Highway Development and Planning Lecture 2 PDF

CE103-1 HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING OUTLINE 1. Importance of Highway Development and Planning 2. Classification of Roads 3. Road Patterns 4. Planning Surveys 5. Highway Alignment and Surveys  IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLAN...

CE103-1 HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING OUTLINE 1. Importance of Highway Development and Planning 2. Classification of Roads 3. Road Patterns 4. Planning Surveys 5. Highway Alignment and Surveys  IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING Highway engineering involves the Planning, Design, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods.  QUESTION Why do you think highway development and planning is important? IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING Historically, highways have always played a key role in the development and sustainability of human civilization. Highways continue to dominate the transportation system, by providing critical access for the: 1. Acquisition of natural resources, 2. Industrial production, 3. Retail marketing, and 4. Population mobility. IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING ECONOMIC GROWTH Highways are the lifeline of economic development. They provide connectivity between different regions, which leads to the efficient transportation of goods, raw materials, and people. This results in increased trade and commerce, and a boost in economic activity. IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Highways provide better access to remote areas and underdeveloped regions, which helps to promote regional development. They create opportunities for businesses and industries to establish themselves in previously untapped markets, leading to job creation and a higher standard of living for local communities. IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION Highways provide faster and more efficient transportation of goods and people, leading to reduced travel time and costs. This can lead to improved access to education, healthcare, and other services, which can have a positive impact on people's lives. IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING SAFETY Proper highway planning and design can improve safety for all road users. Well- planned highways with appropriate signage, signals, and other safety measures can reduce the risk of accidents and fatalities. IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING ENVIRONMENT Highways can have a significant impact on the environment, and proper planning is crucial to minimize this impact. Highway planning should consider factors such as air and noise pollution, impact on wildlife, and preservation of natural habitats. FRAGMENTATION CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS LOCAL COLLECTOR ARTERIAL LOCALARTERIAL FREEWAY CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS Classification System (per D.O No.133, s. 2018) General Classification US Classification DPWH Classification Controlled-access Limited-access roads National Road highway (Freeways) - Primary* - Secondary* - Tertiary Highway systems Arterials *Bypass/Diversion Roads Limited-access road Local Road Collectors - Provincial Arterial road - Municipal and City - Barangay Collector road Local Roads Private Road Local road Expressways CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS EXPRESSWAY are divided highway for through traffic with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separation at major intersections. FULL CONTROL OF ACCESS PARTIAL CONTROL OF ACCESS CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS FREEWAY High-speed controlled-access highway with no at-grade crossings or intersections Have multiple lanes in each direction Limited access points Designed to provide efficient and safe travel for high volumes of traffic at high speeds CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS ARTERIAL ROAD High-capacity road Serves as a major thoroughfare for both local and through traffic Typically have multiple lanes in each direction Signalized intersections Higher speed limits than local roads. CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS COLLECTOR ROAD Collects traffic from local roads and directs it to arterial roads or freeway Typically have fewer lanes than arterial roads Designed to provide access to residential and commercial areas CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS LOCAL ROAD Provide access to residential, commercial, or industrial areas Typically have low traffic volumes Low speed limits Designed to provide access to properties along the road CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS LOCAL COLLECTOR ARTERIAL LOCALARTERIAL FREEWAY  CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS MINIMUM RECOMMENDED DESIGN SPEED Design Speed Facility Urban (km/hr) Rural (km/hr) Freeway 80-95 preferred 110-95 mountainous Arterial 94-95 but 48 in built up areas 80-110 Collector 48 km/hr See table below Local 32-48km/hr See table below AASHTO MINIMUM DESIGN SPEED FOR RURAL COLLECTORS AND LOCAL ROADS BASED ON CURRENT ADT (KM/HR) Average Daily Traffic (Collector) Average Daily Traffic (Local) Class Terrain 2000- Over Class Terrain 0-400 400-750 750-2000 0-50 50-250 250-400 Over 400 4000 4000 Level 60 75 75 75 90 Level 45 45 60 75 Rolling 45 60 60 75 75 Rolling 30 45 45 60 Mountainous 30 45 45 60 60 Mountainous 30 30 30 45 CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS OTHER TERMS 1. Road – convenient way over which vehicles may 6. Bypass Road – A road constructed skirting a village or a small town, taking off through a highway and joining it after lawfully pass for going from one place to another. bypassing the inhabited area; this helps through traffic to move fast without having to enter the village or town. 2. Service road – used for servicing and as a means 7. Highway – Any public or private road or other public way on of access to adjacent property; constructed parallel land. to the main road adjacent to roadside buildings. 8. Arterial road – Road passing within a city and linking the 3. Street – A road within a town or a residential state or national highway, with limited access. 9. Freeway – an arterial highway with controlled access crossing locality with buildings on one or both sides. other roads at different levels. 4. Country road – Road connecting one place to 10. Boulevard – Very wide road with avenue on its either side; another on the country-side. generally used for ceremonial processions or considered as prestigious roads in a city. 5. Urban road – a road within a town or a city. ROAD PATTERNS ROAD PATTERNS ROAD PATTERNS RECTANGULAR OR BLOCK PATTERN Whole area is divided into rectangular blocks of plots, with streets intersecting at right angles. Main road which passes through the center of the area should be sufficiently wide and other branch roads may be comparatively narrow. Main road is provided a direct approach to outside the city ROAD PATTERNS RADIAL OR STAR AND BLOCK PATTERN In this pattern, the entire area is divided into a network of roads radiating from the business outwardly. In between radiating main roads, the built- up area may be planned with rectangular block. ROAD PATTERNS RADIAL OR STAR AND CIRCULAR PATTERN In this system, the main radial roads radiating from central business area are connected together with concentric roads. In these areas, boundary by adjacent radial roads and corresponding circular roads, the built-up area is planned with a curved block system. ROAD PATTERNS RADIAL OR STAR AND GRID PATTERN Could potentially contribute to systematic site planning. North-south movement becomes circuitous, indirect, and inconvenient, making driving an unlikely choice and vividly illustrating that interconnectedness by itself is insufficient to facilitate movement. ROAD PATTERNS HEXAGONAL Entire area is provided with a network of roads forming hexagonal figures. At each corner of the hexagon, 3 roads meet the built-up area boundary by the sides of the hexagon is further divided in suitable sizes.  RECTANGULAR OR RADIAL/STAR AND RADIAL/STAR AND RADIAL/STAR AND HEXAGONAL BLOCK BLOCK CIRCULAR GRID ADVANTAGES Easy to set out in Reduces congestion Reduces the High proportion of 3- Visually unique straight lines and at the main likelihood of severe way intersections for design rectangular co- bottleneck point crashes at safe vehicular traffic Allows 3 roads to ordinates Provides alternative intersections Reduces cut- meet the built-up Suitable for flat routes when a radial Improves traffic flow through traffic area boundary at terrain route is closed Provides pedestrian Improves land use each corner of the Bypassing any road refuge at splitter efficiency and unit hexagon with traffic islands separating density congestion the approach and exit lanes DISADVANTAGES Monotonously long Less pedestrian- Complex design, North-south Limited practical streets friendly requires proper movement may be application Inconvenient in alignment and circuitous, indirect, Limited connectivity traffic operation adequate signage, and inconvenient, Requires more markings, and making driving an traffic signs and lighting unlikely choice markings May be challenging Potential for for drivers with confusion at declines in vision, intersections hearing, and cognitive functions  RADIAL ROAD ROUTE LENGTH (km) R-1 (Radial Road 1) Manila – Cavite 41.5 R-2 (Radial Road 2) Manila – Cavite 64.2 R-3 (Radial Road 3) Manila – Batangas 96.0 R-4 (Radial Road 4) Manila – Muntinlupa 28.4 R-5 (Radial Road 5) Manila – Laguna 88.0 R-6 (Radial Road 6) Manila – Quezon 121.6 R-7 (Radial Road 7) Manila – Bulacan 53.6 R-8 (Radial Road 8) Manila – La Union 210.0 R-9 (Radial Road 9) Manila – La Union 228.0 R-10 (Radial Road 10) Manila – Navotas 6.2 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROAD ROUTE LENGTH (km) C-1 (Circumferential Road 1) Manila 5.9 C-2 (Circumferential Road 2) Manila 10.0 C-3 (Circumferential Road 3) Navotas – Pasay 21.7 C-4 (Circumferential Road 4) Navotas – Pasay 28.0 C-5 (Circumferential Road 5) Valenzuela – Las Piñas 55.0 C-6 (Circumferential Road 6) Taguig – Pasig 50.8  CENTRIS STATION MALL NORT H AVENU NORTH E TriNoma (Triangle North of Manila) SM North Ayala Malls Vertis North Seda Vertis North NOR UE TRIA TH AVEN NGL WEST E Starbucks West Avenue WEST WES TRIA T West Triangle Basketball NGLE Court EAS TRIA T UE NGLE EAST AVEN SOU TRIA TH East Avenue Medical NGLE Center EAST SOUTH M Place South Triangle Tower Tablo Kitchen x Café Timog T I MO QC G AVE NUE  CENTRIS STATION MALL NORT H AVENU NORTH E TriNoma (Triangle North of Manila) SM North Ayala Malls Vertis North Seda Vertis North NOR UE TRIA TH AVEN NGL WEST E Starbucks West Avenue WEST WES TRIA T West Triangle Basketball NGLE Court EAS TRIA T UE NGLE EAST AVEN SOU TRIA TH East Avenue Medical NGLE Center EAST SOUTH M Place South Triangle Tower Tablo Kitchen x Café Timog T I MO QC G AVE NUE  QUESTION Which road pattern do you think is the most effective and why? PLANNING SURVEYS PLANNING SURVEYS Economic Financial Studies Studies Engineering Traffic Road Studies Use Studies Planning Surveys PLANNING SURVEYS ENGINEERING STUDIES These include the study of the following: topography, soil, road life, special problems, if any, relating to construction, drainage and maintenance. PLANNING SURVEYS ECONOMIC STUDIES Details of the following are to be collected: existing facilities, their utility, distribution of the existing population in the area, population growth trends, existing products in the agricultural and industrial sectors, future trends of development in these sectors, existing communication and education facilities, per capita income PLANNING SURVEYS FINANCIAL STUDIES Will study the source of income; Various financial aspects have to be considered: sources of funding, estimated revenue from taxes on vehicles, toll tax, indirect benefits of raising the living standards of the people due to the proposed road network PLANNING SURVEYS TRAFFIC OR ROAD USE STUDIES Details of the existing road facilities, traffic volume in vehicles per day, traffic flow patterns, classes of traffic such as passenger cars, busses and trucks, loads carried, average speeds, anticipated future trends of traffic growth, other traffic-related studies.  QUESTION Which aspect of planning survey is most interesting to you? HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT The laying out of the center line of a proposed highway on the ground is called its “alignment” A new road should be aligned carefully since any change in alignment may not be possible or may be expensive at a later stage, owing to increased land acquisition costs and roadside structures constructed after the road has taken shape. HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL ALIGNMENT 1. Directness 2. Ease of Construction, Maintenance and Operation 3. Safety 4. Economy 5. Special Considerations HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS DIRECTNESS The aligned route between end points should be as direct as possible and result in the minimum possible length under the circumstances. HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS EASE OF CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION The alignment should be such that it is easy to construct, maintain and operate the highway. The curves and gradients should be easy. HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS SAFETY Safety for the road-users should the primary consideration; the stability be of natural slopes and man-made slopes for embankments and cuttings should be ensured prevent possible accidents. HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS ECONOMY The overall cost of construction and maintenance of the road, as also the operation cost of the vehicles should as low possible. HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS Depending upon the purpose of the highway and the characteristics of the terrain, special considerations may be needed as in the case hill roads ghat roads. HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS  QUESTION Which characteristic of an ideal alignment is most important for you and why? HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ALIGNMENT HORIZONTAL VERTICAL HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT This is the alignment of the roadway in the horizontal plane. Although it is ideal to have a straight route between end points, it is practically impossible owing to several constraints. A change in direction necessitates the use of horizontal curves for smooth flow of traffic. HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS VERTICAL ALIGNMENT Although it is ideal to have a roadway at the same elevation throughout, this is almost impractical and gradients or slopes along the length become mandatory. A change in gradient calls for curves in the vertical plane. Vertical curves should be designed and constructed for smooth flow of traffic based on several criteria. HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS STAGES OF ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR HIGHWAY LOCATION Final Location Preliminary Map Study and Detailed Survey Survey HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS Final Location and Map Study Preliminary Survey Detailed Survey Topographic maps are available with 15 to 30 meters contour intervals. Valleys, ponds or lakes etc. can be avoided and approximate position of bridges etc. can be planned. HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS Final Location and Map Study Preliminary Survey Detailed Survey Collect all the physical information: Primary transverse Topographical features Leveling work Drainage studies & hydrological data Soil survey Determinations of final center line Traffic Survey HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS Final Location and Map Study Preliminary Survey Detailed Survey The center line of road finalized is translated on the ground during location survey. Detailed survey is done to fix temporary bench mark and leveling work is used for drainage and earthwork calculations. ANY QUESTIONS? SOUTHERN TAGALOG ARTERIAL ROAD  WHY IS STAR TOLLWAY AN EXPRESSWAY BUT IS CALLED AN ARTERIAL ROAD? First to comment CORRECT ANSWER in Teams Channel [wait for the official post where you will comment your answers] will receive a +5 points in Prelim Exam. One trial only. Comments with “Edits” will not be acknowledged. END