CE 353 Reviewer.docx

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS - These are the main highways running through the length and breadth of the country, connecting major ports, foreign highways, and capitals of state/ union territories and also large industrial and tourist centers. BITUMINOUS ROAD - These road types are low-cost and appropriate f...

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS - These are the main highways running through the length and breadth of the country, connecting major ports, foreign highways, and capitals of state/ union territories and also large industrial and tourist centers. BITUMINOUS ROAD - These road types are low-cost and appropriate for driving conditions. The subgrade soil conditions determine the thickness of bituminous roads. GRAVEL ROAD - Even though gravel roads are of poor quality, they are preferable to earthen roads. This pavement material is a compact blend of gravel and earth. STATIC VEHICULAR -- a vehicular characteristic, that includes the vehicle dimensions, weight, axle configuration, turning radius, and turning path.  TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTIC 1. **Road user characteristics** - It is important to study the characteristics and limitations of road users because the physical, mental, and emotional characteristics of human beings affect their ability significantly. 2. **Vehicular characteristics** - Vehicle characteristics in traffic engineering affect the design as well as the performance of traffic. This includes the **STATIC** (the vehicle dimensions, weight, axle configuration, turning radius, and turning path) and **DYNAMICS** (Speed, Power of vehicle, Braking). TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - Traffic Engineering covers a broad range of engineering applications with a focus on the safety of the public, the efficient use of transportation resources, and the mobility of people and goods. HIGHWAY PLANNING - is an engineering discipline branching from Civil Engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. **EXPRESSWAY** - A divided major roadway with full control of access, no crossings at grade, designed for higher capacity and uninterrupted flow​ **REACTION TIME** - The perception-reaction time for a driver is often broken down into the four components that are assumed to make up the perception reaction time. These are referred to as the PIEV time or process. 1. Perception - the time to see or discern an object or event 2. Intellection - the time to understand the implications of the object's presence or event 3. Emotion - the time to decide how to react 4. Volition - the time to initiate the action, for example, the time to engage the brakes MODES OF TRANSPORTATION 1. Road Transportation - The movement of goods and people using vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles on road networks. It is the most flexible of all modes of transportation. 2. Railway Transportation - The conveyance of passengers and goods using trains on a track or rail system. 3. Maritime Transportation - Transporting goods and passengers via sea or inland waterways using ships, boats, and other vessels.  4. Air Transportation - The movement of people and goods by aircraft, including airplanes and helicopters. 5. Pipeline Transportation - The transportation of liquids, gases, or slurries through pipelines.  ∙ 6. Intermodal Transportation - A transportation process that involves the use of two or more modes of transport (e.g., rail, road, sea, and air) to move goods from origin to destination. **PERMANENT ROAD USER** CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION 1. Flexibility and Accessibility - Likes passenger cars, buses, trucks two and three-wheeled automobiles, pedal cycles, and animal-drawn vehicles. 2. Cost Effectiveness - Motor vehicles are much cheaper than carriers like rail locomotives and wagons, and water and air carriers. and air carriers. Construction and maintenance of roads is also cheaper than that of railway tracks, docks, harbors, and airports. 3. Speed and Convenience - Road transportation allows the transfer the vehicles from one lane to another and from one road to another according to the need and convenience. 4. Safety and Security - The road safety decreases with increasing dispersion in speed. Road transport is subjected to a high degree of accidents due to the flexibility of movements offered to road users. 5. Versatility - Unlike airport transport and water transport, land transport is available to everyone as it does not require much machinery to traverse the road. **RAILWAYS TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS** GUARD RAILS - are longitudinal barriers placed on the outside of sharp curves and at sections with high hills. Their main function is to restrain and redirect errant vehicles and prevent them from leaving the roadway. CURBS - are raised structures made of either Portland cement concrete or bituminous concrete (rolled asphalt curbs) that are used mainly on urban highways to delineate pavement edges and pedestrian walkways. **ORIGIN AND DESTINATION STUDIES** - These studies determine the number of vehicles, their origins, and destinations in a zone of study. They help in planning new highways and improving existing services, as well as in planning mass rapid transit systems​ **PARKING STUDIES** 1. **On-Street or curb Parking** - In this type of parking, vehicles are parked on the curb designed for parking. Angle parking or parallel parking may be allowed on the curb parking. Angles commonly used are 30°, 60° or 90°, etc. The maximum number of vehicles can be parked when the angle of parking is 90°. However, 45° parking is considered to be the best of them all. 2. **Off-Street Parking** - When the parking facility is provided at a separate place away from the curb, it is known as off-street parking. The advantage of off-street parking is that there is no undue congestion or delay in traffic movement. **SPEED AND DELAY SURVEYS** **AVERAGE MONTHLY DAILY TRAFFIC** **AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC** - Traffic volume is typically measured in vehicles per day to assess road use, which may be classified into light, medium, heavy, and very heavy based on the number of vehicles​ **PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS** **MANUAL COUNT** **RUNNING SPEED** **AVERAGE SPEED** **SPOT SPEED** - Represents the speed of a vehicle measured at a specific point​ **DELAMINATION** **SMOOTHING** **RECONSTRUCTION** **BLEEDING** EARTHWORKS - are engineering works created through the moving and/or processing of massive quantities of soil or unformed rock. CUT - Earth that is removed from an area is considered "cut" or excavated earth. FILL - Earth that is brought into an area is considered "fill" or embankment earth. TRAVEL LANE - is \"the portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders and bicycle lanes\". This area usually contains two or more lanes for roadway traffic. SPLIT HEAD - This type of failure occurs when the head of the rail splits or cracks, often due to fatigue or impact. COMPOUND FISSURE - This type of failure occurs when cracks develop across the width of the rail, often due to fatigue or stress. CRUSH HEAD - This type of failure occurs when the top of the rail is crushed, often due to heavy loads or impact. DESIGN SPEED -- It is the target speed at which drivers are intended to travel on a street, and not, as often misused, the maximum operating speed. It is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric features of the roadway. The assumed design speed should be a logical one for the topography, anticipated operating speed, adjacent land use, and the functional classification of the highway. 1. **Freeway** - This is a divided major roadway with full control of access and with no crossings at grade. This definition applies to toll as well as non-toll roads. 2. 2\. Arterial- An arterial road, or arterial thoroughfare, is a high-capacity urban road. The primary function of an arterial road is to deliver traffic from collector roads to freeways and between urban centers at the highest level of service possible. 3. Collector -- A collector road or distributor load is a low to moderate capacity road which serves to move traffic from local streets to arterial roads. 4. Local- a street that is primarily used to gain access to the property bordering it. It runs parallel to an expressway and allows local traffic to gain access to property. **SLIPPAGE CRACKING -** Slippage cracks are crescent-shaped cracks or tears in the surface layer(s) of asphalt where the new material has slipped over the underlying course. This problem is caused by a lack of bonding between layers. **BLOCK CRACKING** -  is another cracking seen on highway pavements that form a box-like crack on the surface. This type of cracking is associated with the unusual expansion and contraction of concrete. **TRANSVERSE CRACKING** - Transverse cracks extend across the pavement at approximately right angles to the pavement\'s center line or direction of lay down.  FATIGUE CRACKING - Is a series of interconnected cracks that appear in either asphalt or concrete. If not properly repaired, the damage can expand rapidly, which can ultimately endanger the overall viability and appearance of your pavement. 1. Rutting - It is a permanent, longitudinal surface depression that occurs in the wheel paths of a flexible asphalt road surface due to the passage of traffic. 2. Thermal Cracking - It is primarily a result of the low temperature environment. **RECONSTRUCTION** **PATCHING** **REBLOCKING** **SMOOTHING** **BLEEDING** **CORRUGATION** - refer to the distresses that occur at regular intervals in the form of ridges and valley on the surface of the pavement **POTHOLE** - are the type of flexible pavement failure that can be seen as small depressions on the surface of the pavement. **DEPRESSION** - Depression indicates the area on the surface of pavements that has a slightly lower elevation than the surrounding areas. **DESIGN VEHICLE** **DENSITY** **DESIGN TRAFFIC VOLUME** **EARTHEN ROAD** - Soil is used to lay earthen roads. They are less expensive than all other types of roads. This type of road is designed for low-traffic areas or rural areas. **DRAINAGE -** where proper drainage is essential to ensure the long-term performance of the road​ ROAD SHOULDER - is a reserved area by the verge of a road or motorway. Generally, it is kept clear of motor vehicle traffic. Shoulder widths typically vary from as little as 0.6 m (2 ft) on minor rural roads, where there is no surfacing, to about 3.6 m (12 ft) on major highways, where the entire shoulder may be stabilized or paved. **GUTTER** - a depression that runs parallel to a road and is designed to collect rainwater that flows along the street diverting it into a storm drain. A gutter alleviates water buildup on a street, allows pedestrians to pass without walking through puddles, and reduces the risk of hydroplaning by road vehicles. **BRAKING SIGHT DISTANCE -** is how far your car travels from the time the brakes are applied until it comes to a complete stop. STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE - It is the distance ahead that a motorist should be able to see so that the vehicle can be brought safely to a stop short of an obstruction or foreign object on the road. SIGHT DISTANCE -- Is the length of roadway visible to the driver. **QUEUING** LEVEL OF SERVICE -- The rate of traffic service is the maximal hourly rate that can cross a point or a road section according to road, traffic, and control conditions. **OPTIMAL FLOW ANALYSIS** POROSITY - "Soil porosity" refers to the amount of pores, or open space, between soil particles. Pore spaces may be formed due to the movement of roots, worms, and insects; expanding gases trapped within these spaces by groundwater; and/or the dissolution of the soil parent material. Soil texture can also affect soil porosity VOID RATIO - Void ratio (e) is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solid of the soil considered. Since the volume of voids can be less than the volume of solids or it can be greater than the volume of solids. Hence, it can take any value greater than zero. DRY DENSITY - Dry density, also known as bulk density or dry bulk density, refers to the weight of soil solids per unit of total volume of soil mass. It is calculated by dividing the weight of soil solids by the total volume of soil mass. DEGREE OF SATURATION - The degree of saturation of a soil mass is defined as the ratio of the volume of water in the voids to the volume of voids. It is commonly expressed as a percentage. **TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING** - Refers to a discipline within civil engineering, specifically highway engineering, which involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of road networks for safe transportation​ **TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT** **HIGHWAY PLANNING** - Involves estimating current and future traffic volumes on road networks and is critical for highway development​ **HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT** FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT - Are areas of asphalt that "bend" or "deflect" due to traffic loads, making them less susceptible to damage and requiring fewer repairs over time. A flexible pavement structure is composed of several layers of different materials which together enable the road to accommodate this flexing. RIGID PAVEMENT - It is a type of pavement structure that is made of concrete slabs or panels that are reinforced with steel bars. These slabs are designed to be very stiff and inflexible, providing a strong and durable surface for heavy traffic and loads. **CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO** - also known as the California bearing test, is a penetration test developed by the California State Highway Department (Caltrans) for evaluating the strength of subgrade soil, other paved areas, and their used materials. **FIELD DENSITY TEST** - is performed to measure the in-place density of soil and ensure proper compaction for stability and load-bearing capacity LONGITUDINAL ALIGNMENT - From the vertical perspective, a roadway is also comprised of tangents that are smoothly connected by curves. For vertical alignment, the tangents represent grades that can either be flat, uphill, or downhill. The typical vertical curve is a symmetric, parabolic curve whose shape is defined by the parabolic equation. The information required to fully define a vertical curve is the elevation of the beginning of the curve, the grades of the two tangents that are connected and the length of the curve. GEOMETRIC DESIGN - focuses on the physical layout and dimensions of roadways and transportation facilities. HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT - In the horizontal perspective, a roadway is primarily comprised of tangent, or straight, sections which are smoothly connected by curves. The horizontal curves that are used to provide drivers with the transition from one tangent to the next tangent are typically simple curves which are an arc of circle. These curves have a single radius value which represents the sharpness or flatness of the curve. 1. Simple Circular Curve 2. Compound Curve 3. Reverse Curve 4. Transition Curve PUSHER GRADIENT - a ruling gradient limits the maximum weight of a train that can be hauled over the section by a locomotive. If the ruling gradient is so severe on a section that it needs the help of an extra engine to pull the  same load then this gradient is known as the pusher of the helper gradient. MOMENTUM GRADIENT - -The gradient on a section which is steeper than the ruling gradient acquire sufficient momentum to negotiate them are known as momentum gradient. GRADIENT - Any departure of the track from the level is known as grade or gradient. The purpose of providing gradient is to provide a uniform rate of rise or fall, to reduce the cost of earthwork, to reach different stations at different levels. RULER GRADIENT - The steepest gradient allowed on the track section. It determines the max load that the locomotive can haul in that section. The steep gradient needs more powerful locomotives, smaller than train loads, and lower speed, resulting in costly hauling. 1. In plains: 1 in 150 to 1 in 200 2. In hilly regions: 1 in 100 to 1 in 150