APUSH Era 4 Notes PDF

**Era 4** ========= - **Consequences** ---------------- **Conscription** →the draft, started in france during the 1st revolution, will eventually cause "nations" to develop **Nationalism** → the belief that your country, not just your king or family, is worth fighting and possibility dying fo...

**Era 4** ========= - **Consequences** ---------------- **Conscription** →the draft, started in france during the 1st revolution, will eventually cause "nations" to develop **Nationalism** → the belief that your country, not just your king or family, is worth fighting and possibility dying for (US-1941) **British Dominance** → Napoleon is able to invade all of Europe except Great Britain - great British banks have wealthy French assets to develop... **The first Industrial Revolution** → using "seed money" of french expatriates (wealthy), banks use money for R & D of textile industry and steam engines for power (until 1865) **Imperialism** → british steam powered vessels gain "choke points" throughout globe and dominate world trade until 1914 **Social Darwinism** → to justify their global domination, mostly british scientist makeup eugenics to prove it (until 1945) **Wealthiest Man in The United States (Until the 2nd Industrial Revolution)** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- In 1800, **John Jacob Astor** (german immigrant / butcher), who had begun to trade GReat Lakes fur to Great Britain and **France** for the last 5 years, set up trade not only for furs, but also teas, sandalwood, opium, other products with **China** **Napoleon Bonaparte Plays Major Role In US History Until 1815** ---------------------------------------------------------------- In 1802, with Napoleon having conquered most of continental western Europe (using **conscription**) he set his brother up as the king of Spain; he had the Louisiana territory transferred to France. In 1803 - **James Monroe** is sent to france to buy New Orleans for \$10M. **Napoleon** wants to get rid of the entire territory because 1. 2. 3. **1803 - The Louisiana Purchase** --------------------------------- - - 1. 2. 3. **Flyover States** ------------------ In the 1870s, Russian (Ukrainian) immigrants brought their red wheat to the region and the "Great American Desert" received a new name, the Great Plains. Today, the region is dubbed (derisively) "fly-over states" as travelers / tourists don\'t exist. **Marbury v. Madison** ---------------------- 1803 - **Chief Justice John Marshall** declares that the Us Supreme Court can declare an act of Congress (**Judiciary Act of 1789**) "unconstitutional" **EOC** → an example of "checks and balances" **AP** → the USSC will use "judicial review" overwhelmingly to tell states that their actions are "unconstitutional" (so much for **federalism**) and the "sharing" of power between levels of government will shrink in favor of the national government over time. **Burr v. Hamilton** -------------------- - **[What impact will this have on federalists?]** They started to die out because Hamilton was the only federalist. **The Louisiana Purchase & Not The Lewis and Clark Expedition** --------------------------------------------------------------- The vast expense of the **Louisiana Purchase** was virtually unknown territory **to Americans** before the Lewis and Clark expedition gathered **[SOME]** scientific info about it. **Astoria** **The Lewis and Clark Expedition** ---------------------------------- Aug-Lewis (Meriwether) and Clark (William) set out on a 3 year journey to the pacific ocean and back. Their Mission: 1. 2. 3. 1804: October - with the great aid of **Sacajawea's husband** Lewis and Clark have made it to present day north dakota because she is pregnant, the indians are not hostile to the mission, it also helps that her long lost brother is the chiefs of the Shoshones who have only horses along the **Continental Divide** **Meanwhile, Back In Congress - A Road West To Get There (Expanded The Market Economy)** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1808: March - congress authorized the construction of the **Cumberland Road** (from cumberland, Maryland to Zansburg, Virginia today - Wheeling West Virginia) When the road reaches wheeling, **transportation times** between the Ohio River and the eastern seaboard are **halved** Grain, hemp and wool from the west now make their way easily to the richer eastern states where they find a ready market - ### **Why This Matters** The road was financed by the US government as **"Interstate commerce"** (versus intrastate commerce). Civil Rights Movement. **The Non-Exploding Steam Boat** -------------------------------- Inventor → Robert Fulton → 1807 Financer → Robert Livingston Having been supplied with the necessary funds ("seed money") **Capilitali\$m** by Robert Livingstone (who had been american ambassador at Paris), fulton could be applied to the propulsion of vessels with entire success - - His first boat named the [Clermont] made regular trips (upstream) **The Chesapeake Incident Launches an "American" attempt at nationalism** ------------------------------------------------------------------------- It was a failure - **The Embargo Act** ------------------- Effect of the Chesapeake Incident Law passed by congress and signed by **President Thomas Jefferson** in 1807. This law [stopped all trade between America and any other country]. The goal was to get **Britain and France**, who were fighting each other at the time, to stop impressment and restricting American trade - The act didn\'t accomplish what it set to do and the American people suffered - **especially in New England** which relied on shipping to make a living Many in New England will **either move West or turn to manufacturing** as an alternative - The act was replaced in 1809. **1809 - Nonintercourse Act** ----------------------------- Signed by President Jefferson in response to widespread opposition to the Embargo Act. Particularly by the **Essex Junto** in New England, it reopens all overseas commerce to American shipping, except that of France and Britain Should France, Britain, or both, halt their interference with neutral shipping trade may resume with these nations as well (**Macon's Bill \#2**) - **By 1810** ----------- **New England** → shipping and deep sea fighting; milling of grains, wool and cotton due to fast flowing rivers **Old Northwest** → due to the [erie canal] was the fastest growing region in the country still dominated by family farms **Mid Atlantic** → the major towns (New York City, Philadelphia, & Baltimore) were seats of commerce but just beyond were family farms **Deep South** → cash crops farming due to longer growing season, bulk of americans exports was cotton **Louisiana Purchase** → bought from france because napoleon couldn\'t control it, it double the US in 1803 **Frontier (West)** → trailblazing, trapping beaver, and land speculation - **Expansion "West" : The Twilight of The Founding Fathers (1810 - 1820)** ------------------------------------------------------------------------- **1810 - Fletcher v. Peck** --------------------------- **John Marshall** (USSC) upheld the validity of contracts (with reference to land grants) even when the contracts were made over illegally sold land - **Why would federalists, as their "political debut" begins to wane, insist on the validity of a contract...no matter how (extra) legal the procedure was in obtaining that binding agreement?** - **1811 - Battle of Tippecanoe** ------------------------------- - - **Precedent & Chattel** **enter the war hawks** → members of congress who desire a war to secure their land (on the frontier, clamor for war against Great Britain white it is fighting the French in Europe. - A year before Lousisiana became a state, **an organized group fought for their freedom** west of New Orleans. They spoke different languages, came from various parts of the US, Africa and Haiti, and lived miles apart on a plantation along the German coast of Louisiana. A force led by **Wade Hampton** stopped the advance Leader of slave revolts were killed **by firing squad or beheaded** - **1812 - War Hawks Get Their War [But Not Nationalism]** -------------------------------------------------------------------- **President Madison** asks congress for a declaration for war against Great Britain which is arming natives in Central PLains and Mississippi Valley. Congress supports war **except for most New England states and other maritime and commercial states such as New York, New Jersey, and Delaware** Throughout this war, the Northeast refuses to send their troops into combat (a USSC court case in 1830 said otherwise) - **1813/1814 - Tecumeh Killed In Canada While Andrew Jackson Leads "Volunteers" Into "Yazoo" Land** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **HorseShoe Bend** → in Alabama In 1960s the creek judicial decision that provide compensation to the heirs of those whose land was unfairly taken **1814 - British Arrive to Fight** ---------------------------------- September 11, the war in Europe is mostly over so some british arrive to fight in the **war of 1812** - ### **Hartford Convention** - This comes across as "unpatriotic" (as the democratic republicans are already negotiating with the british and sing the **treaty of glent** and federalist party, already on life support has disappeared from US history. **1815 - Battle of New Orleans** -------------------------------- Greatest Battle of 1812 War (?) **Andrew Jackson** hero. Tn militia ("volunteers" / pirates ) defeated 7,500 British and 2,036 British wounded. British fleet uphill. **Chalmette Battlefield** ------------------------- **Major Results** - - - **The Biggest Losers...Again** ------------------------------ Native American The **power of a contract** even an illegal one and the power of the **eleventh amendment** **1816 - The Year Without Summer** ---------------------------------- In June 6 of red show fell in Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire The year without summer was the primary motivation (not the embargo act) for the emptying of New England and the westward migration to the American midwest and **the 2nd Great Awakening** - - **1816 - Martin v. Hunter\'s Lessee** ------------------------------------- - - - - - **The Rise Of Henry Clay** -------------------------- - - - - - - - 3 most important members of congress in US History 1. 2. 3. **1817 - Clinton's Ditch Gets "State" Funding** ----------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - **The Ruen-Bagot Agreement and The Convention of 1818** ------------------------------------------------------- During the war of 1812, [Olive Hazard Perry] became a [US naval hero at The Battle of Lake Erie] became constructed a navy on the Great Lakes faster than the Canadians did In april of 1817, sec of state (rush) and British Minister to US (Bagot) negotiate the **demilitarization** of the Great Lakes - it is still in effect today - **The Presidential Electoral Vote of 1816** ------------------------------------------- **How dead was the federalist party?** Their Candidate wasn\'t even nominated - these were just federalist, still alive, and **caucusing**, who didn\'t want the **virginia dynasty to continue** - **Why would a New England state be the first to abolish the requirement to own property in order to vote?** The year without summer **What was the voting requirement?** **The poll tax** → - **The Major Innovation; "A Confliction of Prayers" or SUFFRAGE** ---------------------------------------------------------------- [Universal White Male Suffrage] **Inventor: the US (1820s) and Great Britain (1832)** During colonial times, the right to vote was limited to adult white males who owned property and paid their poll tax. Most women could not vote, though some colonies gave the vote to widows who owned property if they could pay their poll taxes. After the US became an independent nation, the constitution gave states the right to decide who could vote (federalism!!) NO "secret" ballots until 1897. As western frontier expanded, the young white men who didn\'t own property began to migrate west. To keep a labor force on the eastern seaboard, one by one, the states abolished property requirement by 1842 **1819 - While The Federalist Party is Dead John Marshall Isn\'t** ------------------------------------------------------------------ - - **Fact: The Transcontinental Treaty** ------------------------------------- the **adams-onis treaty** with Spain (1819) gave the US a "permanent" western border with spanish territory at the sabine river **Slavery in 1820** ------------------- There are slaves in the north and the south is not covered (until the trail of tears) [Andy Jackcon] quickly organized the slave system in alabama **1820 - Missouri Compromise** ------------------------------ The **"firebell in the night"**: Maine entered the union as a "free" state while Missuouri entered as a "slave" state and future slave states boundary is set a 36 degree 30' (MO southern boundary → Missouri compromise) ### **Why It Mattered** Some historians point out that it kept the slave and free state equal (so **equality** really matter somewhere) But the key was how the south allowed the **US government to limit property** in the Great American Desert - **The Era of Good Feelings** ---------------------------- During the administration of James Monroe, the nation was at peace (sort of) only 1 political party existed The nation was feeling very unified (not really), optimistic (some) and **nationalist** (in gov't) Noah webster wrote his "american" dictionary in 1828 This **era of good feelings** didn't last long (1825) and wasn\'t historical accurate **New Fact: Mexico "FINALLY" Wins Independence** ------------------------------------------------ In 1822, Us officially recognized the independent country of Mexico as the new owner of Spanish claims west of the sabine River The [adams onis treaty] was now **null and void** (as long as Spain stayed in Europe) **The Empresarios** ------------------- Mexico, needing citizens after an 11 year war for independence that devastated its population, advertises for organizes (empresarios) to bring families into northern Mexico to create an economy. **Moses Austin** was an example, but he dies (from his wounds) and his son, **Stephen Austin**, takes his place leading **slave-owning**, **non-catholic** families from the US into Mexican territory **The Land Grants of Northern Mexico (Tejás)** ---------------------------------------------- In English, empresario would be termed "barkers". In today's hip terminology, for people who needed random advice from strangers on the internet, they'd be labeled "influencers" **Back To The Spanish** ----------------------- With France (Napoleon) defeated, Spain wants it\'s empire in Latin America back. It feels the only reason it lost control was because it was too busy fighting for it\'s homeland during the **Napoleonic Wars** and it was now ready to retake the land **Potential Problem For The US** -------------------------------- Spain is **much stronger** than Mexico Military. And, Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia were willing to help Spain retake its empire in the Western Hemisphere. **The Monroe Doctrine** ----------------------- Written by secretary of the state [John Quincy Adams] The **Monroe Doctrine** is the best known U.S. policy toward the western hemisphere. The doctrine warned European nations that the U.S. would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. It **will be enforced by the British Navy** until after the Spanish-American War (1898) **The Election of 1824** ------------------------ This is the last election in which CAUCUS nominates and then selects the presidents without **a popular vote to elect the electors** - - - **The Corrupt Bargain** ----------------------- Although Jackson had the largest number of electoral votes in the first election (1824), he didn\'t win the **contingency** House of Representatives vote for presidency. Then Clay received the post secretary of the state [Jackson] accused [Clay and Adams] of a **Corrupt Bargain** and set out to ruin any attempt by Adams to achieve anything during his term of office Jackson was very successful at that. **Turns Out, COTTON Ruins The Soil** ------------------------------------ Until synthetic fertilizer (1999) was developed, you could leave your land fallow **During The Late 1820s, SC Land Was In Ruins** ----------------------------------------------- 1. 2. 3. **Andrew Jackson, Still Seething...** ------------------------------------- Gets the [tariff of 1828] passed to put the [adams administration in a tight spot] (it only benefited new england) Adams, signed the tariff into law during an election year - hurting adams chances for re-election - **Election of 1828** -------------------- In the Election of 1828 with the "common man" actually **voting for the electors**, [Jackson easily defeated J.Q. Adams] **Herrenvolk Democracy** ------------------------ A system of government in which only a specific ethnic group participates in government, while other groups are disenfranchised **The COMMON MAN (Worth \$11914(maybe)) Becomes King Andrew** ------------------------------------------------------------- [Andrew Jackson] utilized the [VETO] more often than any predecessor; this gave him many political enemies - who organized to form the **whig party** (although the **democratic party** forms first in 1832) - **Why The Appeal To The Common Man?** ------------------------------------- A simple majority of his / her eligible constituents have to endorse (vote for) him / her **Foreshadow**: "[The checks speech]" and every election that involves winning enough votes. **The Nullification Crisis** ---------------------------- **Calhoun leads the call to ignore the law** Opponents of the tariff in SC nullified these tariffs and the [subsequent tariff of 1833], which lowered average duties to about 33% ad valorem. [President Andrew Jackson] equated **nullification** with treason and talked of hanging his vice president, [calhoun], whom he held responsible **Maysville Road Veto Starts The Whig Party** --------------------------------------------- - **Nat Turner** -------------- Meanwhile, as the tariff crisis played out in SC, [a bloody slave rebellion takes place in Virginia] led by **Nat Turner** in 1831 The Virginia legislature then debates what to do about the slavery problem - - **The Movement of slaves after Nat Turner's rampage** - - Underground railroad began in 1838 after the push to relocate the slaves much further south and west **Jackson Hated Native Americans (On His Slaveholding Property)** ----------------------------------------------------------------- **Indian removal act** → passed by congress in 1830, **the trail of tears** continued through the end of 1830s - the destination - the territory of oklahoma - **Four Major Innovations In 1830s** ----------------------------------- - - - - **Jacksonian Economic & The [Bank War] (1832-1839)** ---------------------------------------------------------------- **Jacksonian Democracy** → everyone (white men) has the right to his own homestead (taken from natives) 2nd National Bank - **Nicholas Biddle** (whig) - comes up for renewal and Jackson vetoed it ("king" Andrew again) - for 3 reasons 1. 2. 3. Jackson asks his secretary of the treasury to remove the money from the 2nd National bank, he refuses, so Jackson get **Roger Taney** to do it Pet Banks receive funds, over loan the money to land speculators - the land marker overheats and causes the first real PANIC in the US since the post-revolution days **Democracy In America** ------------------------ In 1831 **Alexis De Tocequeville** was sent to the US by his country, France, to study the American penal system. He traveled across the country in 10 months and returned to assess his notes **Back to: The Panic of 1837** ------------------------------ - - - **The First Economic "PANIC" In Us History Caused By The US** ------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - ### **Meanwhile...** - - - - **So Controversial, We Won\'t Talk About \_\_\_\_** --------------------------------------------------- To Shut up J.Q. Adams and any talk of compensation. congress passes the **gag rule** to keep the topic out of debate for 9 years **The Republic of Texas** - remember the alamo!! Remember the gag rule!! - - - **The Republic of Texas (1837 - 1845)** --------------------------------------- The Catholic church were protestant Texans that held slave auctions in San Antonio - **Who Owned the Slaves?** ------------------------- **Hinton Helper** - argued that slavery hurt the south, particularly the poor whites of the south - he actually wanted all slaves shipped back to Africa and called an uprising by poor rights against slavery; book was banned in south **Why poor whites supported slavery** 1. 2. 3. **The Spread of Slavery** ------------------------- Stupid because they couldn\'t go anywhere **The Growth of Cotton Exports** -------------------------------- In 1840 that\'s when cotton was so important because it was the leading export **The Market Revolution (1807-1840) - A Process** ------------------------------------------------- - - - - The North and west are tied together but the south is more and more isolated - **The Early National Period Comes To a Close** ---------------------------------------------- - - -