Introduction to Highway Engineering PDF

INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING INTRODUCTION For rapid economic, industrial and cultural growth of any country, a good system of transportation is very essential. Transportation system comprises of good network of roads, railways, well developed water ways and airways. DIFFERENT MO...

INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING INTRODUCTION For rapid economic, industrial and cultural growth of any country, a good system of transportation is very essential. Transportation system comprises of good network of roads, railways, well developed water ways and airways. DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION Man has always been curious for new inventions. In the early days of civilization it was thought that the movement of any human being can be on the earth only. No one thought of flying in air or cruising in large-oceans. Modes of transportation can be classified as follows : a) roadways or highways b) railways c) water ways d) airways  DIFFERENT ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES OF TRANSPORTATION Highway engineering is the science which covers designing, maintenance and operation of the roads, for convenience of the road traffic. Railway engineering is the science dealing with planning, designing, operation and maintenance of railway track, wagons, coaches, locomotives. Similarly planning, designing, operation, control and maintenance of water ways, airways and their connected machinery are respectively called harbour engineering and airport engineering. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Highway Engineering is a branch of transportation engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of different types of roads. It is also called as road engineering and it involves the study of the following : 1) Planning, location and development of roads. 2) Materials required for their construction. 3) Highway traffic performance and its control. 4) Drainage of roads etc. HIGHWAY PLANS The drawings prepared from the data collected during different surveys conducted for locating a highway are known as highway plans or drawings. The various plans or drawings prepared in connection with a road project are key map, index map, preliminary survey plans, etc. The details of additional works such as bridges, culverts, railway crossing, etc. are also prepared on separate sheets. Purposes, Objectives of Highway Plans : 1) To find the earth work involved 2) To prepare estimates of the road project IMPORTANCE OF ROADS OR HIGHWAY ENGINEERING The following are the importance of roads or highway transportation. 1. They provide conveyance to the people, goods, raw materials, etc., to reach different parts of the country. 2. They are the only source of communication in hilly regions. 3. Helps in agricultural development. 4. Helps in dairy development. 5. Helps in tourism development. 6. Helps in fisheries development. IMPORTANCE OF ROADS OR HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 7. Helps in maintaining law and order in a country. 8. Forestry development. 9. They improve the medical facilities. 10. They improve the land value. 11. They generate the more employment opportunities. 12. They play important role in defense activities. 13. They become the symbol of country's progress and development. ROAD TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS While going to railway station, harbor or airport, roads are the first mode which is going to lead you to these places. Hence it can be said that out of all types of transport systems, road is the nearest to the man. Characteristics of road transport are given as follows : 1. It can be used by all types of vehicles including cycles, rickshaws, automobiles, passenger cars, buses, trucks, etc. 2. It is nearest mode of transport for people or public. 3. It offers flexibility of changes in direction of travel as per need, comfort and convenience. ROAD TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS 4. It saves time of travel especially for short distances and light traffic because the road vehicles can be taken upto or very near to the point of destination. 5. It requires small investments and maintenance costs as compared to railways, airports, docks and harbours. 6. Road transport save time particularly for short distance travel. HIGHWAY ENGINEERS ◼ Highway engineers take into account future traffic flows, design of highway intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment and design, highway pavement materials and design, structural design of pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance. BRIEF HISTORY OF ROAD ◼ 3,500 BC - Ur and Uruk, Mesopotamia had stone-paved roads on the streets. Another example of old roads that can be found in the Island of Crete. ◼ Functions of early road systems: ◼ for armies in line with their defense against any form of invasion; ◼ transportation of goods among the neighboring communities BRIEF HISTORY OF ROAD The history of highway engineering gives us an idea about the roads of ancient times. Roads in Rome were constructed in a large scale and it radiated in many directions helping them in military operations. Thus they are considered to be pioneers in road construction.  ROMAN ROADS It was the Romans who discovered cement which allowed them to expand road networks. These road networks are still existing. Main features of the Roman roads (i) They were built straight regardless of gradients. (ii) They were built after the soft soil was removed and a hard stratum was reached. (iii) The total thickness of the construction was as high as 0.75 to 1.2 metres at some places, even though the magnitude of wheel loads of animal drawn vehicles was very low. (iv) The wearing course consisted of dressed large stone-blocks set in lime mortar. FRENCH ROADS: TRESAGUET CONSTRUCTION ◼ Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet – father of Modern Road Building ◼ In 1764, Jerome Tresaguet developed the first scientific method of road construction and maintenance. He was able to improve the drainage, stone foundation, and grade of road. FRENCH ROADS: TRESAGUET CONSTRUCTION The main feature of his proposal was that the thickness of construction need to be only of 30 cm. Due consideration was given by him to subgrade moisture condition and drainage of surface water. SCOTTISH ROADS: TELFORD CONSTRUCTION ◼ Thomas Telford – Godfather of Civil Engineering ◼ Thomas Telford, a Scottish Engineer and president and founder of Institute of Civil Engineer improved the construction method proposed by Tresaguet with stones having 3in thickness (min), 7in height, and 5in breadth. He also employed flat sub-grade allowing variety of stones to be used in the construction. SCOTTISH ROADS: TELFORD CONSTRUCTION BRITISH ROADS: MACADAM CONSTRUCTION ◼ John Loudon Mac Adam – Developed Macadam Road Concept ◼ Macadam - single-sized crushed stone layers of small angular stones are placed in shallow lifts and compacted thoroughly. BRITISH ROADS: MACADAM CONSTRUCTION Macadam was the first person who suggested that heavy foundation stones are not at all reqd. to be placed at the bottom layer. He provided stones of size less than 5 mm to a uniform thickness of 10 cm. BRITISH ROADS: MACADAM CONSTRUCTION The importance to subgrade drainage and compaction was given so the subgrade was compacted and prepared with cross slope of 1 in 36. The size of broken stone for the top layers was decided on the basis of stability under animal drawn vehicles. The pavement surface was also given the cross slope of 1 in 36. Total thickness was kept uniform form edge to center to a minimum value of 25 cm. HISTORY OF NATIONAL ROADS IN THE PHILIPPINES ◼ 1900 - The popular Macadam road type was introduced. It gained wide acceptance because of the abundant supply of stones and gravel. ◼ After Second World War - continued the rehabilitation and construction of roads and bridges, through the reparations and war damages paid by the Japanese government. ◼ 50 yrs after WWII - major highways and expressways were constructed through the financial assistance and loans from foreign banks ◼ 1960 to 1980 – “Automobile Age” and during this decade, road construction becomes a matter of priority of the government under the slogan: " This nation is on Wheels” GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE ◼ Department of Public Works and Highways or DPWH ◼ It was started during the Spanish Colonial Era and It was in 1900s when the transportation depends on the roads ◼ It was during the American Period when the roadways were developed in the Philippines ◼ Maximo Paterno, the first Minister of Ministry of Public Works and Communications (1899) ◼ On January 30, 1987, with the approval of the 1987 Constitution, the Ministry was reconfigured into a Department. GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE ◼ Department of Public Works and Highways or DPWH ◼ The State shall maintain an engineering and construction arm and continuously develop its technology, for the purposes of ensuring the safety of all infrastructure facilities and securing for all public works and highways the highest efficiency and the most appropriate quality in construction. The planning, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructure facilities, especially national highways, flood control and water resources development systems, and other public works in accordance with national development objectives, shall be the responsibility of such an engineering and construction arm. However, the exercise of this responsibility shall be decentralized to the fullest extent feasible. ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ◼ Expressways/Freeways ◼ Highways (National Road) ◼ Primary, Secondary, Tertiary ◼ Provincial Roads ◼ Municipal/City Roads ◼ Barangay Roads ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: EXPRESSWAYS/FREEWAYS  EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS ◼ Expressways are high-speed highways with limited access, featuring interchanges and sometimes tolls for passage. ◼ The Philippine expressway network spanned 420 kilometers (260 mi) in length in 2015 and it is to be extended to 626 kilometers (389 mi) by 2020 and 995 kilometers (618 mi) beyond 2030 according to the master plan submitted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency in 2010.  EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS ◼ The first expressways in the Philippines are the North Luzon Expressway (NLex), formerly known as North Diversion Road and the South Luzon Expressway (SLex) , formerly known as South Super Highway. Both were built in the 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. NLex SLex EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS ◼ The first elevated toll road in the Philippines is the Skyway or the South Metro Manila Skyway Project, built from 1995 to 1999 during the presidencies of Fidel Ramos and Joseph Estrada. ◼ The Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR) Tollway I, from Santo Tomas to Lipa in Batangas was opened in 2001. STAR Tollway II, from Lipa to the Batangas City Port, opened in 2008. ◼ The Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway or SCTEx Project was initiated under the administration of former President Joseph Estrada with an original project cost of ₱15.73 billion. Construction was started in 2005 under the government of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS NUMBERING SYSTEM ◼ Under the implementation of a route numbering system commissioned by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) on 2014, expressways are labelled with yellow pentagonal signs with black numerals. They are prefixed with the letter "E" for "Expressway" EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS - 16 ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: HIGHWAYS (NATIONAL ROADS) HIGHWAY (NATIONAL ROADS) ◼ It is a network of national roads owned and maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways which are organized into three classifications depending on their function or purpose they serve within the road network: Primary Roads, Secondary Roads and Tertiary Roads ◼ The national roads connecting major cities are numbered N1–N999. They are mostly single and dual carriageways linking two or more cities. ◼ As of October 15, 2018, the Philippine highway network has a total length of 21,523.26 kilometers (13,373.93 mi) of concrete roads, 10,099.52 kilometers (6,275.55 mi) of asphalt roads, 1,264.49 kilometers (785.72 mi) of gravel roads, and 45.44 kilometers (28.24 mi) of earth roads, with a grand total of 32,932.71 kilometers (20,463.44 mi) ◼ National Roads have Kilometer Post that usually can be seen on the sides of the roads. CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAYS IN THE PHILIPPINES ◼ The national roads in the Philippines are classified into three types by the Department of Public Works and Highways under the Philippine Highway Act (Republic Act No. 917) signed by President Elpidio Quirino on June 20, 1953 and the series of memorandums issued by the Department between 2009 and 2014. ◼ National Primary - roads which form parts of the main trunkline system and directly connect two or more major cities and metropolitan areas with a population of at least 100,000. Assigned 1 to 2 digit route number. ◼ National Secondary - The national secondary roads are roads that complement the primary roads and provide access to other major population centers. Assigned 3-digit route numbers. ◼ National Tertiary - The third classification was introduced in 2014 known as national tertiary roads. They include other existing roads administered by the DPWH which perform a local function. No route number assigned. ROUTE NUMBER ◼ National Primary - Nos. N1 to N49 for the "main" routes or corridors, i.e. those connecting three (3) or more cities - Nos. N50 to N99 for other primary routes connecting two (2) cities ◼ National Secondary - N100 to N999 ◼ National Tertiary - Not Applicable NATIONAL SECONDARY ROADS GENERAL GUIDELINES 1. The first digit of the National Secondary Road corresponds to the number of the Primary Road to which it connect.  NATIONAL SECONDARY ROADS GENERAL GUIDELINES 2. If a Secondary Road connects to two (2) Primary Roads, then the first digit of the Secondary Road corresponds to the first digit of the lowest numbered Primary Road.  NATIONAL SECONDARY ROADS GENERAL GUIDELINES 3. Gaps in the numbering system have been left to allow future expansion of the national road network in the area. Thus, for example, Route No. 412 can be followed by Route No. 420, leaving a gap for Route Nos. 413 - 419 for future use.  KILOMETER POST ◼ Kilometer posts are the concrete markings that you can see on the sides of the road. These act as mini landmarks and has distance information written on it. They're usually colored with yellow and white paint to make them easily visible to driver's and passenger's eyes. ◼ This is also referred to as the distance from "KM 0". Kilometer-zero is the kilometer markers located all over Luneta in Manila. ◼ If the marker stands on the right side of the road, it means you are driving away from KM 0, otherwise if it stands on the left. CIRCUMFERENTIAL AND RADIAL ROADS ◼ Circumferential Roads - A circumferential road, also known as a ring road, is a road that is built around an urban area to enable the free flow of traffic. It is designed to provide a continuous loop around the city, connecting various radial roads and allowing for easier movement of vehicles. The circumferential road system of Metro Manila is a network of six major thoroughfares. ◼ Radial Roads - There are ten (10) radial roads that serves the purpose of conveying traffic in and out of the city of Manila to the surrounding cities of the metropolis and to the provinces, numbered in a counter clockwise pattern. All radial roads starts at kilometre zero which is the flagpole fronting the Jose Rizal Memorial Monument in Rizal Park. ◼ The radial roads never intersect one another and they do not intersect circumferential roads twice; hence they continue straight routes leading out from the city of Manila to the provinces. HIGHWAY CROSS SECTION HIGHWAY CROSS SECTION HIGHWAY CROSS SECTIONS TYPES OF HIGHWAY (TWO LANE HIGHWAY) TYPES OF HIGHWAY (MULTILANE DIVIDED HIGHWAY) TYPES OF HIGHWAY (MULTILANE UNDIVIDED HIGHWAY) HIGHWAYS (NATIONAL ROADS) ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: PROVINCIAL ROADS, CITY ROADS AND BARANGAY ROADS PROVINCIAL ROADS ◼ Connect Cities and Municipalities without traversing National Roads ◼ Connect National Roads to Barangays through rural areas ◼ Connect to Major Provincial Government Infrastructure MUNICIPAL OR CITY ROAD ◼ Roads within the Poblacion ◼ Roads that connect to Provincial and National Roads ◼ Roads that provide Inter-Barangay connections to Major Municipal and ◼ City Infrastructure without traversing Provincial Roads BARANGAY ROAD ◼ Other Public Roads (officially turned over to LGUs) within the Barangay and not covered in the previous definitions. THANK YOU!☺