History of Standard Oil and JDR's Tactics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason reform movements against Tammany Hall have historically not lasted?

They were too bureaucratic.

They lacked sufficient funding.

They were not trained in politics. (correct)

They focused solely on local issues.

Which reform movement is cited as an example of a movement that included various political factions in 1894?

The O'Brien Alliance

The Republican Coalition

The Citizens’ Union (correct)

The Stecklerites

What was the primary threat JDR utilized to gain control over the railroads?

Increasing oil prices significantly

Investing in advertising to boost sales

Creating alliances with competing oil companies

Building a pipeline to reduce reliance on railroads (correct)

What strategy does the speaker use to attract young citizens to Tammany Hall?

He encourages them to take civil service examinations. Signup and view all the answers

How does Plunkitt view politicians from rural upstate New York regarding their role in New York City?

As disconnected opportunists. Signup and view all the answers

How many competing oil businesses did JDR successfully put out of business?

More than 23 Signup and view all the answers

What is the speaker's view on helping the poor during campaign season?

It is a necessary tactic to gain political favor. Signup and view all the answers

What legal device did JDR create in 1880 to manage competition?

A trust Signup and view all the answers

What analogy does Plunkitt use to illustrate the lack of training in politics?

Teaching Greek without being trained. Signup and view all the answers

What does the speaker imply about the relations of the poor compared to the rich?

The poor are more connected and have more friends in their communities. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890?

To define and prohibit combinations in restraint of trade Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did Tammany Hall use involving leaders for each district?

Mixing business and politics. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Sherman Antitrust Act have little power after its passage?

The Supreme Court had financial interests in businesses Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the Citizens’ Union's approach have on their political dealings compared to earlier reform movements?

It created better candidate selection. Signup and view all the answers

Which method does the speaker NOT use to engage young voters?

Debating political issues with them. Signup and view all the answers

What change did the corporate revolution bring to America after the Civil War?

Substantial industrialization surpassing Britain and Germany Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'morning glories' symbolize in the context of reform movements?

Temporary beauty and quick decline. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome for the speaker in the election against the Citizens Union candidate?

He received significantly more votes. Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the speaker recommend when assisting families in need?

Providing help without political discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

What does Plunkitt imply about the training of political leaders?

It must be consistent and ongoing. Signup and view all the answers

How did JDR portray himself to the community despite his business practices?

As a good member of the community who taught Sunday school Signup and view all the answers

What tactic did JDR despise in his business practices?

Price competition Signup and view all the answers

What does the speaker believe about children in the community?

They can influence the voting behaviors of their families. Signup and view all the answers

How does the speaker view his role in the community?

As someone who blends philanthropy with political strategy. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant development in the transition from iron to steel in the 1860s?

Henry Bessemer’s patented process for turning iron to steel Signup and view all the answers

Which practices did Andrew Carnegie introduce to improve business management?

Modern business management techniques and strict accounting procedures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following magnates is associated with the steel industry in the late 19th century?

Andrew Carnegie Signup and view all the answers

What was a fundamental change in business financing after the Civil War?

Financed through a national banking system centered on Wall Street Signup and view all the answers

How did Carnegie initially rise in the business world?

By mastering the telegraph and various industries Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major weaknesses of iron rails compared to steel rails?

Iron rails had a much shorter lifespan than steel rails Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the large businesses that emerged post-Civil War?

They were managed by professionals rather than owners Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did Andrew Carnegie employ to reduce costs?

Eliminating middlemen Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Gilded Age, what duality did industrial cities represent?

The richness of capitalist success and the suffering of its victims Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary factor that allowed middle-class families to move away from city life?

Improved roads and mass transit systems Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic change occurred in the workforce by 1990?

Unskilled labor constituted a third of the workforce Signup and view all the answers

How did the introduction of the sewing machine affect labor practices?

It led to the creation of sweatshops with repetitive tasks Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did unskilled workers face regarding labor organization?

Seasonal work and high turnover made organizing difficult Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the sharecropping system evolve after the Civil War?

Legal definitions favored landlords over sharecroppers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT characteristic of female employment in the early 1900s?

Women primarily held high-wage white collar jobs Signup and view all the answers

What effect did rural free delivery have on farmers?

It improved their access to city goods without leaving their homes Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the rise of factory systems on craftsmanship?

Tech innovations reduced the need for skilled artisans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the role of 'scabs' during labor strikes?

They were employed to replace striking workers Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil

John D. Rockefeller (JDR) threatened railroads, with plans to construct a pipeline if they didn't provide rebates.
Acquired farmland to demonstrate the seriousness of his intentions.
Standard Oil quickly eliminated over 23 competing businesses, establishing a monopoly in the oil industry.
JDR disdained price competition, similar to modern advertising strategies aimed at creating brand loyalty.

The Trust System

In 1880, JDR established a trust, an innovative legal structure allowing various producers to operate under a single entity to manage competition.
Comprised a board of nine business leaders who pooled stock from local corporations in exchange for trust certificates.
This system eradicated price competition; companies were bound to follow prices set by the trust board.
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 aimed to curb monopolistic practices but was poorly enforced due to conservative political alignment and judicial bias.

Corporate Revolution Impact

The transition from 19th to 20th Century America marked significant shifts in governance and industry.
Reform movements against Tammany Hall were short-lived due to lack of political training among participants.
Successful political machines, like Tammany, utilized a mix of politics and business to maintain power.

Andrew Carnegie's Ascendancy

Carnegie, an immigrant from Scotland, rose from poverty to dominate various industries, namely steel.
Utilized modern management techniques and strict accounting to grow his enterprise, making it the largest private company globally by 1865.
Transitioned from iron to steel production with advancements like Henry Bessemer’s steel-making process.

Changes in Business Structure and Worker Demographics

The late 19th-century saw large corporations with bureaucratic layers managed by professionals.
Industrialization led to a workforce comprised mainly of unskilled laborers, with a notable representation of women.
The rise of factories replaced artisanal jobs, and labor conditions were harsh, often involving child labor.
Division of labor enabled mass production but devalued individual artisan skills.

Accessibility and Consumer Culture

Aaron Montgomery Ward pioneered a direct selling network, making goods accessible to rural consumers.
Sears-Roebuck established a reputation for reliable delivery and quality merchandise.
Rural free delivery made household items reachable for farmers, promoting consumerism.

Challenges for Unskilled Workers

Unskilled laborers faced difficult working conditions, with no job security or retirement benefits.
Strikes were risky, draining workers' savings, and a surplus labor pool made organizing difficult.
Racial tensions were exploited by employers using Black Americans as strikebreakers.

Sharecropping System in the South

Post-Civil War, the South saw a migration to urban areas and expansion of cotton production.
Most Black individuals worked as sharecroppers, cultivating land they did not own.
Legal rulings began to redefine sharecroppers as wage laborers by the mid-1880s, diminishing previous protections.

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Description

This quiz explores the historical strategies employed by John D. Rockefeller to establish Standard Oil as the first major monopoly in the oil industry. It highlights his threats to the railroads and the implications of his business tactics, including the construction of a pipeline. Test your knowledge on this pivotal moment in economic history.