporate revolution ended the profitability of benign a yeoman farmer - A yeoman farmer is a farmer who owned his or her own land, though very small - The CR ended this because the ordinary American became a hired employee, someones elses employee, either white or blue collar - The people who wrote the constitution didnt work for a single party, they were small farmers 2. The CR increased productivity exponentially  The US had the highest standard of living in the world, the IR brought great productivity in its wake, though it was not fair 3. The CR spurred increased immigration and urbanization - Many people came to America for religious freedom and higher standard of living 4. Industrial power came to mean military power - The winnning side has usually been the side with the greatest industrialization 5. The IR brought to America a new upper class In the ante bellum era (1830 post civil war), JJ Astor was the richest man with 1 mill, after the civil war (post bellum) Andrew Carnegei made 23 mill In the ante bellum era, college didnt make people rich because people who went their were already rich, education was more for culture rather than the vehicle to wealth - EDUCATION WAS NOT THE VEHICLE TO WEALTH, WEALTH VEHICLE TO EDUCATION (ante bellum) - JJ Astor considered the new upper class barbarians from above in the post bellum era - Many of these new rich people dropped out of elementary school - These people were asked what they thought about the public, “public be damned” was the usual answer (rap lyric?) The lower class of the post bellum era occured at the same time as immigrans poured in - They worked in sweat shops - Child labour, children lived in slums, these slums wre apartments were each bedroom was crowded - Meat packing companies obtained meat at such a low price that they sold diseased meat to lower class As a result of the CR, many diff generations grew up assuming that the only way a democratic society could organize itself was through capitalism The maldistribution of of wealth in the US grew enormoulsly The difference between upper and lower class grew post bellum Desire for railways Towns on the railline were prosperous Those the raillines bypassed were candidates for becoming ghost towns On of the ways to try to get rail service was to giv aid to railway promoters Gilded Age The last third of the 19th century is known as the Gilded Age The term came from Mark Twain Mark Twain was a leading humorist of the time, he wasnt proud of the era in which he lived - Gilded means that the gold on the outside was very thin - Uppwardly mobile men wore bright clothing and used a walking stick, just for fashion and impressing, it would be gilded in gold  In both the gilded age and the late 20th century there was a wide mistrust of the federal government - Widespread conservatism - Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that emphasizes the preservation of traditional institutions, practices, and values. It advocates for limited government intervention, a focus on stability and continuity, respect for established norms, and skepticism toward radical change. Conservatives typically prioritize the protection of individual liberties, economic freedom, and national security, often valuing gradual evolution over sudden reform. - Little interest in foreign affairs Spiro Agnew was richard nixons VPand pled guilty to avoid impeachment Schugler Calfax VP, bribery was 2nd income, congress did not bother to impeach him - Over 90% of the us congressmen took bribes Tweed Ring, managed to get control of every branch of the US gov - Boss Tweed ran NYC, he got people elected in offices from his ring - It controlled so well thanks to an unlimited budget - Any governor who had a bill for the city would present it - 85% of the padding went to the tweed ring - ~As little as 1% of the popular vote was the margin for victory Presidents of this age were forgetable Political Stalemate: weaknesss of the presidential office, - Meant that virtually half the people voted for one, and half voted for the other - People didnt choose their political party as much as they inherited - They considered political preference of the family as solid as unremovable as their families religion The reason for political stalemate was because neiher party wanted to deal with major issues of the day - Neither had response to IR - ~Neither wanted to deal with the nature of the monetary system Another reason for Political Stalement was that political parties ran on dead issues - Republicans ran on the issue of “waving the bloody shirt”, meaning accusing all democrats of being traitors to the country for being part of the confedeeracy - Democrats ran on the issue of African American Rule, southern Democrats, who were largely opposed to Reconstruction and the rights granted to African Americans, used the fear of "African American rule" as a rallying cry to gain support among white voters. ~During the gilded age, the reputation of the President was tainted thanks to Lincoln’s VP, Andrew Johnson In 1880, civil war general James Garfield became president Senator R Coklin (the 14th amendment guy) yelled at garfield, this showed an example of a weak presidential office - One of the reasons these presidents are forgettable Day 3: Social Darwinism: The implementation of charles darwins theory of evolution in the explanation of social heriarchy - Extremely conservative - Argues against charity - Humans gene pool is improved when the poor die The myth of laissaz faire was held as a fact in the Gilded age - The government should not regulate business Industrial revolution was indeed a social revolution The biggest group of losers of the IR were the farmers - Yeoman farmers lost - Were the one really paying for tariffs Before the IR farmers were 50%, as a result of tech innovation farmers are at most now 3% of american population - Each family could produce more thanks to tech - Many didn’t want to be farmers anymore since quality of life was wrose for them Misery in the Farm Belt Farm belt include texas till north dakota and all confederate states Tech made it possible for a single farm family to produce more, fewer people to work - As a result many people born in farm families decided it wasn’t for them - Cities have always attracted young adults - Better educational opportunities, social, and employment opportunities ~Overproduction/underconsumption - Undersconsumption = not time to eat - The tech revolution was a major source Foreign competition The ease and efficiency of long distance transportation developed a world market for agricultural goods Staple Crops = crops raised on american soil and exported - Cotton - Wheat - Corn Domestic regulation made things worse - Tariffs had aided industrialization but hurt farmers - American producers raised their prices since imports were high tariffed - Farmers suffered because they had to buy the products of an industrial society - ~They were sold on a protective market ~Staple crops had no tariff protections Riordan Notes: Preface: George Washington Plunkitt, Tammany leader of the Fifteenth Assembly District, Sachem of the Tammany Society and Chairman of the Elections Committee of Tammany Hall, who has held the offices of State Senator, Assemblyman, Police Magistrate, County Supervisor and Alderman He delivered the discourses that follow from his rostrum, the bootblack stand in the County Court “The Curse of Civil Service Reform” and “Honest Graft and Dishonest Graft” became subjects of discussion in the United States Senate and in college lectures. - There seemed to be a general recognition of Plunkitt as a striking type of practical politician, a politician, moreover, who dared to say publicly what others in his class whisper among themselves Origin He was born, as he proudly tells, in Central Park; that is, in the territory now included in the park. He began life as a driver of a cart, then became a butcherís boy, and later went into the butcher business for himself His advancement was rapid - He was in the assembly soon after he cast his first vote Current Plunkett is now a millionaire, owing his money mainly to his political pull - He is in the contracting, transportation, real estate, and every other business out of which he can make money. Plunkitt has been one of the great powers in Tammany Hall for a quarter of a century. While he was in the Assembly and the State Senate he was one of the most influential members and introduced bills He is one of the closest friends and most valued advisers of Charles F. Murphy, leader of Tammany Hall. Ch1: Introduction Summary: Plunkett's view of his "honest" actions. All the schemes he committed, he thought were fair Beliefs Senator plunket is a straight organization man. He believes in party government; he does not indulge in cant and hypocrisy and he is never afraid to say exactly what he thinks He holds to the doctrine that, in making appointments to office, party workers should be preferred if they are fitted to perform the duties of the office - This is patronage and is what civil service reformers are against Honest & Dishonest Graft I’ve not gone in for dishonest graft - blackmailin gamblers, saloon-keepers, disorderly people, etc. and neither has any of the men who have made big fortunes in politics. There’s an honest graft, and I’m an example of how it works. I might sum up the whole thing by sayin: I seen my opportunities and I took em. Examples of his “honest” graft A new park at a certain place. I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that’s honest graft. Shouldn’t I enjoy the profit of my foresight? He performed bid rigging and collusion with pavani stones by telling his rivals he would give them their share of stones for free. He would then bid for an absurdly low price that no one would counter because they agreed to his free deal and the auctioneer would be forced to sell it to him, the highest bidder. He would give his rivals their share and keep the rest of the stones. Win for Plunkett, Win for rivals, lose for auctioneer. Another kind of honest graft. Tammany has raised a good many salaries. There was an awful howl by the reformers, but don’t you know that Tammany gains ten votes for every one it lost by salary raisin? - [a man whom plunkitt has raised his salary] feels very much like votin the Tammany ticket on election day, just out of sympathy. Most other politicians accused of robbing the cities get rich in the same way - That is why, when a reform administration comes in and spends a half million dollars in tryin to find the public robberies they talked about in the campaign, they don’t find them. Tammany heads of departments looked after their friends, within the law, and gave them what opportunities they could to make honest graft Tammany was beat in 1901 because the people were deceived into believiní that it worked dishonest graft. - They didn’t draw a distinction between dishonest and honest graft - they saw that some Tammany men grew rich, and supposed they had been robbin the city treasury Why should the Tammany leaders go into such dirty business, when there is so much honest graft lyin around when they are in power? Ch2: How to Become a Statesman Summary: origin story, slow buildup of influence, what and what not to do to gain influence and power in politics I'm George Washington Plunkitt. Everybody knows what figure I cut in the greatest organization on earth.  It is to these youths that I want to give advice. College rot. They couldn’t make a bigger mistake. I suppose they do some good in a certain way, but they don’t count in politics think that the best way to prepare for the political game is to practice speakiní and becomin orators. That’s all wrong. - The men who rule have practiced keepin their tongues still, not exercisin them. Rise I set out when I cast my first vote to win fame and money in New York City politics. What I did was to get some marketable goods (votes) before goin to the leaders - marketable commodity = one vote. He smiled on me and told me to go ahead. If I had offered him a speech or a bookful of learnin, he would have said, “Oh, forget it!” Then I had a followin of three voters, then I got about a dozen young men to follow me, before long I had sixty men back of me, and formed the George Washington Plunkitt Association. Afterwards, I went to the Board of Aldermen, then to state senate, all the was to statesman - I had marketable goods and there was bids for them from all sides, and I was a risin man in politics. As time went on, and my association grew, I thought I would like to go to the Assembly. I just had to hint at what I wanted, and three different organizations offered me the nomination Advice: Get a followin “I took first prize at college in Aristotle; I can recite all Shakspeare [sic] forwards and backwards; there ainít nothiní in science that ainít as familiar to me as blockades on the elevated roads and Iím the real thing in the way of silver-tongued orators.” What will he answer? He’ll probably say: “I guess you are not to blame for your misfortunes, but we have no use for you here.” Ch3: The Curse of Civil Service Reform Summary: Plunkett makes an argument to why civil service reform is bad, though he exaggerates and believes it will lead to the end of the republic and is the root of all evil. He wants to practice the spoils system. The biggest fruad Civil service law is the biggest fraud of the age. It is the curse of the nation. There can’t be no real patriotism while it lasts. How are you goiní to interest our young men in their country if you have no offices to give them when they work for their party? I know more than one young man in past years who worked for the ticket and was just overflowiní with patriotism, but when he was knocked out by the civil service humbug he got to hate his country and became an Anarchist. What did the people mean when they voted for Tammany? What is representative government, anyhow? Is it all a fake that this is a government of the people, by the people and for the people?  - They call that the spoils system. All right; Tammany is for the spoils system I know that the civil service humbug is stuck into the constitution, too, but, as Tim Campbell said: “What’s the constitution among friends?” All other issues are trifling issues compared to civil service reform 4 Arguments First this great and glorious country was built up by political parties Second, parties can’t hold together if their workers donít get the offices when they win Third, if the parties go to pieces, the government they built up must go to pieces, too Fourth, then there’ll be hell to pay. Death of patriotism Patriots has been dying fast - They don’t care for independence day and why should they? Whats in it for them? Civil service reform, though necessary to stop the spoils system, lowered patriotism and participation in voting since it removed many previous incentives other than political beleifs Example Well, in the municipal campaign of 1897, that young man, chockful of patriotism, worked day and night for the Tammany ticket. Tammany won, and the young man determined to devote his life to the service of the city He picked out a place that would suit him, and sent in his application to the head of department. He got a reply that he must take a civil service examination to get the place. He didn’t know what these examinations were, so he went, all light-hearted, to the Civil Service Board. He read the questions about the mummies, the bird on the iron, and all the other fool questions and he left that office an enemy of the country that he had loved so well. The mummies and the bird (civil service examination) blasted his patriotism. He went to Cuba, enlisted in the Spanish army at the breakiní out of the war, and died fightiní his country Now, what is goin to happen when civil service crushes out patriotism? Only one thing can happen the republic will go to pieces. Then a czar or a sultan will turn up, which brings me to the fourthly of my argument; that is, there will be hell to pay. And that ain’t no lie. Slippery Slope Fallacy: Now, what is going to happen when civil service crushes out patriotism? Only one thing can, the republic will go to pieces. Ch4: Reformers Morning Glories  Summary: Many reformer (anti patronage) movements have started against Tammany Hall but haven't lasted long because they aren't trained in politics. They are morning glories, only beautiful in the morning (beginning) but down quickly as the time goes on Mornin Glories I can’t tell just how many of these movements Iíve seen started in New York during my forty years in politics, but I can tell you how many have lasted more than a few years: none. They were mornin glories, looked lovely in the mornin and withered up in a short time, while the regular machines went on flourishin forever Examples Now take the reform movement of 1894. A lot of good politicians joined in that the Republicans, the State Democrats, the Stecklerites and the O'Briens List of the reformers who said they sounded in the death knell of Tammany in 1894 The Citizens’ Union has lasted a little bit longer than the reform crowd that went before them, but that’s because they learned a thing or two from us. - Their Fusion movement, made the Republicans and other organizations come to their head-quarters to select a ticket and dictate what every candidate must do or not do Its people haven’t been trained to politics, and whenever Tammany calls their bluff they lay right down. - You’ll never hear of the Union again after a year or two. Why reform movements don’t work You’ve got to be trained up to it or you’re sure to fall. It is just as if I went up to Columbia University and started to teach Greek. They usually last about as long in politics as I would last at Columbia Tammany tried to mix politics and business in equal quantities, by havin two leaders for each district, a politician and a business man. They wouldn’t mix It is because the one has gone into the fight without trainin, while the other trains all the time and knows every fine point of the game. Ch5: New York City Is Pie for the Hayseeds Summary: Plunkitt is expressing frustration that politicians from rural upstate New York have significant control over the affairs of New York City, despite being out of touch with its needs and dynamics. He sees them as opportunists who treat the city as a prize to be won rather than a community to be understood. Plunkitt is comparing the attitude of upstate legislators towards New York City to the federal government’s paternalistic view of Native Americans as "wards"—people who are unable to govern themselves and need outside control. He feels these legislators see New York City as needing their oversight, even though they lack understanding of urban issues.  This chapter exemplifies his frustration with external forces—especially rural Republicans—who impose their will on the city without understanding its needs or contributing to its welfare. Plunkitt sees this as an ongoing battle for control over the city’s resources and governance. Evidence This city is ruled entirely by the hayseed legislators at Albany - Hayseed is slang for country person, especially an unsophisticated one But just let a Republican farmer from Chemung or Wayne or Tioga turn up at the Capital. The Republican Legislature will make a rush for him and ask him what he wants and tell him if he doesnít see what he wants to ask for it Last year some hayseeds… got dissatisfied with the docks… Invaded George W. Plunkitt’s district without sayin as much as “by your leave.” Then they called on Odell to put through a bill givin them this dock, and he did. You heard a lot in the State campaign about Odellís great work in reduciní the State tax to almost nothiní, and youíll hear a lot more about it in the campaign next year. How did he do it? By cuttiní down the expenses of the State Government? Oh, no! The expenses went up. He simply performed the old Republican act of milkin New York City. When a Republican mayor is in, they give him all sorts of power. Ch6: To Hold Your District Study Human Nature and Act Accordiní Summary: The best way to get votes is not politics according to Plunkitt but actually being among the people & helping them out There’s only one way to hold a district; you must study human nature and act accordin. You can’t study human nature in books. Books is a hindrance more than anything To learn real human nature you have to go among the people, see them and be seen. I know every man, woman, and child in the Fifteenth District - I know what they like and what they don’t like, what they are strong at and what they are weak in, and I reach them by approachin at the right side. Examples I hear of a young feller that’s proud of his voice, thinks that he can sing fine. I ask him to come around to Washington Hall and join our Glee Club. Another young feller gains a reputation as a base-ball player in a vacant lot. I bring him into our base-ball club. That fixes him. Youíll find him workin for my ticket at the polls next election day. I don’t trouble them with political arguments. I just study human nature and act accordin Defeating the Citizen’s Union But you may say this game won’t work with the high-toned fellers, the fellers that go through college and then join the Citizensí Union. Of course it wouldn’t work.  Election day came. The Citizens Union’s candidate for Senator, who ran against me, just polled five votes in the district, while I polled something more than 14,000 votes - He won over citizens union I did it by: I watch the City Record to see when there’s civil service examinations for good things. Then I take my young Citizen in hand, tell him all about the good thing and get him worked up till he goes and takes an examination. - He comes back to me in a few days and asks to join Tammany Hall Attracting the poor You aint going to get any votes by stuffin the letter boxes with campaign documents What tells in holdiní your grip on your district is to go right down among the poor families and help them in the different ways they need help If a family is burned out I donít ask whether they are Republicans or Democrats, and I donít refer them to the Charity Organization Society I just get quarters for them, buy clothes for them if their clothes were burned up, and fix them up till they get things runnin again - It’s philanthropy, but it’s politics too (rap lyric) The poor are the most grateful people in the world, and, let me tell you, they have more friends in their neighborhoods than the rich have in theirs And the children the little roses of the district! Do I forget them? Oh, no! They know me, every one of them, and they know that a sight of Uncle George and candy means the same thing. Some of them are the best kind of vote-getters. Ch7: On “The Shame of the Cities” Summary: Lincoln steffen is a reformer and his book “the shame of the cities” is not good because he confuses honest graft with dishonest graft Lincoln Steffens on “The Shame of the Cities” Steffens means well but, like all reformers, he don’t know how to make distinctions. He can’t see no difference between honest graft and dishonest graft There’s the biggest kind of a difference between political looters and politicians who make a fortune out of politics by keepin their eyes wide open. - The looter goes in for himself alone without considerin his organization or his city. - The politician looks after his own interests, the organization’s interests, and the city’s interests all at the same time I ain’t no loooter, i made my pile in politics, but, at the same time I served the organization and got more big improvements for NYC than any other living man Comparison to Philadelphia gang Philadelphia almshouse stole the zinc roof off the buildin and sold it for junk. The Philadelphia crowd runs up against the penal code. Tammany don’t - Therefore, it aint fair to class Tammany men with the philadelphia gang Garden of Eden (NYC is the Big Apple) A big city like New York or Philadelphia or Chicago might be compared to a sort of Garden of Eden it’s an orchard full of beautiful apple-trees. - One of them has got a big sign on it, marked: “Penal Code Tree: Poison” - The other trees have lots of apples on them for all. Yet, the fools go to the Penal Code Tree I never had any temptation to touch the Penal Code Tree. The other apples are good enough for me, and O Lord! how many of them there are in a big city! Irish People The Irish was born to rule, and theyíre the honestest people in the world One reason why the Irishman is more honest is because he is grateful to the country and the city that gave him protection and prosperity when he was driven by oppression from the Emerald Isle. Current State I don’t believe that the government of our cities is any worse, in proportion to opportunities, than it was fifty years ago. There was hardly anything to steal, and hardly any opportunities for even honest graft The politician who steals is worse than a thief. He is a fool. With the grand opportunities all around for the man with a political pull, there’s no excuse for stealin a cent. The point I want to make is that if there is some stealin in politics, it don’t mean that the politicians of 1905 are, as a class, worse than them of 1835. It just means that the old-timers had nothin to steal, while the politicians now are surrounded by all kinds of temptations and some of them naturally buck up against the penal code. Ch8: 2 hours~ D Other Notes & Terms Civil service reform refers to changes made to the civil service system to ensure that government jobs and appointments are based on merit rather than political connections, favoritism, or patronage. The goal is to create a more efficient, fair, and effective government workforce. Basically anti-patronage The spoils system is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, rewards its supporters, friends, and loyalists with government jobs and appointments. The term is derived from the phrase "to the victor belong the spoils," meaning that the winning party gets to distribute government positions as rewards. The civil service examination made it so only qualified people made it into a house and not anyone who just supported the tammany party  The term "reformers" refers to individuals and groups who advocated for political and social reforms aimed at eliminating corruption, patronage, and the spoils system, particularly in urban political machines like Tammany Hall. These reformers were typically middle-class professionals, journalists, and civic activists who sought to bring more transparency, efficiency, and fairness to government. The term “bluff” made show a stron image when in reality it wasnt that strong The Fusion movement, as described in your excerpt from Plunkett of Tammany Hall, was a political strategy that involved a coalition of various reform-minded groups and political parties coming together to challenge the dominant political machine, in this case, Tammany Hall. The movement aimed to unite these disparate groups under a single banner to counteract the influence and control of Tammany Hall over New York City politics. The title "New York City Is Pie for the Hayseeds" from Plunkett of Tammany Hall uses a metaphor to convey Plunkett’s view on the opportunities available in New York City for those who are new or inexperienced in the urban political arena. In this context: ○ "Pie" represents something desirable and valuable, which in this case is the political and financial opportunities available in New York City. ○ "Hayseeds" refers to people from rural or less sophisticated backgrounds who are seen as unsophisticated or inexperienced in the ways of big city politics. Plunkett is suggesting that New York City, with its wealth of opportunities, is like a pie that is easy pickings for those who are coming from outside the city (the "hayseeds"). It implies that newcomers who are naive or lack experience in the city’s complex political and financial systems can still find ways to benefit from the opportunities available. (rap lyric?) ChatGPT summary on GW Plunkett: George Washington Plunkitt was indeed involved in practices that most would consider corrupt today, but he did not see them as such. He famously drew a line between what he called "honest graft" and "dishonest graft." To Plunkitt, "honest graft" involved using insider information gained through political connections to make a profit—for example, buying land that he knew the government would soon need and selling it at a higher price. He argued that this was a legitimate way to benefit from his position without directly stealing from the public. On the other hand, "dishonest graft," which Plunkitt condemned, involved outright theft, fraud, or cheating the government. Plunkitt saw himself as an honorable man who worked hard, rewarded his friends and loyal supporters, and served his constituents by providing them with jobs and assistance. His views reflect the common practices of the political machine system, where loyalty and patronage were the foundations of power. In advocating for "honest graft," Plunkitt was defending the very essence of the political machine, where politicians provided favors, jobs, and services in exchange for votes and loyalty. He believed that this system was not only acceptable but also beneficial for his  community. However, by today’s standards, both his actions and his views are considered corrupt because they involve exploiting public office for personal gain. So yes, Plunkitt advocated for a form of political corruption, but he did so within the moral framework of his time and environment, where such practices were normalized and even expected within political machines like Tammany Hall. Why Patronage is corrupt and different from today: In Plunkitt's era, political machines like Tammany Hall engaged in patronage, where jobs and favors were directly exchanged for votes and loyalty. This was often done behind closed doors, with little regard for fairness or legality. Plunkitt openly admitted to profiting from his position through "honest graft," which involved insider trading-like behavior that is illegal today. In contrast, modern constituent services are supposed to be provided equitably to all constituents, regardless of political loyalty. While helping constituents can still be a way to build electoral support, it is done within a framework of public service rather than explicit quid pro quo. The expectation today is that elected officials act in the public interest, not for personal gain or to entrench a political machine. McGerr Ch 16: Outline: The Political Economy of Global Capitalism (Post IR): Rosa Cassettari (anecdote) In 1884, she left an Italian village near Milan to join immigrants from Europe bound to America She left behind her son to rejoin her brutal husband, Santino All the poor people had to stay in the bottom of the ship Rosa gave birth to premature child alone in Missouri She eventually left for Chicago When she went back to Italy, people there were surprised, even poor people in America ate meals every day Rosa was just one of millions uprooting (moving) in the late 19th century. They moved from countryside to the city, from less developed places to industrialized - The magnet was industrial capitalist societies, and the US was one among many Common laborers moved from place to place because jobs were unsteady - Ex: plodding roads in autumn, lumber in winter White tenant farmers found new homes and better living conditions in company owned coal and textile mill towns  Native AMericans, now lost most of their settlements to whites Childrens of farmers went seeking for work for someone else on terms the employer set. - Complicated machines, dirty air, foul rivers Wage Labor often compelled men & women to shift from country to country, and continent to continent A lot of uprooting was happening in the late nineteenth century, mainly to industrialized societies like the US, following Rosa’s story is one insight into this perioed The economic history of the late nineteenth century was sandwiched between two great financial panics in 1871 & 1893 - High joblessnes and labor strife Still during the bout of hard times, the american economy transformed dramatically, and for the better “Great Depression” of the late ninteenth century On July 16 1877, workers for the Balitmore and Ohio Railroad struck at Martinsburg West Virginia, over one wage cut too many. The strike spread to the Pennsylvania Railroad, the New YOrk Central, and other railroads Federal troops fired on protestors in pittsburgh Merchants could not sell, manyfacturerrs could not work, bank could not lend State authorities went on an armory building binge and recruited a national guard to keep order or break striked in the future - Between 1875 and 1910, state troops were called out nearly 500 times Railroad strike of 1877 Was fueled by an econmic depression that began with the Panic of 1873 and spread thorughout the developed world. Immigrant arrivals in new york fell greatly - 200,000 every year between 1865 and 1873, less than 65000 in 1877 Althoug employment (and immigration) recovered in the 1880s, prices and wages continued to fall In 1893 another panic struck Major railroads went bankrupt, including four of the five transcontinentals - Over 500 banks and 15000 businesses shut down World Grew Smaller In 1866 a Cyprus FIeld’s telegraph cable was laid under the atlantic ocean Railroads carried pillsbury flour from minneapolis to massachusetts, refrigerated cars carried chicago beef, the catatlog brought the goods of a nation to every farm on the high plains efficiently Thanks to the steam ship, midwestern whed fed customers in Russia  Capitalism, not just transportation, had mingled peoples together Global Migration of Labor (1850 - 1890) A lot of european from scandinavia, italy, and hungary came as the industrial and agricultural revolution spread As capitalism developed in thes areas, small farmers were forced to produce for a highly competititve international market. - The resulting upheaval sent millions of rural folk into hte worldwide migratory stream Improvenemdts in transportation made migration easier In 1856, more than 95 percent of immigrants came to america aboard sailing vessels, by the end of the century more than 95 came in steamships By the 1880s, fierce competition amone stemships lowered teh cost of transatlantic ticket The great migrationas were also related to economic and political turmoil, after 1890, immigration from northern and western europe fell off sharply as industrial growth soaked up surplus labor Southern ital could barely competer with florida and calis lemons and oranges, and found the american tariff closing off its biggest overseas wine market - Many italian farmers were caming to the united states Jewish immigration was propelled by different impulse. By 1890 many russian jews were making new homes for themselves in America after many antisemeitc laws confining them to settlements, The May Laws restricting their economic and religious life, and anti semitic riots Swanky hotels snubbed them, clubs blackballed them, but here they could public newspapers in Yiddish or Hebrew, worship freely, hope for schooling Many immigrant planned to just come for work, make money, and then leave - Thousands of italians and slovaks did Some came back with education and skills Some immigrants settled directly on farms but many lived in cities In many irish families, sending sones and daughters abroad meant money packets sent home to allow the rest to stay behing America Moves to the City (1850 and 1900) In 1850 the largest city in the US was NY The industrial city was different from its predecessors - By the middle of the nineteenth century the modern “downtown” was born - A place where people shopped and worked but did not really live Cities became more y and unsafe. Yellow fever and cholera epidemics were frequent, fires periodically woped out entire eighbourhoos In October 1871, much of chicago went up in flames Immigrant slums sprang up in most mahor cities  In 1890 Jacob Riis published How the other half lives, exposing condition in downtown New York, the breeding grounds of vice, crime, despair. - He desctibed a dark three room apartment that sic people shared, bedrooms were tiny, beds nothing more than boces filled with straw, urban poverty Yet, during these same years urban reformers and tech made city life less dangerous and more comfortable - Professional fire and police deps. - Boards of health - Electric lights Thomas Edison’s invention of the incandescent light bulb in 1879 was only one invention amon many to dispel that darkness He and other inventors created the dynamo to generate electricity, aswell as alternating current to transmit power more efficiently Gilded age manufacturers would introduce canned goods into american diets Industrial cities showed off capitalism riches at their best as well as it victims at their worst The Rise of Big Business: Before civil war, the only big businesses werer railroads Big businesses had massive bureucracies managed by progressionals rather than owners and were financed through a national banking system centered on wall street The names Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, and Vanderbilt became synonymous with american capitalism The Rise of Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie was an immigrant from scotland, where his childhood was marked with poverty Carnegie mastered the telegraph, railroad, petroleum. Iron, and steel He introduced modern business management techniques and strict accounting procedures He climbed the ranks slowly of the Pennsylvania Railroad with his management techniques - If an engineer arrived late, trains were wrecked, lives lost His rise realy demonstrates the wonders a capitalist society can do if a man has great talent - It didn’t matter he was from a poor family, his talent made him work up the rankings and increase his values to a leader of the railroad By 1865, with 30,000 employees and lines stretching fro, NY to Chicago, it was the largest private company in the world Railroads dwarfed all previous business enterprises in the amount of investment capital they required and in the complexity of their financial arrangements THey were the first corporations to issue stocks through sophisticated mechanisms that attracted investors from around the world Carnegie Dominates the Steel Industry  Andrew became more strategic and began eliminating middlemen to save money and sell for less Iron rails couldn’t hold up for long - Steel rails lasted 20 years while iron lasted 5 In the 1860s two developments cleared the path for the transition from iron to steel - First, Henry Bessemer’s patented process for turning iron to steel became available for American manufacturers - Second, iron ore began flowing greely from deposits in northern michigan Carnegie took advantages of these developments He opened a steel plant in 1873, despite a worldwide depression, it turned profit immediately Big Business Consolidates (Vertical integration In the late ninteenth century, every great industry conjured up the name of a magnate - Carngegie in steel - Gustavus Swift/Philip Armour in meatpacking - John D. Rockefeller in oil refining - Huntington in railroads - J.P. Morgan in financing No single individual however, could own most big businesses, they required too much capital and were run by professional managers With new tech allowing mass production at lower costs, industries faced more competition They met this challenge by adopting vertical integration - Controlling as many aspects of the production process as possible Carnegie did not just manufacture steel, he owned iron mines He also started producing continuously - After collaborating with Jones Mixer (kept molten iron), rails soon poured into molds and did not even wait in the plant to cool By such means, Carnegie cut steel prices in half John D. Rockefeller (horizontal integration) JDR tried the other solution to cutthroat competition, Horizontal consolidation (integration) - Control of one step in the industrial process instead of the entire ladder (vertical integration is control of ladder) JDR had founded Standard Oil in 1867 He cut his dependence on railroads by investing in pipeline to carry the oil He was also more willing than Carnegie to wipe out his competitors ~He squeezed from the railroads shipping rates and rebates As president of the National Refiners Association, he formed cartels, alliances with major operators in other states JDR merged all major oil companies under Standard Oil  In 1882 Standard Oil became a trust - ~An elaborate legal device by which different producers come together under the umbrella of a single company that could police competition internally In 1889, New Jersey legislature passed a law allowing corporations based in that state to form “holding companies” that controlled companies in other states. The trust became the holding company Within a decade holding companies dominated some of America’s largest industries - Standard Oil being the most prominent example JDR and Standard Oil became a notorious example of how big business had changed the American economy, in some eyes for the worst JDR buried his reputation under the term “robber baron”, which referred to titans of the industry, transport, and finance A New Social Order: Unlike Europe, in America anyone could rise (Carnegie is the best example) Rosa Cassettari noticed the poor didn’t doff their caps before the rich But class divisions always ran deep, Carnegie lived in a castle while his workers lived in Painter’s Row The upper classes lived in mammoth houses The Middle Class In 1889 the Century Distionary introduced the phrase “middle class” in the US - It reflected a fresh awareness that American society had distinct gradations Professionals were the backbone of this class States had a vested interset in professionals and created the bar and medical exams Behind new proffesional managers marched an expanding white collar army of cashiers, clersk, and gov employees, mostly men Their incomes outpaced gactory workders and ind. Craftsmen Only the most successful craftsmen matched the incomes of white dollar clerks Improved roads and mass transit systems allowed middle class families to escape the city’s clamor and crowdedness - Suburbs and city neighborhoods were made for every income Changes in worker demographics Tech innovations replaced artisans with semiskilled or unskilled factory laborerss By 1990 unskilled labor made up a third of the industrial workforce In 1900 women accounted for nearly one of every rive Americans gainfully employed - A small percent of them had whit collar jobs However, the same hierarchy that favored men in the white collar and professional labor force existed in the factoried and sweashops (blue collar work) Unites dominated by male workers were higher up thant thos dominated by women As the textile industry became a bug business, the proportion of women in the textile industry steadily declined  The reverse happened in white collar jobs, department stores expanded and hired women with low wages and noe of the prospects for promotion men still had White collar work did not confer middle class status upon women as it did upon men 10 year olds could be found tending the cotton spindles Division of labor allowed more goods to be made for much lower per-unit labor costs and saved on training The invent of the sewing machine in the 1850s gave rise to swaetshops where work was subdivided into simple, repetitive tasks - One group produced collars, another produced sleeves, another stitched the parts Increasing Accessibility Not everyone could reach the cities nor did they have to Aaron Montgomery ward creawted the firs trule modern network for selling goods directly to the consumer - He realised ther for farmers, city goods were too far away for them to buy The Sears-Roebuck firm earned a reputation for high quality merchangide and reliable delivery The adoption of rural free delivery and parcel post, farmers didn’t need to travel, the government delivered to them By 1900, mass production and distribution had brought most house hold item within the reach of all Unskilled workers lacked the leverage to improve their own conditions - If a worker was crippled, got a lung disease (as was common in textile factories), they had no option beyond leaving and being fired Retirement pensions were unkown Helplessness and the pool of surplus labot made organizing unions a challenge among the unskilled Common labor was often seasonal and factory turnover high A strike depletes workers savings quickly Easily replaceable immigrants were tooken advantage of Employers used black americans as strikebreakers, they could turn race against race, native against foreigner “Scabs” as those taking strikers’ places were called, faced insult and threat Sharecropping As the south recovered after the civil war, many were optimistic in its potentional and wanted its untapped resources Southerners built railroads faster with northern money Southerners were migrating from the countryside to the towns expanding cotton production into new areas like the rich mississippi delta soil  After the war, most blacks toiled on land they didn’t own In place of the master slave relationshiop, a new labor relationship emerged between landlords and sharecroppers Legal resolution in favor of the landlord came by the middle of the 1880s, the courts defined sharecropper as wage labor. The landlord owned the crop and paid his workers a share of its wage Because the sharecropping contracts were yearlong, the labor market was restricted to a few weeks at the end of each year, if croppers left before the end of the year, they risked losing everything Sharecropping impoverished the south by binding the region to a single crop (cotton) that steadily depleted the soil Northern factories were segregated as were the steel mills of birmingham alabama Hoping to escape poverty and discrimination, some former slaves moved west. One group, the exodusters, moved to Kansas prairie during the mid 1870a. By 1880 more than 6000 blacks joined them searching for cheap land and independent farms Blacks who settled in cow towns found the same discrimination they had known in the South Clearing the West For Capitalism: The Homestead Act was passed during the Civil War and was meant to populate the West with independent small farmers Millions came in to 40 years that follow and continued to take out titles until 1934 However, these people did not settle an empty prairie, Native people held it already The settlers brought in industrial capitalism with them to the west The Overland Trail Most migrants went to the west in family groups - The families were mostly middle class The journey across the Overland Trail had become safer over the years - The US gov. had established camps to protect against indian attacks The first transcontinental railroad was established in 1869 when two railroads, the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific from Cali and Missouri respectively, joined This transcontinental railroad replaced the 5 month journey of wagons with a tip less than a week Railroads became the symbol for that afe as they represented enterprising spirit, intrepid nature, and the arrogance of industrial capitalism. They turned minnesota’s red rive valley into a sea of wheat and dominated cali’s gov. Origins of Indian Reservations In 1851, more than 10,000 Native Americans converged on Fort Laramie in Wyoming They met with government officials who hoped to develop a lasting means of avoiding Indian-white conflict The discover of gold in the west compelled white migrants to ross through indian territory on their wat to california  - Most of them were already prejudiced against the Indians The US government, wanting to prevent violence between whites and indians, proposed creatin a separate territory for each indian tribe called a reservation - The government provided subsidies to entice the Indians to stay within their reservations There was a good reason to advocate for reservations as thr violence resorted to whites scalping indians - Red Cloud said “when the white man comes in my country, he leaves a trail of blook behind him” The reservation system was corrupt and badly handled, it failed mostly because not all indians agreed to stay in their reservations Instead of extermination, the government opted for two treaties that divided the great plain into two vast indian territories The medicine lodge treaty organized thousands of indians across the southern plains - In return for government supplies most signed When the government agreed to abandon the Bozeman trail, red cloud agreed to sign the Fort Laramine Treaty - This established indian reservations On thanksgiving day in 1868, a cavalry led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer massacred cheyennes at washita creek, oklahoma - This was called washita massacre - Among the fallen was black kettle who’s influence had brought other tribes to make peace at medicine lodge The discover of gold in the black hills of south dakota brought more white settlesrs to indian territory When Lakota refused to cede their land, the previous Colonol Custer came to fight However this time he lost and died because of his divided forces They were slaughtered at little bighorn, montana by an army led by crazy horse The lakota would win battles but not a war, the longer the war went, the more tribes gave up or switched sides The Destruction of Indian Subsistence (buffalo) The mass slaughter of buffalo herds began not even for profit but for sport of the hunt In the northwest the Nez Perces fleeing from union troops began treeking to canada They almost made it however hunger forced his people to agree to go to their reservations The ugliest battle and the finisher was Wounded Kneee where soldiers gunned down native american men and women doing a ghost dance ritual - They feared the ghost dance would stir up rebellion Sitting Bull had died right before Lincoln’s commisioner of Indian Affairs, william p dole, beleived that indians should be civiliized  He established residential schools (government schools on reservations) to teach the indians christian values, individual property rather than communal holdings, and regular jobs rather than hunters - He wanted to destroy the “indian” and save the “person” ~In 1889, congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act which broke up the reservation land into separate plots and distributed it among individual families - The goal was to force indians to live like white farmers The lands allotted were so poor that the owners quickly sold them The Economic Transformation of the West: The west was being drawn into the political economy of global capitalism Boom towns quickly became ghost towns after natural gold reserves ran out - One example was when james marshall found gold at john sutters mill site in california, thousand of prospectors came Companies built railroads to carry ore to market and to towns where miners lived - These were shabby places with no libraries, parks, school, but only the chavne to strike it rich Eventually these places became just like rosa cassettari’s mining camp expereince Cowboys: from drovers to ranchers Longhorn cattle were as much part of western legend as the cowboys who drove them Texas ranchers began driving huge herds of texas longhorns to the great plains - They brought herds to railroad towns to be sold to the government or feeding soldiers and reservation indians However, the longhorn’s had several drawbacks like being tought, more bone than sinew, took a long time to fatten up For this reason investors began to breed hybrid catt;e that were less hardy but beefier Open range herdling became so environmentally destructive that it was no longer economically feasible - The great plains became seriously overstocked, depleted lands were left the cattle weak from malnutrition Farmers resorted to fencing the plains, railroads could just pick up the catte about eveyrwhere Cowboys became regular ranch hands with regular wages Sheep grew more popular than cattle in the great plains Commercial Farmers Subsue the Plains Thanks largely to the economic development of the west, between 1860 and 1900 the number offarms in america tripled Farmers took up former indian lands and white settlers poaved on the estates of spanish speaking landlord - Overtime hispanic ranchers gave way to the american farmers and the hispanic population of LA dropped from 82 to 19 percent in 1880  This ethnic shift singaled profound changes in the ecology and political ecnomy of the west, driven by the exploding global deman fro western products. - Cattle ranchers were feeding eastern cities However, farming in the arid west was unlike eastern farming The 160 acre homesteads were too small for the parched prairies, so western farms had to be much bigger Speculators bout a lot of acres from state of fed governments, or indian reservations Railroads were granted even more acres by the fed. The railroads sold these at a bargain - They set up immigration bureaus and offered settlers cheap transportation, credit, and agricultural aid Changes in the Land Rain fell rarely and in sparse amounts on the Great Plains Joseph Glidden’s inventions of the barbed wire provided fencing The western environment changed drastically - Wolves, elk, and bears were exterminated - Mines sent tons of earth rock down the rivers, threatening flooding - The sky turned gray with pollutants from copper smelting - Sheepherding destroyed vegetation By the turn of the century, states and reservation stood where the Cheyenne, dakota, and comanche once lived Corporate enterprises ad mechanized arm now shared the west with homesteaders Farmers had connected to world markets and were supplied by cities - They owed the eastern railroad companies access to the world Thanks to the gold rush, San Fransisco rose from a few inhabitants to 150000 twenty years later Conclusion Rosa Cassettari and Andrew Carnegic-two immigrants whom the new global economy of industrial capitalism helped draw overseas-met wholly different destinies. Not just their origins, but gender roles, opportunity, and good luck explained how they ended up. Yet both shared the same striving spirit that held out at least the chance for them to better themselves (as Cassettari did, however modestly) and their adopted country. Cassettari's experience with failure impelled her to search for something better. Carnegie's success made him yearn for more than money. By 1900, having thrown his energies into getting. Carnegie threw them all into giving. He set up endowments, funded universities, and founded an institute for peace. He had helped create an industrial nation. Now he set out to re-create American culture. Ironically, the Rosa Cassettaris of the world had beaten him to it. Questions: Define “industrial capitalism” and how was it a global phenomenon in the late nineteenth entury Wehat were the differences in lifestyle and in opportunities for those in america’s upper, middle, and lower classes, how did those differences widen or narrow during the late nineteenth century - (widened between middle and lowers class, see changing demo) (narrowed between middle and upper class, see the creation of the middle class) How did western indians respond to westward expansion How was the west absorbed into the national and international markets - (see the transformation of the west and commercial farmers subdue the west) How and why did the effects of industrial capitalism differ in the south, west, and north The effects of industrial capitalism differed significantly across the South, West, and North due to regional economic structures, resources, and social dynamics: North: The North experienced the most profound transformation due to industrial capitalism. It became the center of industrial growth, characterized by the rise of factories, urbanization, and infrastructure development. Industries like steel, textiles, and manufacturing flourished, leading to economic growth, urban migration, and the creation of a middle class. The rise of big businesses, such as those led by Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, illustrated the dominance of capitalism in this region. Labor unions also became more prominent as workers sought to improve wages and working conditions in the face of growing corporate power. South: In the South, the effects of industrial capitalism were less pronounced than in the North, primarily due to its reliance on agriculture, particularly cotton production. The region's economy remained largely agrarian, with sharecropping becoming a dominant system post-Civil War. This system tied many, especially African Americans, to the land and to poverty, as they worked on land owned by others for a share of the crop. Industrialization in the South was slower, but there were developments in industries like textiles and tobacco. However, these industries often relied on cheap labor and did not lead to the same level of urbanization or economic diversification seen in the North. West: The West was shaped by the expansion of railroads and the extraction of natural resources. The construction of transcontinental railroads facilitated the movement of people and goods, spurred settlement, and led to the rapid development of mining, agriculture, and cattle ranching. Industrial capitalism in the West often involved land speculation and the displacement of Native Americans. The Homestead Act and government land grants to railroad companies exemplified the integration of government policy with capitalist expansion. Despite these developments, the West remained less industrialized than the North, with a focus on resource extraction and agriculture. Why These Differences Occurred: Historical and Economic Foundations: The North had already begun industrializing before the Civil War, giving it a head start in adopting capitalist practices. Its infrastructure, population density, and capital investment favored rapid industrial growth. Resource Availability: The South's climate and geography favored agriculture, particularly cotton, over industrial development. In contrast, the North's cooler climate and natural resources (like coal and iron ore) supported industrial growth. The West had vast lands and natural resources, prompting different forms of economic exploitation, including mining and agriculture. Labor Dynamics: The South's reliance on slavery before the Civil War and sharecropping afterward limited the development of a wage-earning industrial workforce. In contrast, the North had a growing population of wage workers, including immigrants, which fueled its industrial economy. The West's labor force was diverse, including immigrants, former slaves, and displaced Native Americans, reflecting the variety of economic activities there. Government Policies: Federal policies such as land grants and subsidies favored railroad expansion and resource extraction in the West. The North benefitted from protective tariffs and infrastructure investments that supported industrial growth. The South, recovering from the Civil War, did not receive the same level of investment, and its economy was more fragmented and less integrated into the national market.. ~Historians often refer to this period as the gilded age, why? ~Asid from the expansion of industrial capitalism, what fcactors affect american development durin this period. How important are those factors in comparison to capitalism’s growth Other A rebate is a delayed discount after a product is bought A cartel is an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. Names to know - JDR  - AC - Jacob Riis - JP Morgan - Rosa Cassettari - Crazy horse - Sitting Bull - William P Dole - Black kettle - Colonel custer - Lakota (Sitting Bull tribe, war leader crazy horse) - Henry Bessemer - Thomas Edison - Tomm Scott (Pennsylvania railroad superintendent who offered Carnegie secretary role) - Joseph Glidden - Aaron Montegomry A white-collar job is a professional service or administrative job that is usually performed in an office setting and doesn't involve manual labor. This grew more abundant than blue collar jobs in the late nineteenth century as the middle class developed Turnover also means: the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced with new hires A strikebreaker (sometimes called a scab) is a person who world despite an ongoing strike - They were employed by the company during a strike to keep the org running McGerr Ch 17: Outline: Anthony Comstock: Anthony Comstock devoted most of his adult life to "indecency": dance halls, abortion clinics, the lurid, the lewd. United States Congress enacted the Com-stock Law. This was the first federal law to ban the production, distribution, and public display of obscenity. With corrupt police lackadaisical about enforcing Com-stockian morality, reformers (not the Tammany type) established private organizations. to smite smut with prosecutions and citizens' arrests. - Com-stock's own New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (SSV) inspired many others without respecting the rights of due process. Reformers used entrapment: enticing and then arresting perpetra-tors. Comstock himself caught America's most notorious abortionist that way. He felt no remorse when she cut her throat rather than go to trial.  Comstock's chief concern was the protection of children. In his book Traps for the Young (1883), he warned that obscenity was luring American youngsters into deviant ways Sin pay was better than ever despite the reformers. With prostitutes renting their bodies for as little as 50 cents a trick and with saloon keepers doubling as brothel keepers (or tripling as aldermen), the SSV might win battles, but never the war. While Comstock saw the cities' vice and corruption, linking both to immigrant slums, some of America's best artists were "realists," trying to create art that reflected the gritty truths of everyday life and celebrated the cities' vitality. If Comstock's admirers defined While comstock definition of “culture" was limited to only the great works in the Western European tradition, city dwellers embraced a wider array of influences. - Out of "Storyvile" the red-light district in New Orleans, came the beginnings of jazz; out of the honky-tonks came the first great composers of ragtime. And a canny publicity agent knew how to sell a faintly risqué paint-ing, September Morn: Rural Americans were drawn by urban culture's freedom but troubled by its licentiousness. Native-born Protestants, often truly concerned with helping immi-grants, were also suspicious of immigrant folkways, Defenders of high culture tried to contain or control popular culture - Amateur sportsmen sniffed at spectator sports. Victorianmoralists assailed the collapse of traditional gender distinctions All these struggles reflected the efforts of Americans to cope with dramatic social transformations. The Varieties of Urban Culture: Americans longed for a reassuring past. Yankees paid good money for tickets to minstrel shows about happy plantation life down South - Everybody read Joel Chandler Harriss "Uncle Remus" stories, recasting African folk tales with a kindly old slave as their narrator - Onstage, plantation slaves were shown as happy and carefree, free blacks as buffoons above their station in life. - Their appeal came from more than a muted defense of the Old South. With four touring comedy theaters and houses in, H. Haverly led the way He toned down the emphasis on blackface singers and plantation themes and added scantly clad women and off-color routines, At the same time, city culture took on a life all its own. From the 1880s on, it meant bright lights: electricity, in place of dimmer gaslight, and a vigorous "night life” - Chinatowns in San Francisco and Los Ange-les, - Polish athletics clubs and German schutzenvereins Vaudeville Nostalgia played no part in vaudeville or in its cheaper cousins. Even as elites worked for a clean break between serious theater and variety shows, working-class audiences  flocked to the cheap theaters, where, for pennies, they could get music, singing, sketches, and variety acts. The respectability of a mixed-gender audience was one of the distinguishing signs of vaudeville, which featured a variety of acts appealing to a broad audience. These continuous performances kept prices down, increasing the size of the potential audience. Locating downtown in the heart of the city had the same effect. Theater owners also regulated smoking and banned alcohol consumption to promote the image of family entertainment. Starting in 1896, some of them added another novelty, the moving picture, recently developed by Thomas Alva Edison. By 1903, "nickelodeons," storefront movie arcades, were popping up all through cities' working-class sections. Offering continuous film performances for a nickel, nickelodeons required little startup capital and proved that motion pictures were not simply the novelty act that vaudeville houses had taken them for. Sports For much of the urban population, sports became something to watch, not just something to do Prizefighting had long been a disreputable amusement of shady bars and lower-class streets, but during the 1880s it became an organized sport, attracting a national audience second only to that of baseball. Richard Kyle Fox, owner of the National Police Gazette, used his popular magazine and his wealth to transform boxing. - Because Fox put up the prize money, he had the power to reform the sport. He made it both more profitable and more respectable, and he introduced standardized rules By the 1860s baseball had become a major draw among city dwellers. Every neighborhood had a team. But not until 1869, when the Cincinnati Red Stockings went on tour and charged admission, did baseball become a professional spectator sport with standardized rules. By the turn of the century every major city had at least one team, and those in the South at least two, one for each race. the sport had become known as America's "national pastime." A model of ordered competition, baseball idealized the principle of success based purely on merit. The seating arrangements in ballparks reflected social divisions: working-class fans in the bleachers, the middle class in the stands, and elites in the box seats But the most noted distinction came between the high-minded, grandiose "White City" showcasing American might, industrial invention, and the latest consumer goods under brilliant electrical lighting, - The White City offered an idealized vision of urban life, the inspiration for the "City Beautiful" movement to come. As baseball and prizefighting became popular and professional, elites reacted by glorifying the amateur ideal, embracing athletic activity for its own sake rather than for monetary rewarde  When, in the early 1900s, Jack Johnson, a black contender, made heavyweight champion, every contender was billed (wistfully) as "the Great White Hope." Boundaries of Male & Female: In fact, the political economy of industrial capitalism and the triumph of wage labor helped men and women rethink traditional concepts of masculinity and femininity. - As they did so, new cities and newfound leisure time offered unprecedented opportunities to test the conventional boundaries of sexual identity. Until the mid-1700s most European doctors believed that there was only one sex: females were simply inferior, insufficiently developed males. Sometime after 1750, however, scientists and intellectuals began to argue that males and females were fundamentally dif-ferent, that they were "opposite" sexes. Nineteenth-century society drew even more extreme differences between men and women. Taking its name from the long reign of Britain's Queen Victoria, the Victorian era is often stereotyped as an age of sexual repression and cultural conservatism. Men were urged to channel their sexual energies into strenuous activities such as sports and, conveniently enough, wage labor. Evidence of sexual passion among women was increasingly diagnosed, mostly by male doctors, as a symptom of a new disorder called "neurasthenia." Victorian doctors redefined homosexuality as a medical abnormality, a perversion, and urged the passage of laws outlawing homosexual relations. Doctors pressed to restrict women's access to contraception and to prohibit abortion. The American Medical Association (AMA, founded in 1847) campaigned to suppress abortionists and criminalize abortion. To bolster traditional marriage, states passed laws raising the age of consent, forbidding common-law and interracial marriage, punishing polygamists, and tightening restrictions on divorce. Only in the West did authorities allow incompatibility grounds for ending a marriage. Even among the "respectable classes," both men's and women's clothing became simpler, looser, and more comfortable. Immigration as a Cultural Problem: When novelist Henry James returned to the United States in 1907 after a quarter of a century in Europe, he was appalled by the pervasive presence of immigrants They saw a threat in vast numbers of immigrants who were none of those things and in the roots that ethnic subcultures were setting down in the cities. Yet among immigrants and their children, an ethnic identity was often traded for a broader assimilation into American culture. Strong's best-selling book went through many editions and was serialized in newspapers across America. Josiah Strong wrote in Our Country. Greek civilization was famed for its beauty, the Romans for their law, and the Hebrews for their purity. The Anglo-Saxons claimed two great ideas: the love of liberty and "pure spiritual Christianity." Like him, many native-born Americans saw themselves as the defenders of Anglo-Saxon culture.  Strong and his followers saw the arrival of millions of immigrants as a challenge to Anglo-Saxon America, “Immigrants brought crime to America's cities and, voting in blocs, undermined the nation's politics” Through its parochial schools, the Catholic Church was training new generations to love tyranny rather than liberty. In the middle of the nineteenth century, most immigrants came with loyalties to their regions and villages, not to a nationality. Regional differences faded, an ocean away from home, but they would have done so anyhow. Nationalism as a self-identifying concept was spreading throughout the Western world. Immigrants brought an increasingly robust sense of their ethnic identities with them. At the same time, in the United States secular fraternal organizations and mutual aid societies, designed to help newcomers find jobs and housing, forged wider ethnic identities. Polish churches in Chicago and German parishes in Milwaukee used their women's groups and youth clubs as mutual aid societies for newcomers. The church sometimes unintentionally sped the development of ethnic identities. - The Irish became more devout in America as they came to rely on the church for help resisting an overwhelmingly Protestant culture. - Bishops across North America worked on standardizing Catholic rituals and ceremonies into a uniquely American blend. During the second half of the nineteenth century, both the Catholic and Lutheran Churches established parochial school systems to give immigrant children an alternative to the biases of public education Chinese must go In the mid-nineteenth century, the Chinese fled the convulsions of The Taiping Rebellion, a massive civil war that left 20 million dead. Some immigrants found work in the California gold fields; others dug the mines or laid track on the transcontinental railroad. Every major city had its "Chi-natown," colorful, congested, and overwhelmingly male: the first generations of Chinese were sojourners, meaning to prosper and return home. White workers resented their nese fied the comiions of The Taiping cheap labor and the corporations that used Sion a mussie civil war that left 20 them as strikebreakers. Keeping apart and Some immigrants foundfailing to assimilate, Chinese immigrants work in tre Calfomia gold fields; others dug the mines or laid track remained alien, closed off by differences in language and religion from their neigh-continental railroad A new state barred them from public schools and taxed them out of the mining and fishing industries, laws would close doors on immigration Even those who did not set out to assimilate found that the longer they stayed, the more their customs diverged from those of the Old World.  Hundreds of immigrant theaters offered productions that adjusted traditional plot lines to the New World. Jewish plays told of humble peddlers who outwitted their prosperous patrons. Italian folktales celebrated the -imporrance of the family At a time when middle-class families had only two or three children, immigrant families remained large. They had sound economic reasons: families often needed children's income to get by. But the death rate among immigrant children was also high The middle class was overwhelmingly native born, white, Anglo-Saxon, and Protestant. the working class came largely from racial and religious minorities, many of them foreign born. - The South's laborers were overwhelmingly black sharecroppers Creation of High Culture: The so-called Western tradition was meant to counter the emerging forms of a vibrant popular culture and provide a rarefied alter-native, one entitled to a privileged position, but also to challenge a capitalism that worshipped wealth and material goods. English poet and critic Matthew Arnold gave Americans their lead in his 1869 essay Culture and Anarchy. He argued that studying "the best which has been thought and said in the world" provided a fixed point amidst the "anarchy" of capitalist society! But the elites picked and chose from Arnold's ideas to suit their own agendas. Particularly troubling were the chase after the Almighty Dollar and the apparent decline in religious fervor (at least, among Protestants: alarmists treated the intensity of Catholic belief as a threat to the republic). Middle-class men and women occasionally confessed to a loss of their own faith, though they were much likelier to feel it dimming in intensity. A genteel few responded as Thomas Wentworth Higginson did. Nurtured in the reform movements of antebellum New England, Higginson had fought against slavery and for women's rights. Like Matthew Arnold, Higginson saw culture as a defense against materialism Capitalism only encouraged the influence of those poor in spirit above and untutored in traditional values below. America's traditional elites, professionals and intellectuals, had a duty to counter this world of cheap lithographs, dime novels, and tawdry tycoons. They must bring high art and cultural distinction within the reach of all, and for this, the cities provided the ideal setting. Shakespeareand how it became high culture In the early nineteenth century, Shakespeare played to sellout crowds across America. They generally preferred highly melodramatic renditions,of Shakespeare with clean moral lessons, where the ending was always satisfying, and good always won out - in which, instead of committing suicide, Romeo and Juliet lived happily ever after Now all this changed. Shakespeare was redefined as high culture. Out went the skits and performing-dog acts. Theater audiences parted ways, the respectable classes  retiring into decorous houses, with prices high enough to turn away roister-ers and rowdies. New places In the 1870s, Americans founded a stunning array of secular temples devoted to the world's great art, in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago. American elites also endowed distinguished private universities. Some wealthy businessmen hoped to burnish their reputations or show off their generosity in monumental works, just as Renaissance princes had. Others may have seen that industrial capitalism rested on technological developments and management ability. Those in turn depended on the up-to-date scientific learning and professional skills that research universities could provide by training the new engineering and business elite Alongside the massive mausoleums of books, Americans built thousands of smaller libraries, Andrew Carnegie alone paid for more than 1,600 of them. Within two generations, a still wider audience came to enjoy music from another source: Thomas Alva Edison's phono-graph. Social Darwinism In 1859 Charles Darwin published his masterpiece of evolutionary theory, On the Origin of Species. Several scientists had already suggested that life had evolved over a long period of time, but Darwin offered the first persuasive explanation of how this had taken place. Social scientists applied the theory of natural selection to social evolution. This combination of social theory with evolutionary science was known as social Darwinism. Social Darwinists argued that human inequality was the outcome of a struggle for survival in which the fittest rose to the top This theory made the rich seem more fit than the poor; it made blacks see