Highway and Road Engineering PDF

**HIGHWAY AND ROAD ENGINEERING** **TRANSPORTATION** - The movement of people and/or goods from one place to another. The process of shipping or moving an item from point a to point b. - It is any device used to move an item from one location to another. Common forms of transportation...

**HIGHWAY AND ROAD ENGINEERING** **TRANSPORTATION** - The movement of people and/or goods from one place to another. The process of shipping or moving an item from point a to point b. - It is any device used to move an item from one location to another. Common forms of transportation include planes, trains, automobiles, and other two-wheel devices such as bikes or motorcycles. **IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION** - Transportation is important because it facilitates trade, exchange and travel. Without effective transportation, regions are largely isolated from each other. Effective, affordable transportation also plays a role in letting people move to new areas. - Transportation is a means by which animals, goods and humans are moved for one place to another. Some of the typical modes of transport are water, road, rail, air, coastal, navigation, pipeline, cable and space. The role of a well-coordinated and smooth transport system is critical in the sound growth of the country. - Transport is significant as it allows trade between people that is necessary for the expansion of civilizations. It plays a vital role in globalization and economic growth of a country. **SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSPORTATION** **BOOST ECONOMIC GROWTH**: Transportation promotes economic growth in an organization in following ways: - Better productivity - Enhances accessibility of labor force and jobs - Opens new avenues for businesses - Improves supply chain efficiency **INCREASES BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY**: Improvements in transportation enhances the reach of businesses and people to find relevant services, jobs, activities, goods, and productivity. Transportation helps reduce time of travel and improves infrastructure too. Employees reach workplace in less time. Businesses also benefit by increased employee productivity. This results in increasing the productivity of an area impacted by the better transportation system. **ENHANCES ACCESSIBILITY OF LABOR FORCE AND JOBS**: Another economic advantage of transportation is that it provides a larger pool of employees for the job market. A new transit, road enhancements or traveler rail line reduces the travel time of employees as required by other transportation modes like a bus or a car. Now employees can reach jobs that were previously inaccessible. New and improved transportation mode enhances direct access of the population to more job avenues, that makes a place more attractive. **OPENS NEW AVENUES FOR BUSINESS**: New rail, metro lines and subway attract new commercial and residential development. This provides passengers and businesses with various options to earn as well as spend their money. Better access, and improved transportation projects lead to the economic development of metropolitan areas. **IMPROVED SUPPLY CHAIN EFFICIENCY**: Quicker and easier access to required materials and supplies result in its faster delivery to costumers. This not just reduces inventory carrying and transportation costs, but also improves profitability and productivity in a business. Improvements in the transportation infrastructure makes it possible for organizations to extend their market access to infinite costumer base, that increases their competitiveness too. **TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING OR TRANSPORT ENGINEERING** - It is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods transport. - It primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water, and even space transportation. **PLANNING** - **TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS** 1. Congestion 2. Flood 3. Changing Policies 4. Drivers Behavior 5. Lack of Public Transportation 6. No Standard 7. Road Crash 8. Traffic Road crashes kill someone every 24 seconds, with a total of 1.35 million traffic deaths around the world each year according to the World Health Organization. According to the data published in 2017, Road Traffic Accidents in Philippines reached 10,767 or 1.74% of total deaths. The Death Rate is 11.82 per 100,000 of population and Philippines ranks \#116 in the world. In a 2018 study, the Japan International Cooperation Agency said that traffic costs the Philippines P3.5 billion in \"lost opportunities\" daily. The amount is expected to triple in number by the year 2030. The Philippine capital ranked ninth most congested city out of 389 cities. On average, it took 27 minutes for Filipinos to travel 10 kilometers in Metro Manila last year. Across East and Southeast Asia, Manila was the second most traffic-congested city. **SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS** 1. **ROAD SAFETY** -- By 2020, 1/2 the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes. 2. **ENERGY EFFICIENCY** -- By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency (electricity, fuel consumptions on transport). 3. **SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE** -- Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure to support economic development and human well-being. - **ROAD INVENTORY** **DPWH GIS WEB APPLICATION** 1. Road and Bridge Inventory 2. Traffic Information **THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS** (Kagawaran ng mga Pagawain at Lansangang Bayan) -- It is the executive department of the Philippine government solely vested with the mandate to "be the state's engineering and construction arm" and, as such, it is "tasked to carry out the policy" of the state to "maintain an engineering and construction arm continuously develop its technology", for the purposes of ensuring the safety of all infrastructure facilities and securing for all public works and highways the highest efficiency and the most appropriate quality in construction. **THE PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY NETWORK** -- It is a network of national roads owned and maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and organized into three classifications according to their function or purpose: **national primary, secondary, and tertiary roads**. - **TRANSPORTATION PLANNING STUDIES** 1. **ORIGIN AND DESTINATION STUDY (O-D)** - To show the pattern and nature of daily trips made by the residents. - The main purpose of O-D study is to plan the transportation in urban city especially the type of land use, road traffic network and public transportation system. **ORIGIN-DESTINATION SURVEYS** -- Establish a measure of the patterns of movement of person and goods within a particular area of interest. - Establish trip patters - Determine probable traffic diversion - Identify zones (per barangay or municipalities) 2. **TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY** - To collect data on the number of vehicles/pedestrians that pass a point during a specified time period. - To know whether the existing road can accommodate the vehicles that using a road. - Ensure the smooth movement of vehicles and traffic safety. **TECHNIQUES IN VOLUME STUDIES** 1. **MANUAL** -- By tallying, with manual counters or using smart phone apps. 2. **AUTOMATIC COUNTERS** -- Axle counter (pneumatic type), vehicle counter (inductive loop detectors, magnetic vehicle imaging). 3. **VIDEO TECHNIQUE** -- Installed cameras at locations. 4. **MOVING VEHICLE METHOD** -- carried out by observers travelling in a vehicle making a series of runs over a selected route to determine mean volume along a length of road and information on travel times. **APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA** 1. Design of road rehabilitation 2. Study the traffic at intersection 3. Study of traffic control systems 4. Forecast/Predict traffic volumes 5. Study traffic accidents 6. Analysis of cost -- benefits for highway projects 3. **SPOT SPEED STUDY** - Conducted to estimate the distribution of speeds of vehicles in a stream of traffic at a particular location. - Carried out by recording the speed of a sample of vehicles at a specific location. - Will be valid only for the traffic and environmental conditions that exist at the time of study. **APPLICATION OF SPOT SPEED DATA** 1. Establish parameter for traffic operation such as speed zones, speed limits, and passing restriction 2. Evaluate the effectiveness of traffic control devices such as variable message sign at work zone 3. Evaluate/determine the adequacy of highway geometric characteristic 4. Evaluate the effect of speed on highway 5. Determine speed trends 4. **TRAVEL TIME AND DELAY STUDY** - A travel time study determines the amount of time required to travel from one point to another on a given route. - Information may also be collected on the location, duration, and cause of delays. - Data also aid the traffic engineer in identifying problems at a location. 5. **PARKING STUDY** - The need of parking spaces is usually very great in the areas where land uses including business, residential and commercial activities. - Providing adequate parking space to meet the demand for parking that may affect the level of service. **APPLICATION OF PARKING DATA** 1. To get the valid information (before and latest) 2. To know whether it is adequate parking or not 3. To provide information needed to enable the implementation of payment by the parties involved. **TYPES OF NEW ROAD PROJECTS** 1. **BYPASS ROADS** -- Alternate road that provides shorter travel time by avoiding a congested area. 2. **DIVERSION ROADS** -- Alternate road that has a shorter travel distance. 3. **MISSING LINKS** -- Road connecting two hanging national roads. 4. **ACCESS ROADS** -- Road connecting the national road to places of interests (i.e., airports, seaports, tourism destination). 5. **INTERCHANGE** -- Intersection improvement such as flyover, underpass, roundabout, etc. **CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION** 1. **TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE** -- This form of transportation comprises of the fixed installation of terminals for interchange of cargo and passengers. It includes railways, roads, waterways, airways, pipelines, canals and terminals like railway stations, airports, warehouses, bus stations, refueling depots, seaports and trucking terminals. 2. **OPERATIONS** -- This type of transportation identifies the way in which the vehicles function, and the methods that accomplish this purpose. It includes financing, policies and legalities. 3. **VEHICLES** -- This is a passenger transportation system where operators provide either private or scheduled services such as freight transport and bulk transport. **MODES OF TRANSPORTATION** 1. **ROAD TRANSPORT** -- It plays a significant role in the progress of economic and social state of the country. It is the most cost-effective mode of transportation for medium and short distances. This transportation service is regarded as useful and preferable because of its trustworthiness, flexibility, ease and speed. **ADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORT** - It is very flexible in nature. - It helps to facilitate the movement of goods even in remote areas. - It provides alternatives in the form of car, rickshaw, auto, cars, bus, trucks, and so on. - It is good for transporting perishable products. - It requires low capital investments. - It is very suitable for a short distance journey. **DISADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORT** - It is not suited for long distance as it is not economical. - Slow as compared to railways. - Goods can be destroyed/damage due to specks of dust and pollutions. - It is time-consuming. - Accidents and Breakdowns. 2. **RAIL TRANSPORT** -- The railway is considered to be "the lifeline". It facilitates transference of goods and people from one location to another. The vastness of the country makes rail transportation a vital transport medium for internal transportation and operation of commuters. People get easy access to various inaccessible areas. With railways, it becomes possible to bring in people and materials from different parts of the country that was earlier not possible. **ADVANTAGES OF RAIL TRANSPORT** - It is economical for long distances because it can easily cover all area of the cities. - This means of transport is very faster than roadways. - Most suitable for carrying a bulky amount of goods and products. - It provides proper protection from exposure to sun and dust pollutions. - It is the most dependable means of transport. - It is the very safest means of transport. - Rail transport helps to provide employment opportunities to both skilled and **DISADVANTAGES OF RAIL TRANSPORT** - Huge capital required for construction maintenance. - It is not suitable for hilly areas. - It is not flexible in nature. - The cost and time of terminal operations are the major disadvantages of rail transport. - Monopoly in nature. - It consists much time for booking of goods through the comparison of road transport. 3. **AIR TRANSPORT** -- This mode of transportation is significant for its fast transport. Enjoys a centralized location all over the world in regards to air transportation. **ADVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT** - Fastest means of transportation. - Useful moving the goods in the amount of bulk. - Each and every area of accessible. - Vital for national security and defense. - Very useful in earthquakes and other floods. - It provides an efficient, regular, and quick service. - It is very suitable for emergency services. **DISADVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT** - The large capital investment needed. - Not suitable for working goods. - May be affected by rains. - Risks of accidents are highest. - This mode of transport requires a specialized skill and a high degree of training for its working operations. 4. **WATER TRANSPORT** -- It offer the cheapest mode of transportation as there is no need to create any transportation route. Both internal as well as marine water channels such as canals and rivers provide water transportation in the country. **ADVANTAGES OF WATER TRANSPORT** - It is the very cheapest or easiest means of transportation. - Goods in bulk are transported. - It promotes foreign or international trade. - It can easily carry a huge quantity of goods such as timber and coal. - In comparison to other transport, the risks capacity is very low. **DISADVANTAGES OF WATER TRANSPORT** - One of the drawbacks is there is a delay in the movement of goods from one place to another. - Performance is affected by seasonal variations. - It can be used in a limited area of operations because it can only run on seas or oceans. - Water transport is very unsuitable for small businesses because it carries a small number of goods. **PHILIPPINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM** - Transport is a key sector in the Philippine economy, linking population and economic centers across the islands. The transport system of the Philippines consists of road, water, air, and rail transport. Water transport plays an important role due to the archipelagic nature of the country, but road transport is by far the dominant subsector accounting for 98% of passenger traffic and 58% of cargo traffic. While the transport infrastructure has been developed and spread across the country (about 215,000 kilometers \[km\] of roads, 1,300 public and private ports, and 215 public and private airports), the level of service has not been sufficient due to the lack of sustainable financing. - From a previously underdeveloped state of transportation, the government of the Philippines has been improving transportation through various direct infrastructure projects, and these include an increase in air, sea, road, and rail transportation and transport hubs. - The Build! Build! Build! (BBB) Program is the centerpiece program of the Duterte administration that aims to usher the "Golden age of infrastructure" in the Philippines. Lack of infrastructure has long been cited as the "Achilles' heel" of Philippine economic development. **BUSES** -- There are three types of bus service within the Philippines, namely provincial buses with routes from the city to distant towns and provinces, city buses with routes within Metro Manila, and the P2P (Point-to-Point) buses available in Manila. **TAXIS** -- They are white colored cars with yellow-colored plates, have a pre-determined flag down rate of 40 Philippine pesos (at time of writing) and have an additional charge per kilometer and waiting time on the road. Like buses, they are privately-owned and so, there are different taxi operators. **JEEPNEYS** -- It's the cheapest and most popular mode of land public transportation when travelling in the Philippines. Because of its open rear door design, it's easier to hop on and go down the vehicle. Plus, there are more jeepney stops, unlike bus stops. Before riding on a jeepney, it's best to know where you want to end up (what the areas are called, the names of the stops, roughly how long it takes to reach your destination). **TRICYCLE** -- Tricycles come in handy when your intended destination can't be reached by jeepney or when you have a lot to carry and there's no taxi cab available in town. These modes of public transport have various types, such as a motorcycle with sidecar or a bicycle with sidecar. Like the passenger jeepneys of the Filipinos, they are colorful, which reveals the artistic nature of the country's locals. **MOTORCYCLE TAXIS (HABAL HABAL)** -- This is where the motorcycle taxis (habal-habal) come in -- and take you through steep and unpaved roads to your chosen destination. Usually found in mountain barangays and distant provinces, you can experience taking a habal-habal ride when visiting places like Cebu and Siargao. **PEDICABS** -- These can be considered to be the silent version of tricycles as bicycles are essential used, with a passenger can attached to the side or in the front. The driver uses pedal power to transport passengers. Normally you will see pedicabs on side streets and some subdivision that don't allow for tricycles to enter. Pedicabs can seat a maximum of three passengers. **CALESA OR KALESA** -- A kalesa is a horse-drawn carriage that used to drive around the streets but is now mostly left for tourists; use. Manila and Intramuros in particular offer a kalesa ride the old-fashioned way, with your coachman serving as tour guide, in a complete costume. **CARABO CARRIAGE (BALSA)** -- The carabao is one of the most hardworking animals in the country, that's why it's the Philippine National Animal. People ride the carabaos on its back, holding its tail or on a bamboo raft (with or without wheels) attached to a yoke like a horse carriage. **TRAINS** -- Currently, the Philippines has a railway footprint of only 77 kilometers and rail transportation is provided by three rapid lines called the Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line 1, LRT Line 2, and MRT (Metro Rail Transit) Line 3 in Metro Manila and the Philippine National Railways (PNR), which serves commuters traveling from the province of Laguna to Manila and back. LRT Line 2 and MRT Line 3 are interconnected via a walkway in a station in Cubao, Quezon City. **AIRPLANES** -- Across the country, there are more than 10 international airports and about 30 principal domestic airports. This number does not yet include the community airports and unclassified airstrips found in the Philippines. If you're hoping to travel to major destinations in the country by air, the best airlines to look at are Philippine Airlines (the country's flagship carrier) and Cebu Pacific. **FERRY BOATS AND RO RO'S** -- Inter- Island travels within the country are best experienced via ferry boats for major islands. The country's roll-on/roll- off (ro-ro) system targets the three major nautical systems in the country -- the Western, Central, and Eastern nautical highways. It's also more convenient to take the ro-ro vessels especially if you want to travel with your cars. **PUMP BOATS OR BANCAS** -- For short-distance travels or when travelling to small and nearby islands, riding on a pump boat or banca is your best option! Considered a utility boat in the Philippines, bancas or pump boats are used for nearly everything -- from fishing to inter-island trips, and even as service of the Philippine Coast Guard. **SCOPE OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING** **ENGINEERS IN THIS SPECIALIZATION:** - Handle the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of highways, roads, and other vehicular facilities as well as their related bicycle and pedestrian realms. - Estimate the transportation needs of the public and then secure the funding for projects. - Analyze locations of high traffic volumes and high collisions for safety and capacity. - Use engineering principles to improve the transportation system. - Utilize the three design controls, which are the drivers, the vehicles, and the roadways themselves. **DEVELOPMENT, PLANNING AND LOCATION** -- Historical background basis for planning, master plan, engineering surveys and Highway Alignment. **HIGHWAY DESIGN, GEOMETRICS AND STRUCTURE** -- Road Geometrics and theirs Design; Rigid and Flexible Pavements; Design factors and Thickness design; Overlay design; Design of design system **TRAFFIC PERFORMANCE AND ITS CONTROL** -- Traffic Studies analysis; Need for new road links; Traffic regulation and Control; Intersection design and their controls with signs, islands and markings. **MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE** -- Highway Materials and mix design; Highway construction; Earth Work; construction of different types of pavements, WBM, Pavement failure, pavements evaluation Maintenance of pavements. **ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION** -- Road user and cost and economic analysis of highway projects; pavement types and maintenance measures; Highway Finance and phasing of Expenditure; Administration. - The phase of transportation engineering which deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads, streets and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships with other modes of transportation - Thus, the basic objective of traffic engineering is to achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic, with least number of traffic accidents. The study of traffic engineering may be divided into seven major areas: 1. **TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS** - The traffic characteristic is quite complex with various types of road users on the roads moving with different motives. - The physical characteristics of the road uses may be either permanent or temporary. The permeant characteristics are the vision, hearing, strength and the general reaction to traffic situation. 2. **TRAFFIC STUDIES AND ANALYSIS** - The various studies to be carried out on the actual traffic include speed, volume, capacity, travel patterns, origin and destination, traffic flow characteristics, parking and accident studies. 3. **PLANNING AREA ANALYSIS** - Long term development plans are to be prepared for a country as a whole or for a region of the country. Land use planning, transportation needs and road network planning are closely interlinked. 4. **GEOMETRIC DESIGN** - All the aspects such as cross section and roadway surface details, sight distance requirement, horizontal and vertical alignment, intersections and parking facilities are to be suitably designed for better performance. 5. **TRAFFIC OPERATION** - Traffic operations deal with regulations, control and application of control measures. - Regulations may be in the form of laws, or other traffic regulatory measures such as speed limit etc. 6. **ROAD SAFETY ASPECTS** - Installation of traffic control devices like signs, signals, islands and pavement markings are most common means to regulate and control the traffic. 7. **ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT** - It is a systematic way of managing the actual condition on the locality/area of concern. - Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling **PRIMARY GOAL OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERS** The safe and efficient movement of people and goods through our streets and highways. - Improve safety - Relieve traffic congestion - Speed (limited by technology, human characteristics & safety) - Comfort (involves physical characteristics of vehicle and roadway and influenced by perception of safety) - Convenience (relates to more ease with which trips are made and the ability of transport to accommodate all of travel needs at appropriate time) - Economy (more value to the money) - Protect the environment (e.g. reduce energy consumption) **ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING** **TRAFFIC STUDIES** -- Measuring and quantifying various aspect of highway traffic (traffic volume, speed, travel time, delay, etc.) **PERFORMANCE EVALUATION** -- Means by which traffic engineers can rate the operating characteristics of individual sections of facilities, can be measured in terms of level of service. **FACILITY DESIGN** -- Involves traffic engineers in the functional and geometric design of highways and other traffic facilities. **TRAFFIC CONTROL** -- Central function of traffic engineers and involves the establishment of traffic regulations and their communication to the driver through the use of traffic control devices, such as signs, markings, and signals. **TRAFFIC OPERATIONS** -- Involves measures that influence overall operation of traffic facilities, such as one-way street systems, transit operations, curb management, and surveillance and network control systems. **TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT** -- Involves virtually all aspects of traffic engineering in a focus on optimizing system capacity and operations. Specific aspects of TSM include high occupancy vehicle priority systems, car-pooling programs, pricing strategies to manage demand, and similar functions. **INTEGRATION OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES (ITS)** -- Refers to the application of modern telecommunications technology to the operation and control of transportation systems. Such systems include automated highways, automated toll- collection systems, vehicle-tracking systems, in-vehicle GPS and mapping systems, automated enforcement of traffic lights and speed laws, smart control devices, and others.