Medical Terminology PDF

Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students 5-Roots of Digestive System: -Stomat: means mouth, e.g. stomatomycosis means fungal infection of mouth, stomatitis means inflammation in mouth. -Lingua...

Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students 5-Roots of Digestive System: -Stomat: means mouth, e.g. stomatomycosis means fungal infection of mouth, stomatitis means inflammation in mouth. -Lingua or glossa: means tongue, e.g. sublingual means under tongue, glossitis means tongue inflammation. -Dento or odonto: means tooth, e.g. dentalgia means pain in the tooth, odontal means pertaining to teeth. -Cheilo: means lip, e.g. cheiloplasty means surgical repair of lips. -Gingivo: means gum, e.g. gingivitis means inflammation of gums. -Pharyng: means pharynx, e.g. pharyngitis means inflammation of pharynx. -Esophag: means esophagus, e.g. esophagitis means esophageal inflammation. -Gastr: means stomach, e.g. gastrectomy means surgical removal of the stomach. -Entero: means intestine, e.g. gastroenteritis means inflammation of stomach and intestine. -Dudeno: means duodenum or first part of small intestine, e.g. duodenal means pertaining to duodenum, duodenal ulcers means ulcers in the duodenum. -Jejuno: means jejunum which is the second part of small intestine, e.g. jejunectomy means surgical removal of jejunum. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 14 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students -Ileo: means ileum or third part of small intestine, e.g. ileitis means inflammation of the ileum. -Colo: means colon or large intestine, e.g. colostomy means opening into the colon. -Recto or procto: means rectum, e.g. proctalgia means pain in the rectum. -Ano: means anus, e.g. anal fissure means fissure in the anus. -Peps: means digestion, e.g. dyspepsia means difficulty in digestion. -Emesis: means vomiting, e.g. hematemesis means vomiting of blood, antiemetic means an agent that decreases vomiting. -kinetic or kinesia: means motility, e.g. prokinetic agents are agents that increase intestinal motility, intestinal hyperkinesia means a condition of increased intestinal motility. -Hepat: means liver, e.g. hepatosplenomegaly means enlargement of liver and spleen. -Cholecyst: means gallbladder, e.g. cholecystectomy means surgical removal of gallbladder. -Ceilo or abdomino: means abdomen, e.g. ceilectomy means partial or complete removal of an organ of the abdomen. -Lapar: means abdominal wall, e.g. laparotomy means opening into the abdominal wall. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 15 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students 6-Roots of Genitourinary System -Nephr: means kidney, e.g. nephritis means inflammation in the kidney, nephrolithiasis means renal stones. -Ren: means kidney, e.g. suprarenal means above the kidney. -Uretero: means ureter, e.g. ureteritis means inflammation in the ureter. -Cyst: means bladder, e.g. cystitis means inflammation of urinary bladder. -Urethr: means urethra, e.g. urethral means pertaining to urethra, urethritis means inflammation of urethra. -Uri: means urine, e.g. hematuria means a condition of bloody urine, anuria means lack of urine, urophobia means pathological fear of urine. -Litho: means stone, e.g. lithotripsy means crushing of a stone. -Oophor: means ovary, e.g. oophorectomy means surgical removal of ovary. -Salpingo: means fallopian tube, e.g. salpingitis means inflammation of fallopian tube. -Hyster: means uterus (womb), e.g. hysteropexy means fixation of uterus, hysterectomy means uterine removal. -metr: means uterus, e.g. endometriosis means inflammation of the inner uterine wall (endometrium). Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 16 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students -Cerv: means uterine cervix or neck, e.g. cervical carcinoma means cancer of the cervix. -Colpo: means vagina, e.g. colpodynia means vaginal pain. -Mast: means breast, e.g. mastodynia means pain in the breast, mastectomy means surgical removal of breasts. -Gynec: female, e.g. gynecomastia means female-like breast in males, gynecology means science of female diseases. -Orchi: means testis (pl. testes), e.g. orchiopexy means fixation of the testis. -Prost: means prostate gland, e.g. prostatic hypertrophy means enlargement of prostate. -Castration: surgical removal of testes. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 17 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students 7-Roots of Hematopoeitic, lymphatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems -Cyte: means cell, e.g. erythrocyte means red cell, leucocyte means white cell, thrombocyte means blood platelet. -Neutr: means neutrophil, e.g. neutropenia means decreased count of neutrophils. -Eosinophil: means acidophils, e.g. eosinophilia means increased eosinophil count. -Basophil: refers to a type of white blood cells. In tissues, these are termed mast cells. -Phago: means to eat, e.g. phagocytes are white cells that eat or engulf micro- organisms and foreign particles. In circulation, these are termed monocytes. -Hema or hemato: means blood, e.g. hematoma means a tumor filled with blood, hematology means science of blood. -Lymph: means lymph, e.g. lymphocyte means lymph cell. -Splen: means spleen, e.g. splenectomy means surgical removal of spleen. -Neuro: means nerve, e.g. neurotransmitter means chemical which transmits impulses between nerves or between a nerve and an effector organ. -Ganglion: means ganglion, e.g. a pre-ganglionic nerve is the nerve before ganglion, post-ganglionic nerve is the nerve after the ganglion. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 18 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students -Ceptor: means receptor, e.g. adrenoceptor means adrenergic receptor. -Cholin: means acetylcholine, e.g. cholinergic nerve is the nerve that releases acetylcholine, cholinergic receptor is the receptor whose agonist is acetylcholine. -Adren: means adrenaline or noradrenaline, e.g. adrenergic nerve or adrenergic receptor. -Sympatho: means sympathetic, e.g. a sympathomimetic drug is the drug which produces actions similar to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. -Parasympatho: means parasympathetic, e.g. parasympatholytic drug is the drug inhibits actions of parasympathetic stimulation. -Autonomic: means involuntary, e.g. autonomic nervous system is the involuntary nervous system. ======================= Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 19 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students Part 2: Prefixes Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 20 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students 1-Prefixes Pertaining to Location -Intra or in: means inside, e.g. intracellular means inside cells, inhalation means drawing in breath. -Inter: means between, e.g. intercellular means, between cells intercostals means between ribs. -Endo: means within or inside, e.g. endometriosis means inflammation within the uterus, endocarditis means inflammation within the heart (endocardium). -Peri, circum: means around, e.g. pericarditis means inflammation around the heart (inflammation of pericardium), periocular means around the eye, circumcision means cutting around. -Ec, exo or ecto: means outside, e.g. ectopic pregnancy means pregnancy outside the uterine cavity, ectoparasite means a parasite outside the body, exocytosis means expelling particles outside a cell. -Em or en: means inside, e.g. empyema means pus inside a body cavity, encephal means brain (inside head "cephal"), e.g. encephalitis means brain inflammation. -Retro: means behind, e.g. retroperitoneal means behind peritoneal cavity, retrocardial means behind heart. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 21 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students -Post: means behind or after, e.g. postnasal means bhind nose, postnatal means after birth, postpartum means after labor, postmortem means after death. -Sub or hypo: means under or lower, e.g. subcutaneous or hypodermic means under skin, subtoxic level means below toxic level. -Dorso: means back, e.g. dorsocephalic means in the back of head. -Ventro: means front, e.g. ventral side means front side. -Latero: means side, e.g. bilateral means in both sides. -Epi: means upon, e.g. epicranial means upon skull. -Antero: means anterior, e.g. anterolateral means on the anterior and lateral parts. -Dextro: means on the right, e.g. dextrocardia means having the heart on the right side. -Levo: means left, e.g. levorotatory means a material that rotates the plane of polarized light to the left. -Medio: means middle, e.g. medial means pertaining to the middle part of the body. -Ad: means towards, e.g. adduction means moving a limb towards the body's vertical axis. -Ab: means away from, e.g. abduction means moving a limb away from the body's vertical axis. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 22 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students -Retro, opistho: means backwards, e.g. retrograde direction means backward direction, opisthotonous position means bridging of the head, neck and column into the back. -Apo: means separate, e.g. apoptosis means fragmentation of a cell into separate parts. 2-Prefixes Pertaining to Time -Ante: means before, e.g. antepartum means before childbirth. -Pre or pro: means before, e.g. prenatal means before birth, premenopausal means before menopause, premenstrual means before menstrual cycle, prodrug means a form that needs metabolism or conversion before being a drug. -Post: means after, e.g. postoperative means after surgery, postanaesthetic means after surgery. 3-Prefixes Pertaining to Negation -A or an: means without, e.g. anuria means no urine, atony means loss of muscle tone, anaesthesia means without feeling, afebrile means without fever, aseptic means without infection. -Anti: means against, e.g. antiemetic means a drug which stops emesis, antidiarrheal means against diarrhea. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 23 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students -Contra: means against, e.g. contraception means inhibition of pregnancy. 4-Prefixes Pertaining to Amount and Comparison -Mono or uni: single or one, e.g. monocyte means a single cell, unidirectional means has one direction. -Bi or bis: means two, e.g. bilateral refers to two sides. -Tri: means three, e.g. tricuspid valve is a heart valve composed of three parts. -Quadri: means four, e.g. quadriplegia means paralysis in all four limbs. -Multi or poly: means many or much, e.g. polyneuritis means inflammation in many nerves, multipara means a female that has four pregnancies. -Semi or hemi: means half, e.g. semiconscious means half conscious, hemiplegia means paralysis in one half of the body. -Hypo: means lower than normal, e.g. hypotension means low blood pressure. -Hyper: means above normal, e.g. hyperthyroidism means increased level of thyroid hormones, hyperemesis means excessive vomiting, hypertension means higher blood pressure. -Homo or homeo: means same, e.g. homomorphic means same shape, homeostasis means state of equilibrium in the body. -Hetero: means different, e.g. heterotypic means with different types. -Allo: means different, e.g. allopathy means different disease. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 24 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students -Schizo: means split or divided, e.g. schizophrenia means divided mind. -Oligo: means few, e.g. oligospermia means decreased sperm count. -Amphi, diplo or ambi: mean double, e.g. amphiphilic means electrophilicity and nucleophilicity together, diplopia means double vision, ambilateral means having two sides. 5-Prefixes Pertaining to Colour -Leuko or leuco: means white, e.g. leukocytes means white cells, leukemia is cancer of leucocytes. -Erythro: means red, e.g. erythrocyte is a red cell, erythema means redness. -Cyan: means blue, e.g. cyanosis means bluishness of skin. -Melan: means black, e.g. melanoma means a black tumor, melanocyte is the cell that secretes the black pigment melanin. -Polio: means gray, e.g. poliomyelitis means inflammation of gray matter in the brain. -Chloro: means green, e.g. chloroma means greenish yellow tumor originating from myeloid tissue. -Cirrh: means yellow, e.g. cirrhotic means yellowish (fibrotic). -Glauco: means gray, e.g. glaucoma means increased intra-ocular pressure. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 25 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students 6-Prefixes Pertaining to Size -Micro: means small, e.g. microcardia means a heart size smaller than normal, micro-organism means a small organism. -Macro, mega or megalo: means large, e.g. megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by large blood cells, macromolecule means a large molecule, megacolon means a large colon, macroscopic means large and can be seen with naked eye. 7-Miscellaneous Prefixes -Hydro: means water, e.g. hydrophobia means pathological fear of water, dehydration means low body content of water. Lipo or adipo: means fat, e.g. lipoma means a fatty tumor, adipose tissue means fatty tissue. -Dys: means with difficulty or with pain, e.g. dysmenorrhea means menesturation with difficulty, dyspnea means difficult or painful breathing. -Nox or noct: mean night, e.g. nocturnal enuresis means urination during night. -Nycht: means darkness, e.g. nychtophobia means pathological fear of darkness. -Mal: means bad, e.g. malodorous means having a bad odor. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 26 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students -Pan: means total or all, e.g. pancytopenia means decreased count of all types of blood cells. -Re: means again, e.g. reuptake means uptake again, rehydration means return of water to a asystem after loss. -Dia, per, trans: mean through, e.g. dialysis means loosening through (artificial replacement for lost kidney function), peroral administration means through oral route, transfusion means transferring through (transferring blood or blood products to compensate). -Ankylo or kypho: mean bent or crooked, e.g. ankylosis means joint stiffness or rigidity to have a bent shape, kyphosis means curvature of the upper back, kyphoscoliosis means backward or lateral curvature of the spinal cord. -Steno: means narrow, e.g. mitral stenosis means narrowing of the mitral valve, stenothorax means abnormal narrowing of the chest. -Brachy: means short, e.g. brachygnathia means shortness of mandibles, showing longer maxilla. -Brady: means slow, e.g. bradypnea means slow breathing. -Tachy: means fast, e.g. tachycardia means rapid heart rate. -Ortho: means straight, e.g. orthodontist means a dentist who specialists in the branch of dentistry concerned with irregularities of teeth and malocclusion. Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 27 Medical Terminology Clinical Pharmacy Students -Proto or prim: mean first or primitive, e.g. protozoa means primitive animals, primigravida means pregnant for the first time. -Iso: means equal, e.g. isosteric means have the same dimensions. -Aniso: means unequal, e.g. anisotropic materials are materials not having same properties in all directions. ==================== Dr. Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha, PhD. 28