Historical Antecedents in Science & Technology PDF

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH ROADS - the sumerian road which made up of meticulous brick making skills forming identical mud bricks for building SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED...

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH ROADS - the sumerian road which made up of meticulous brick making skills forming identical mud bricks for building SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED the roads were made from aggregates stones that THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND compacted down created a strong stable and long lasting surface. these roads demonstrated strength it could support TECHNOLOGY the marching of hundreds soldiers and carts laden with supplies. the purpose of building roads was to increase the INTRODUCTION speed of travelling, trading and transporting food, goods, water and live stock. An antecedent is described as a precursor to the unfolding of life. Historical backgrounds in science and technology THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF URUK - It was built as a place of paved the way for advanced and sophisticated worship dedicated to the moon god Nanna in the Sumerian advancements in science and technology that may City of Ur an ancient Mesopotamia. Traditionally it everyone enjoys today and live in comfort life. Although we symbolizes a link between the gods and the human kind. It could not deny that problems on transportation, is also served practically as shelter from floods for more communication, foods, security and the like may still than 4,000 years , the ziggurat is still well today and intactly prevail up to this time in the society , the development of preserved. A ziggurat is a type of massive stone structure science during ancient , middle ages and modern ages will resembling pyramids and featuring terraced levels and provide more information on changes that led to the accessible only by way of stairways. development of science and technology. EGYPTIANS CIVILIZATION IN THE WORLD: ANCIENT, MIDDLE AND MODERN AGES ➔ Egyptians medicine was often times a trial and error at the beginning of Ancient time. ➔ Egyptians doctors learned that if you covered an ➔ ANCIENT TIME – ancient history covers the period open wound with moldy bread, the wound heal 3000BC -AD 500. quickly. This findings affirmed that certain bread ➔ MIDDLE AGES – began around 476 A.D may span mold produces penicillin, a chemical that kills germs roughly 1,000 years ending between 1400 and 1450. that infect wounds ➔ MODERN AGES – It is also referred to as Modernity, ➔ Modern science discovered that certain bread molds is the post Medieval area, beginning 1500 to present, produce penicillin, a chemical that kills germs that wide span of time marked in part by technological infect wounds. innovations, urbanization, scientific discoveries and ➔ Egyptian doctors promoted seeds of poppy for pain globalization. reliever because it contains both morphine and codeine The first Inklings of Science (From Ancient Times to 606 B.C) PAPYRUS – an ancient form of paper , made from a plant of the same name. As early as 3.000BC. Egyptian formed a IN THE ANCIENT TIME paper named as Papyrus. Papyrus is a thick type of paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant, the Cyperus 1. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION papyrus. - Papyrus can also refer to a document written on the CUNEIFORM PROPER - It is a logo syllabic script that was sheets. The papyrus was joined together side by side used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East and rolled into a scroll and served as the early form and their literature works such as the Epic of Gilgamesh of book of the Egyptian. The invention of the ancient The shape of the cuneiform is wedge shaped and mounted form of paper revolutionized the way the on a clay envelopes, the ancient people wrote their writing information was transmitted from person to in the cuneiform using the stylus. The cuneiform is generation, communication is done smoothly developed to keep track of their transactions and used in compared to clay tablets or smooth rocks been used their religious cultural and artistic practices. by Egyptians, Sumerians and other races. THE URUC CITY - the uruk for today is known as warka The Poppy seeds brought the Egyptian doctors being today, the city in the ancient near east, the first major city respected locally and internationally. in sumerian built in the 5th century bc, the larget sumerian settlements and the religious centers in mesopotamia uruk EGYPTIAN WIG - is predominantly worn by the elite of as one of the oldest cities in the world its communal works Egyptian society, which served as dual purpose. The includes the temples and canals for irrigation. uruk a true wearing of wig signified high rank in Egypt’s and helped city dominated by monumental brick buildings decorated protect shaven calps ( a sign of mobility ) from the sun. The with mosaics. wigs which is called as Nubian wigs also helped maintain hygiene levels by reducing the incidence of head lice. IRRIGATION - The Sumerians built an advanced irrigation system using the Egyptian Technology to sustain the water THE WATER CLOCK AS CLEPYSDRA - The ancient is a supply of their farms and protect the fields from floods. This device for measuring time by the gradual flow of water. It is is to protect their farms with silt. made up of stone , copper or pottery. It has 12 carved SUMERIAN SAIL BOAT - The sailboat is primarily invented columns of 11 false holes, that corresponds hours of the to help people of Sumerian to travel their trade efficiently to night. The water flowed through a very small holes The other countries. The sailboat is simple in design, the sails clock was used by the priests to determine the time at night were square in shape and made of cloth. The angle and so that the temple rites and sacrifices could be performed direction of the sails is fixed if the wind blows in the at the correct hour. The clock may be used also in day light. direction that the sailboats desired to go. HIEROGLYPHICS EGYPTIA - Hieroglyphics uses pictures WHEEL OF SUMARIAN - The Sumerian was invented in the but it was not demonstrated in writing. It signifies sounds in fourth millennium BC The first wheels were potter’s wheel the Ancient Egyptian language , just as the characters in the were not used for transportation known as Tourettes or Roman Alphabet. Ancient Egyptians began writing with ink slow wheels , later used as transportation. made by burning wood or oil and the concoction was mixed with water around 3200 BC. The ink is made of two key parts the pigment and the carrier. The pigment is the dye COMPASS - In ancient China the compass was first used for itself and what is delivered by the vessel to the printing worship, fortune-telling and geomancy the art of aligning medium. buildings in the late 11th century and early 12 the century, Chinase sailors adopted the compass for astronomical and COSMETICS EGYPTIAN - Cosmetics make up was one of terrestrial navigation leading in improving the trade the inventions that the Egyptians made. They invented eye make up in 4000 BCE to give them protection from the sun THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA - The Great Wall is known as and to imitate the impressive look of the gods. They one of the seven construction wonders in the world for its combined soot with a lead called galena to make the massive construction size an its unique architectural style. ointment Kohl. The importance of cosmetics in The builders were composed of a great army of manpower, soldiers , prisoners and local people. The Great Wall is the Egyptian are the following: longest man made structure which is over 21,000 kilometers - Served as protective shield against malevolent long, an average height and width of about six to eight spirits and diseases meters. The travelers would take three to 6 months to walk - Essential part of religious rituals along the section of the wall. - The Ancient Egyptians regarded beauty as a sign of holiness, they believed that the makeup was next to TEA PRODUCTION - The tea started in China around 2750 godliness. BC.The tea may first have been consumed in China as a beverage as early as 4,000 years ago and by the classical THE ROMAN CIVILIZATION area the tea was served as a refreshing stimulant and facilitated Buddhist meditation. The Chinese tea production NEWSPAPER OF ROMANS - The Acta Diurna , also called followed the process prescribed by Lu Yu The tea leaves Populi Acta Publica and simply Acta or Diurna in ancient were first steamed , grinded using the mortar and pestle, Rome was a sort of daily gazette , containing an officially shaped into cake before dried and strung with reed or authorized narrative of noteworthy events at Rome. The bamboo then the tea is cooked in a brazier. Acta Diurna shared gossip. It provides information on events and contained birth and death announcement and The Science begins to Emerge ( 600 BC to 500 human interest stories. A.D) ROMANS BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX - The Romans THE GREEKS streamlined the medium by creating the codex, a stack of - As far as historians can tell the first true scientists bound pages that Is recognize as the earliest incarnation of were the Ancient Greeks the book. The first codices were made of bound box wax tablets, but these were later replaced by animal skin THALES - Thales studied the heavens and tried to develop a parchment that more clearly resembled pages. These roman unifying terms that explain the movement of the heavenly books provide important historical accounts of Rome and bodies (the planets and the stars) established the stories of classical civilization , the culture is - He predicted certain planetary event , he predicted seen as the foundation of modern civilization. the short term disappearance of the sun. - The prediction he made is actually what we called ROMAN ARCHITECTURE - The Ancient Roman architecture today is a SOLAR ECLIPSE - an event in which the is seen as part of classical architecture and generally builds moon moves between the earth and the sun, mostly off of the three classical orders Ionic, Corinthian and Doric blocking the sun from view. The Romans were innovators and combined new construction techniques and materials with creative design ANAXIMANDER - was interested in the study of life. He was to produce a whole range of brand need architectural the first scientist who concluded that all life began in the structure. The innovative buildings include the basilica , sea and some sort of a fish. His idea was later resurrected by monumental aqueduct, amphitheater and residential other scientists , most notably Charles Darwin and is today housing block. The striking features of Roman architecture called evolution, were the elements used , innovated and executed by them. - Anaximenes however, believed that all things were They focused innately on the elements they used in constructed of air since what he knew that air was architecture like vaults, domes, columns and arches, They the most basic substance in nature. used stones, wood, marble and materials such as bricks and - His ideas led to the introduction of the Greeks glass which allowed the buildings to stand concept on that things in nature is made by single substance ATOMS. THE ROMAN NUMERALS - The Roman numeral is any of the symbols used in a system of numerical notation based LEUCIPPUS - a Greek scientist who lived up to 150 years on the Ancient Roman system further developed the concepts of Atoms that all matter is composed of little unit known as atoms, he was named as THE CHINESE CIVILIZATION the Father of Atomic Theory. THE SILK INDUSTRY - The production of silk originated in DEMOCRITUS - believed that all matter was similar to sand. Neolithic China within the Yangshao culture(4th millennium Even though a piece of wood appears to be solid, it is in fact BC). China maintained its virtual monopoly over silk made up of little individual particles which he called it production for another thousand years ago. The use of silk ATOMS. Democritus was not well as accepted in his time, within China was not confined to clothing alone, the silk but later scientists utilized his ideas and modified them. was use for a number of applications such as writing within clothing , the color of silk worn also held social importance and formed an important guide of social class during the Two Recognized Novel Greek Scientists were: Tang dynasty. THE GUN POWDER - Taoist alchemists combined sulphur, ARISTOTLE - The father of the life sciences who wrote saltpetre an charcoal in making the earliest form of volumes of works on many things. Including Philosophy , gunpowder, during the eight century. It was used to kill mathematics, logics and physics. insects and treat skin diseases and lately in fireworks and - He was the first to make a large scale attempt with rockets. the classification of animal and plants. - Although Aristotle is noted to contribute large studies n science not all the ideas were without flaw. One was his idea on spontaneous generation, he world around us. As a result the real science was believed that living things spontaneously formed actively discouraged at most part of the world. from nonliving things. ALCHEMY - is one of the best examples in which science ARCHIMEDES - He was one of the scientists who been recognized in this era. The Alchemists were the most demonstrated how closely science and mathematics. He wanted to find a means by which lead could be transformed was best known for his works on fluid. He was the first to into gold. The alchemists began mixing and recording , show how fluid may float or not in liquid. many interested things were observed , they mixed mixtures and did the process in trial and error. They never THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (FROM 500-1500 AD) tried to use their observations to conclude about natural works, instead they were content to just write their ➔ The start of the middle ages was marred by massive observations and move to the next experiment searching for inventions and migrations. Great technology was the next substance they could make. needed in the field of weaponry navigation, mass food and farm and production including health Science thrives on the free exchange of ideas from one that’s why the most innovative minds came from scientist to another , this put another road block for the this period. Some of the most innovative were the science progress. Many historians refer to this period as the Printing Press, microscope , weapons, telescope and DARK AGES. The progress in science depends on scientists, the like. government and culture. Still the progress in science not quite observed, due to Romans remained active in THE PRINTING PRESS - The German goldsmith Johannes discouraging science. The Roman empire preferred to Gutenberg was able to inventhe printing press around 1436. concentrate on inventions, the crumbling government The printing press is a mechanical device described as caused trade and communications to become more difficult movable type printing which allowed the medieval people to scientific progress slowed even more. share large amounts of information quickly and in a huge Both Arabs and Chinese during this time period numbers, quickened the spread of knowledge , discoveries were involved in making careful studies of the and literacy in Renaissance Europe, the printing revolution heavens. They made observations that were much also contributed mighty to the Protestant Reformation that more detailed and precise than those of the Greek split apart the Catholic church. Scientists. THE MEDIEVAL MICROSCOPE - With the massive migration CHINESE RECORDS FROM 1054 A. D include detailed and urbanization , people transferred to polluted area there observations of a phenomenon that Chinese scientist called was a massive spread of various illnesses an diseases, to a guest star in the heavens, They recorded in 1054 that a star address these problems a device that could magnify things that had not been seen before suddenly appeared in a visible to the eye was invented , the microscope. The history certain constellation. of the microscopy began in the middle ages , the first - Modern scientists have been able to use those microscope invented was credited to Zacharias Janssen , the observations to determine that the Chinese had making of the earliest compound microscope which has two seen a supernova, which is actually the explosion of lenses. a star. The observations were so detailed that modern scientists were able to look at the same part TELESCOPE - Since the Middle Ages was also known as the of the night sky and when they did , they found a Age of Exploration , the need for nautical inventions was cloud of dust and gas, called a nebula. Based on high. The invention of the telescope an optical instrument these facts , modern scientists now believe that that helps in the observation of remote objects was a great nebula is formed by the explosion of the star. help for navigators during this time together with the invention of compass, oars and rudders that made sea ROBERT GROSSETTESTE - He was a bishop in the Roman traveling easier and faster. The first telescope were created Catholic in the early 1200s A.D. He proposed the idea that in the netherlands in 1608 The first person to apply a patent the secrets of the natural world could be learned by for a Telescope was a Dutch eyeglass marker Hans discovering the laws that God had set in motion.He wanted Lippershey , laid a claim to a device that could magnify to explain why things happened the way they did. objects three times The telescope had a concave eyepiece - He Was The Father Of Scientific Method, because he aligned with a convex objective lens, used to form magnified was the first to thoroughly use and explain. images of distant objects THE MODERN TIMES 1500 to the present MEDIEVAL WEAPONS - “War weapons” Since wars were PASTEURIZATION - The challenge to keep manufactured widespread during the Middle Ages , the great food from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, developments in the weaponry technology was shown, especially milk, since they spoil faster. Swordsmiths in Northern Europe discovered a method of - To prevent food poisoning and other related sword making (now called pattern welding) the swords were illnesses , Louis Pasteur , a French scientist , found a made of various pieces of Iron or steel rods of different way to solve the problem , He invented the process hardness were combined by twisting and folding together. of pasteurization The weapons includes offensive and defensive instruments, - Pasteurization is the process of heating dairy these are cross bows and long bows, high walls and fortress, products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them iron body armors and chainmail The sword places first on to spoil faster. It is intended to make milk and milk the list of the most important weapons in the middle age. products safe by destroying all the vegetative pathogenic organisms Through the process milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period - It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE STALLS FOR A bacteria. WHILE ( 500AD to 1000 (A.D ) - The most common method of pasteurization in US is High Temperature Short Time (HTST) ➔ The Roman Empire had a great deal of influence pasteurization which uses metal plates and hot throughout the world. water to raise milk temperature to at least 1610 ➔ Rome disliked science much, did not mind inventions especially those that made work PETROLEUM REFINERY - The Petroleum refineries convert productive, but a little use for the explaining the (refine) crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating , paving roads, generating ➔ The same gravity that attracts objects to the earth electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals. Refining (making them fall)also keeps the planets in their breaks cruel down into its various components which are orbits around the sun, selectively reconfigured into new products Petroleum is ➔ Newton also developed detailed mathematical required to transform crude oil into useful products such as equations and still considered accurate to this day. liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel , diesel oil and fuel oil. 1. The first law also called as LAW OF INERTIA states that a object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion TELEPHONE - The more people got connected by trade and unless compelled to change the state by an external force. exploration , the more they needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate in real time, Thus the 2. THE SECOND LAW OF MOTION states that if a net force development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell acts on an object , it will cause acceleration of the object, was one of the most important inventions at that time. the law addresses the cause and effect relationship between - A TELEPHONE is an instrument designed for the force and motion. F=ma simultaneous transmission and reception of the human voice These communication devices are 3. The Third Law of motion States that when two bodies among the most important technological devices of attract , they apply forces to one another that are equal in our life time these are mobile phone , cellular magnitude and opposite in direction also known as THE portable phones. Many businesses benefited from LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION. the advancements in communication. ROBERT BOYLE - The founder of modern chemistry THE CALCULATOR - Paschal’s Invention of mechanical contemporary of Newton He did any experiments with gas , calculator in the early 1640 was born out of desire to help like Boyle’s Law his father in collecting taxes. He was the second person own to have created device of this kind, the first was the name of ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK - The Father of microscopy, Schicakrd in 1624 Although an earlier version of calculator invented the First microscope where he was able to had already been developed , modern times required a examine the different microorganisms. faster way to compute more complicated computations Thus computing devices must be easy to carry for day to THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTRIAL day basis. The creation of modern calculators resulted in REVOLUTION ( 1735 A.D-1820 A.D) the development of more complex machinery the computer. ➔ The age of Enlightenment Period , was a intellectual movement developed mainly in France, Britain and THE COMPUTER - The first computers were used primarily Germany which advocated freedom, democracy and for numerical calculations.however, as any information can reason as the primary values of society. be numerically encoded people soon realized that ➔ Utmost importance of increasing efficiency of computers are capable of general purpose information. transportation, communication, and production THE RENAISSANCE The GOLDEN AGE OF ➔ Industrialization took place with greater risk in SCIENCE (1500 AD to 1600 A.D) human heath food safety and environment. ➔ The scientific community should critically analyze NICOLAUS COPERNICUS - Copernicus believed Ptolemy’s the works of the previous scientists since their view of the universe was wrong Copernicus placed the sun studies were based on the data and results from the at the center of everything and assumed that the planets former scientists. (including the Earth) traveled around the sun. ➔ Increased scientific knowledge , led to the invention - This views was called the heliocentric system or of many devices that turned hours of manual labor Copernican System in honor of Copernicus. into just a few minutes of work, The changed led to ANDREAS VESALIUS - He published a Book on 1543, the making of so many inventions and this mark the book contains the detailed part of the Human Body, The period in history. organs were clearly illustrated especially the muscles and bones. This book led to knowing how the medicine is THE BIRTH OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS taught. CAROLUS LINNAEUS - His works on classification marked BLAIZE PASCAL - He spent an enormous time in studying the beginning of the Enlightenment.because it the air and liquids * He demonstrated that the air we revolutionized the study of living things. breathe exerts pressure on everything “ now we called it as - The basic classification scheme proposed by ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. Linnaeus is still used today the scientific name - He demonstrated the PASCAL LAW The science consists of genus and species Carolus Linnaeus = behind the law allowed us to develop hydraulic lifts, Father of Modern Classification “The Binomial like the lift a mechanic uses to raise a car so he can System get underneath - The Scientific Name: genus and species Man scientific name : Homo sapiens Homo is the genus, ERA OF NEWTON ( 1660 A.D to 1735 A.) sapiens wise ➔ Newton wrote most of his revolutionary work in ANTOINE LAVOISER - The father of modern chemistry , he three volume – The Principia was the instrument of renaming oxygen , the gas which ➔ The First Volume , laid down his three laws of combine with fuel to form combustion motion, The Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration and - He was the first to analyze chemical reactions in a Law of Interaction systematic way, and he was the first to realize that ➔ The Second Volume of the Principia Newton built on matter cannot be destroyed or created, can be the work of Pascual and added many details to the transformed to another form. This is known as the understanding of the motion of fluids Law of Mass Conservation. ➔ The Third volume Laid down his universal law of - He was also the first to properly explain combustion gravitation which is the process burning,. Antoine Lavoisier ➔ Newton used detailed experiments and observations Father of Modern Chemistry He disproved the to show that gravity was the cause of both effects. Phlogiston Theory , he renamed the dephlogisticated air oxygen, when he realized that  oxygen was the part of air that the oxygen was the part of air that combines with substances as they NEIL BOHR - Bohr developed the Bohr Model. This model burn the process is combustion, Lavoisier work on of the atom is based on solid mathematics and it required this made him Father of Modern Chemistry. the assumption that energy comes on small packets - Using the Bohr model many of the mysteries of the THE REST OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY(1820 atom were revealed. A.D to 1900) OTHER SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERIES ★ 1907 : Radiometric dating discoveries that the earth LOUIS PASTEUR - He destroyed the idea of spontaneous is 2.2 billion years generation ★ 1915 : Einstein announced the general theory of - He made great advances in the study of bacteria and relativity the like ★ 1915 ; Pellagra was discovered to be a dietary disease - He demonstrated experimentally that fermented ★ 1924 : Hubble identified new galaxy beverages resulted from the action of living yeast ★ 1927 : Big Bang theory (transforming glucose into ethanol ) ★ 1928-1948: Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin - He concluded that fermentation is vital process, he ★ 1932 : Chadwick discovered neutron defined it as respiration without air (Anaerobic ★ 1938 : Electroshock therapy was introduced respiration,) ★ 1947 : Transistor was invented - In his discovery of microbes were responsible for ★ 1972-1985 : CT Scan and MRI were introduced souring alcohol ,came up the process of ★ 1979 : cellular phones, radio, telephone system were pasteurization where bacteria are destroyed by introduced heating beverages and then allowing them to cool. ★ 1982 : human growth hormone was genetically His work in germ theory also led him and his team engineered created vaccination on anthrax ★ 1885 : Microsoft windows were introduced - His experiment on Pasteurization contributed to the ★ 1988 : Digital cellular phones were introduced improvement of science ★ 1992 ; smart pill - He developed the process of Pasteurization , the ★ 1993 : Pentium processor process of fermentation in making wine, vinegar etc. ★ 1995 : Java computer language - Father of Bacteriology ★ 1998 : Viagra was invented THE PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS GREGOR MENDEL - He was a Augustinian monk. Father of Genetics ➔ Despite being considered as developing country , - He devotedly develop much of his life in the study of the Philippines also contributes to the global reproduction. advancement of science and technology. Many - The entire field of modern genetics which studies inventions and discoveries of Filipinos were built how leads are passed on from parents to offspring is from indigenous materials more created to adapt to based on his work. the harsh tropical environment. MICHAEL FARADAY - It in this period in History in which 1. SALAMANDER AMPHIBOUS TRICYCLE - Due to flooding science developed a much better understanding of during rainy season, it is very difficult for tricycles to electricity and magnetism transverse the streets - Faraday’s experiments and ideas about electricity - To remedy the issue, H20 Technologies headed by earned him the title of The electrical giant Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto Armada , together with Chief Designer Victor “Atoy” Llave was able to JAMES CLERK MAXWELL - He is known as the founder of invent the Salamander an amphibian tricycle. modern Physics , he contributed on the development of the mathematical equations that showed Faraday was right that 2. SALT LAMP - Electrification is one of the urgent needs of electricity and magnetism are both different aspects of the a developing country like the Philippines same phenomenon now called electromagnetism. - Fortunately a young Filipina Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lighting system that utilizes a material JAMES JOULE - He determined that like matter, energy abundant to the Philippine saltwater. cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change forms,. - She invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting - This now known as Law of Thermodynamics , the (SALT)lamp, an eco-friendly light source that runs guiding principle in the study of energy on salt water. THE MODERN SCIENCE ( 1900 A.D. TO THE 3. E-JEEPNEY - The jeepney dominated the Philippine PRESENT) streets and is considered as the primary mode of transportation. MAX PLANCK - He proposed an idea that matter exists in - However , the diesel powered jeepney produces tiny packets called atoms, energy exists in tiny packets large quantities of black smoke and is a contributory which he called as quanta. to pollution - You can give one packet of energy to an object, or - To countered these disadvantages, the electric you can give two packets of energy to an object. jeepney (e-jeepney) was developed which powered However you cannot give an object any amount of energy in between one and two packets. 4. BAMBOO INCUBATOR - With his lot of evidence for his ideas, this led to the acceptance of the scientific community the QUANTUM MECHANICS ALBERT EINSTEIN - Einstein used Plank’s idea of energy quanta to explain a problem called the photoelectric effect could not be explained by Newton’s laws of motion but could be easily explained by Planck ideas about the energy quanta.