Medical Terminology Notes - South Valley University PDF

‫جامعة جنوب الوادى‬ ‫كلية الصيدلة‬ Medical Terminology For 1st Year Pharmacy Students (General and Clinical) Dr. Amal Gaber 0  Table of contents In...

‫جامعة جنوب الوادى‬ ‫كلية الصيدلة‬ Medical Terminology For 1st Year Pharmacy Students (General and Clinical) Dr. Amal Gaber 0  Table of contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Medical T e r m i n o l o g y.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Cardiovascular System....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 The Respiratory System.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 Prefixes........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Suffixes.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 86 Terminology of Gastroenterology.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Neurology, Psychology, Anesthesiology, and VascularTerminology....................................................................................................................................................... 53 Anatomy of the Kidney.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 113 Male Reproductive System.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 117 Blood Cells and Their Function............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 122 References.................................................................................................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 1  Introduction Medical Terminology ❑ Definition. It is the professional language of those who are directly or indirectly engaged in the art of healing. ❑ Terms dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and maintenance of health ‫التعلم الحسي الحركي‬ ❑ Our body organs( Anatomic structures ) are of Latin terms, whereas diseases thataffect these organs are Greek origin. 2 Medical Terminology 3  Medical terms consist of root words, prefixes,and suffixes. Root: the foundation of the word.The wordroot usually refers to a body part. Some root words are derived from the Latin or Greek language. It will be combined with a prefix or suffix. Prefix: placed before the root word to modifythe meaning. Suffix: placed after the root to modify the meaning. 4  Combining Forms Correct pronunciation of medical words is important. In order to make the pronunciation of word roots easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root. The combination of a word root and a vowel is known as a COMBINING FORM. 5  Combining forms consist of a combiningvowel. The combining vowel is usually an “o”, butothers may be used. : gastr / o pronounced GASTRO. Combining vowel Word root 6  Medical words are like individual puzzles-- each piece is a word part that comes together to form a medicalterm. suffix root 7 Example: derma ologis t t dermatologist = skin doctor 8 How to decode medical words??! 1: look at the suffix 2: look at the root word 3: look at the prefix 9  Example 1: Pericarditis Peri card itis 3. Prefix 1. Suffix 2. Root 10  Suffix: -itis = inflammation Root: cardi = heart Prefix: peri = around What do you think pericarditis is? 11  Pericarditis literally means “inflammation around the heart.” 12  Leukocytopenia Word Roots: Leuk / (white) cyt / (cell) Combining Vowel / o / Suffix: / penia (decrease 13  -algia: pain, as in “neuralgia”, or nerve pain -ectomy: to cut out or remove, as in “appendectomy”, or removal of the appendix -emia: blood condition, as in “anemia”, or lack of red blood cells 14  -esis, -ity, -osis: state or condition, as in psoriasis, or a common skin condition -itis: inflammation, as in cellulitis, or inflammation of the skin -lysis: break up, as in cytolysis, or breaking up of cells 15  -ology: the study of, as in nephr/ology, or the study of the kidneys -penia: deficiency or lack of, as in osteo/penia, or bone calcium deficiency -pnea: breathing, as in a/pnea, or to stop breathing 16  -rrhea: flow or discharge, as in rhinorrhea, or runny nose -stomy: surgical opening, as in tracheostomy, or opening into the trachea -tomy: cutting or incision, as in phlebotomy, or incision into the vein 17  oma (tumor) hematoma (blood tumor) NOTE: The element that comes before a suffixcan either be a word root or combining form. 18  Common Roots Arteri(o): artery Cardi(o): heart Dermat(o): skin 19  Encephal(o): brain Gastr(o): stomach Hemat(o): blood 20  Hepat(o): liver Hyster(o): uterus Laryng(o): throat 21  Nephr(o): kidney Neur(o): nerve, the nervous system Phleb(o): vein 22  Pneum(o), pulm(o): lungs Thorac(o): rib cage Ur(o): urinary system 23  Common Prefixes A, an: without or lacking, as in aphasia, or lack of speech Anti/contra: against, as in Antibiotics, or against bacteria Dys: abnormal, as in dysplasia, or abnormal growth 24  Brady: slowness, as in bradycardia, or slow heart rate Tachy: rapidness, as in tachypnea, or rapid breathing Mal: bad or poor, as in malnutrition, or poor nutrition 25  Prefixes Some prefixes: Hyper-(excessive) Hyper: above or excessive, as inhypertension, or high blood pressure Pre-(before):Preopertive Post-(after):Postopertive Homo-(same):Homogenous Hypo-(under):Hypo: below or deficient, as inhypoglycemia, or low blood sugar 26  Inter: between, as in intercostal, or between the ribs Intra: within, as in intravenous, or within a vein Sub: under, as in subcutaneous, or under the skin 27  Examples Hyperthermia (increase of body temprature) Encephalitis (Inflammation of brain) Hysterectomy (removal of uterus) 28  Dysuria (Difficulty of urination) Thoracotomy surgery to open the chest wall Hepatitis Inflammation of liver 29  Examples Hyperthermia: – -thermia = temperature, – hyper = excessive. – Meaning “greatly increased body temperature” Encephalitis: – -itis = inflammation – encephal = brain. – Meaning “inflammation of the brain” 30  Dysuria: – -uria = urinary – dys = pain – Meaning “painful urination” 31  Hepatitis: – -itis = inflammation – hepat = liver – Meaning “inflammation of the liver” 32  Thoracotomy: – -tomy = incision – thora = rib cage – Meaning “incision into chest wall” surgery to open the chest wall Thoracostomy stomy = is a small incision of the chest wall usually via needle Hysterectomy: – -ectomy = to remove – hystero = uterus – Meaning “removal of the uterus” 33  Bonus Hyperlipoprotinemia: suffix: -emia = blood condition, root #1: protein = protein, root #2: lip = fat, prefix: Hyper = excessive Meaning: a blood condition characterized by excessive amounts of fat and protein. 34  Prefixes of Position Ante- antepartum (before birth) pre- preoperative (before operation) epi epidermis (above skin) 35  Prefixes of Position hypo- hypodermic (under skin) sub- subcutaneous inter- intercostal, internet medi- medial, median (Middle) 36  Prefixes of Number and Measurement Bi- bilateral (two) diplo diplococci(two) hemi- hemiplegia (half) semi- semicircular (half) hyper- hyperglycemia (increase or excessive) macro- Macrovascular (large blood vessels) 37  Prefixes of Number and Measurement Micro- microscope Microvascular (small Blood Vessels) mono- mononuclear (one nucleus) uni- unilateral (one side) multi- multifunction 38  Prefixes of Number and Measurement Poly- polyphobia, polymer primi- primigravida (first time pregnancy) quadri- quadriplegia (paralysis of four extremities two hand and two limbs) 39  Prefixes of Negation A- asymptomatic (without symptoms) an- anesthesia(Esthesia = sensation, anesthesia=no sensation) in- insensitive 40  Prefixes of Direction Ab- abnormal ad- addition peri- pericardium 41  Prefixes of Direction super- supersensitive supra- suprarenal anti- antibacterial contra- contraception brady- slow (bradycadia =slow heart rate) dys- dyspepsia (difficulty of digestion) 42  Prefixes of Direction Eu- eupnea hetero- different (heterogeneous) homo- homoogeneous mal- malnutrition (bas nutrition) pseudo- pseudpedia (false ) tachy- tachypnea (fast birthing rate) 43  Useful Medical Terms Anatomy: science of the structure of the body and relation of its parts (“Where?”) Physiology: science dealing with the function of the body (“How?”) Etiology: what causes the disease 44  Diagnosis: determining what disease exists Therapy: treatment of a disease Prognosis: forecast of a disease outcome 45  Signs: clinical presentation of a disease (examples – fever, bleeding, vomiting) Symptoms: what the patient feels (examples – pain, dizziness, nausea) 46  Drug Terminology indication: condition for which you are taking the drug contraindication: condition that would preclude your taking the drug precautions: things you need to watch for when taking the drug 47  side effects: effects other than the therapeutic effect of the drug adverse reactions: potentially harmful side effect prophylaxis: medical procedure intended to prevent a problem rather than treat or cure Link of the lecture https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DTOP3mUrZiHrHAu4tiSIaLJyG4oPFP4P/view?usp=sharing 48  QUIZ 1. The main part of a medical term is the A. prefix B. combining form. C. root. D. suffix. 2. When analyzing a medical word to determine the meaning, you should identify and define the A. root first. B. suffix first. C. combining form first. D. prefix first. 3. A combining vowel is used when the A. suffix starts with a vowel. B. prefix starts with a consonant. C. prefix ends with a vowel. D. suffix starts with a consonant. 4. Appendicitis is a/an _____. A. tumor of the appendix B. bursting of the appendix C. inflamed appendix D. collection of blood in the appendix 5. The surgical procedure that involves removal of the spleen is a/an A. splenotomy B. splenostomy C. splenoplasty D. splenectomy 49 Cardiovascular System 50  Anatomy and Physiology pump and delivery system supply trillions of cells with oxygen and othernutrients vital for survival transport cellular waste to appropriate organs for removal 51  Structures heart - pump vessels - container blood - liquid 52  The Heart hollow muscular organ (cardiac muscle) pump to circulate blood blood to oxygenate cells and remove waste products Cardi/o - heart 53  Location and Protection located between the lungs and above the diaphragm Pericardium Pericardial Fluid Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium 54  Heart Endocardium - serous membrane lining myocardium - muscle layer epicardium - outermost layer pericardium - sac containing the heart 55 Heart Chambers Left Atrium Right Atrium Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Apex 56 Internal Heart Chambers 57 Heart Valves Pulmonary Veins Left Mitral Tricuspid Right Apex 58  Blood Supply to Heart Coronary Artery System – right coronary – left coronary left anterior descending circumflex 59  Systemic Circulation – All parts of body except lungs Pulmonary Circulation – pulmonary arterial system 60  Blood Vessels Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesangi/o and vas/o arteries - carry blood away from heart, usually oxygenated blood veins - carry blood to the heart, usually deoxygenated blood 61  Arteries arteri/o blood propelled by heart arteries are thick with three layers pulse-surge of blood oxygenated blood - bright red arteries to arterioles to capillaries endarterial - pertaining to the interior wall of an artery 62  Capillaries anatomic units connect arterial/venous systems blood flow much slower through capillaries to allow for exchange 63  Veins low-pressure collecting system ven/o and phleb/o venules - small veins veins have valves deoxygenated blood venae cavae - venous blood to Right Atrium 64 Conduction System 1-SA Node (Pacemaker)2- AV Node 3-Bundle of His 4-Perkinje fibers 65 Normal Sinus Rhythm 66  Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias palpitation fibrillation atrial fibrillation ventricular fibrillation bradycardia tachycardia 67  Pulse pulse-rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure of blood moving though the artery 68  Blood Pressure Measurement of amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels. Systolic - highest pressure result of ventricular contraction Diastolic - lowest pressure when ventricles relaxed 69  Terms Combining Forms Suffixes Prefixes 70 Pathology of the Cardiovascular system 71  Atherosclerosis Atheromas accumulate in the tunica intima scleroses hypercholesterolemia lumen ischemia thrombosis, embolus occlusion aneurysm 72  Aneurysm A localized balloon- like enlargement of an artery. 73  Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Diseases of coronary circulation atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and sudden death myocardial ischemia – angina, dyspnea myocardial infarction – diaphoresis, dyspnea 74  Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHD cardiac disability due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart caused by constriction or obstruction of coronary artery Ischemia - deficiency of blood supply 75  Congestive Heart Failure Impaired cardiac pumping, caused by myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy. Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently results in volume overload, chamber dilatation, and elevated intracardial pressure.. 76  Forms of Carditis Carditis - inflammation of the heart Pericarditis - inflammation of pericardium Myocarditis - inflammation of myocardium Endocarditis - inflammation of inner layer of the heart 77  Varicose Veins Incompetent valves – esophageal varices – anal hemorrhoids – legs Edema (localized, generalized) phlebitis, thrombophlebitis emboli, embolus, embolectomy thrombolysis 78  Oncology Myxoma – tumor of mucous connective tissue Metastasized from malignant melanoma 79  Angiography-x-ray of blood vessels after injection of contrast medium-angiogram Angiocardiography- radiopaque dye and chest x- rays to show dimensions of heart and large blood vessels - angiocardiogram 80  Cardiac Catheterization radiopaque dye injected through a vein or artery to heart Right: catheter inserted into vein: R arm/groin (leg) to heart to measure pressures & take blood samples 81  Pharmacology Antianginals antihypertensives beta blockers calcium channel blockers diuretics heparin inotropics, cardiotonics tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) vasodilators 82  Quiz 1- Which word part means narrowing? A –megaly B. –malacia C. –stenosis D. -necrosis 2. Which combining form means blue? A. cyan/o B. erythr/o C. leuk/o D. melan/o 3- What medical condition is a group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart? A. Angina B. Coronary artery disease C. Valvular prolapse D. Ischemic heart disease 83