Growth and Development Across the Lifespan 3rd Edition Leifer Test Bank Chapter 1-16 Updated 2023 PDF

lOMoARcPSD|26218436 Chapter 1: Healthy People 2030 Leifer: Growth and Development Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The purpose of Healthy People 2030 is to:...

lOMoARcPSD|26218436 Chapter 1: Healthy People 2030 Leifer: Growth and Development Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The purpose of Healthy People 2030 is to: a. examine world health needs. b. evaluate accomplishments for years 2020–2030. c. focus primarily on infant health and mortality. d. examine funding issues for health care. ANS: B Healthy People 2030 is an evidence-based 10-year report card describing health-care accomplishments in the United States between the years of 2020 and 2030. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 1 OBJ: 1 TOP: Healthy People 2030 KEY: Nursing Process Step: Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 2. A health-care worker planning a research project related to teenage pregnancy in his community would include in the initial assessment the health status of the target population. Health status could be best evaluated by the examination of the: a. birth rate, disease morbidity, and life expectancy. b. birth rate, access to health care, and death rate. c. disease morbidity, life expectancy, and health insurance coverage. d. health insurance coverage, death rate, and access to health care. ANS: B Birth rate statistics identify age of mother; death rates include infant mortality and age of mother; access to health care may affect a teenager’s ability to obtain adequate prenatal care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 6 OBJ: 3 TOP: Health status KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 3. The health-care worker teaches a group of new parents about the “back to sleep” program, which is directed toward the reduction of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) by: a. positioning the baby on a small flat pillow. b. placing the baby on its back in the crib. c. gently rocking the baby before returning it to bed. d. tucking infant snuggly in the crib with a light blanket. ANS: B The back to sleep program helps reduce the incidence of SIDS by placing the infant on its back rather than on its stomach. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 8 OBJ: 5 TOP: Back to sleep program KEY: Nursing Process Step: Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 4. Healthy People 2030 endorses the completion of a high school education primarily to enable a person to: a. secure a better job. b. increase the quality of life. c. make healthy lifestyle choices. d. maintain the family unit. ANS: C One of the goals of Healthy People 2030 is to increase the number of persons graduating from high school so that they have a better education basis on which to make healthy lifestyle choices. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 10 OBJ: 4 TOP: Health indicators KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 5. Healthy People 2030 is published by the: a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. b. Department of the Interior. c. World Health Organization. d. Department of Health and Human Services. ANS: D Healthy People 2030 is published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 2 OBJ: 1 TOP: Healthy People 2030 KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 6. Infant mortality rates are based on infant deaths that occur: a. at birth, per 1000 deliveries. b. before one year of age, per 1000 live births. c. from infection and congenital disorders, per 1000 live births. d. from unexplained causes, per 1000 live births. ANS: B Infant mortality is reported on deaths occurring before the age of one year per 1000 live births. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 9 OBJ: 4 TOP: Infant mortality KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 7. Although the life expectancy has increased, Healthy People 2030 will focus on the older adult’s need for: a. better pharmacy insurance coverage. b. improved extended care facilities. c. increased compliance to medical protocols. d. maintenance of independent lifestyles. ANS: D The maintenance of independent lifestyles is an ongoing problem for the older adult. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 11 OBJ: 4 TOP: Older adults KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 8. Information about morbidity and mortality gives the health-care worker data to identify: a. lifespan statistics. b. high-risk age groups for certain diseases or hazards. c. effectiveness of treatment. d. cost-effective treatment for the general population. ANS: B Evaluating specific details of the determinants of health help health-care workers develop an understanding of the health status of the population. Morbidity and mortality statistics can identify risks for disease or health hazard by age group. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 6 OBJ: 3 TOP: Morbidity KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 9. A major cause of death for children under the age of 1 year is: a. congenital abnormalities. b. infection. c. cancer. d. injuries. ANS: A The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified congenital abnormalities as a leading cause of death for children under the age of 1 year. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 7, Box 1-1 OBJ: 1 TOP: Health status KEY: Nursing Process Step: Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 10. The health-care worker advises a young woman who is 7 weeks pregnant to include folic acid supplements in her diet in order to: a. strengthen muscles in preparation for effective labor. b. help control excessive weight gain during pregnancy. c. reduce incidence of congenital malformations. d. enhance the probability of carrying the pregnancy to full term. ANS: C One of the goals of Healthy People 2030 is to promote use of folic acid supplements early in pregnancy. Ideally, folic acid supplements, or adequate dietary folic acid, should be recommended early in the pregnancy to help prevent congenital malformations, especially spina bifida. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 10 OBJ: 4 TOP: Folic acid KEY: Nursing Process Step: Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 11. Guidelines for “baby-friendly” hospitals include: a. information about immunizations. b. active support of parent–baby bonding. c. control of peri-delivery infection. d. encouragement to breastfeed for the first year of life. ANS: D Baby-friendly hospitals encourage breastfeeding during the first year of life. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 10 OBJ: 4 TOP: Baby-friendly hospitals KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 12. The statistic widely used to compare the health status of different populations is: a. incidence of specific infections such as AIDS or smallpox. b. maternal mortality rate. c. infant mortality rate. d. health insurance coverage. ANS: C Infant mortality rates are used worldwide as an indicator of the health of a nation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 12 OBJ: 3 TOP: Healthy People progress KEY: Nursing Process Step: Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 13. A health-care worker who is planning a health education program for geriatric adults based on the goals of Healthy People 2030 would include: a. smoking cessation. b. drug and alcohol abuse. c. education about medications. d. fall prevention. ANS: D Reducing falls will reduce the incidence of hip fracture, which continues to be a problem, especially among elderly females. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 11 OBJ: 4 TOP: Health education KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 14. The role of the professional nurse has evolved to include: a. providing direct care to patients at the bedside. b. managing care to cure health problems once they have occurred. c. planning patient care to cover longer hospital stays. d. forming legislation for policies and practices related to health care. ANS: D Nurses are no longer simply providing bedside care. Their role now includes policymaking, global health education planning, working as change agents for traditional health-care systems, and so on. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 12 OBJ: 5 TOP: World health KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 15. Adults over the age of 65 can significantly reduce their health risk by: a. using herbal remedies. b. getting annual vaccines for influenza and pneumonia. c. engaging in a mild exercise regimen. d. eating three large, well-balanced meals a day. ANS: B Annual immunizations against pneumonia and influenza significantly reduce morbidity from these diseases. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 11 OBJ: 4 TOP: Issues and goals related to phases of the life cycle KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The new topic areas in the Healthy People guidelines established in 2017 for consideration for Healthy People 2030 include: (Select all that apply.) a. remove obstacles to health. b. address structural and systemic prejudice and discrimination.. c. develop policies and practices that promote health equity including preventative care. d. create healthy physical, social and economic environments. e. teen pregnancies. ANS: A, B, C, D The new topics initiated by the Healthy People 2030 guidelines in 2017 include removal of obstacles to health, addressing structural and systemic prejudice and discrimination, develop policies and practices that promote health equity including preventative care, create healthy physical, social and economic environments and give children and youth opportunities to allow attainment of highest level of health and well-being throughout their lifespan. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 2 OBJ: 1 TOP: New Healthy People topics KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 COMPLETION 1. Criteria used to measure health-related concepts are referred to as ________ ____________. ANS: Health indicators Health indicators are measurements of health-related concepts such as increased availability to health care and changing level of tobacco use. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 2 OBJ: 3 TOP: Health indicators KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 2. The life expectancy at birth in the United States is above ______ years. ANS: 80 eighty The life expectancy at birth in the United States is 80.3 years. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 7, Table 1-2 OBJ: 3 TOP: Life expectancy in the United States KEY: Nursing Process Step: Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 3. In addition to injuries, the leading causes of death in adolescents and young adults aged 15 through 24 years are ________ and __________. ANS: unintentional injuries, suicide homicide, suicide According to the Healthy People review, unintentional injuries and suicide are among the leading causes of death in this age-group. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 7, Box 1-1 OBJ: 4 TOP: Issues and goals related to phases of the life cycle (adolescent and young adult) KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 Chapter 2: Government Influences on Health Care Leifer: Growth and Development Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Changes in health-care delivery systems have been influenced primarily by: a. institution of various systems to provide cost-effective health care. b. governmental regulation of the cost of all health-care services. c. the need to meet the health-care needs of an aging population. d. development of medical technology that has reduced the incidence of illness. ANS: A Increasing health-care costs have led to initiation of health-care delivery systems to contain cost while providing care. Cost control addressing national health goals, entitlements, use of available sources, and identification of changing health-care needs is the basic goal of these systems. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 26 OBJ: 5 TOP: Health-care reform KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 2. The purpose of the state/national government program of Medicaid is to provide: a. immunizations for preschool children. b. prescription drugs at a lower cost. c. medical care on the basis of need or poverty. d. community clinics for women and children. ANS: C Medicaid is similar to a welfare program in which benefits are provided on the basis of need or poverty. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 22, Box 2-3 OBJ: 5 TOP: Medicaid KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 3. A student is preparing a report on the history of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program would acquire the most useful information from: a. Health, United States. b. the Department of Health and Human Services. c. the Federal Register. d. the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ANS: C Federal legislation related to health care is recorded and published in the Federal Register. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 23 OBJ: 1 TOP: Department of Health and Human Services KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 4. The Human Genome Project has the potential to reduce health-care costs by assisting health-care providers to: a. detect illnesses before they become chronic. b. prevent chromosomal related illnesses. c. identify the most effective drugs for specific diseases. d. design low cost complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) remedies. ANS: A The Human Genome Project gives health-care providers the potential to detect illnesses before they become chronic. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 26 OBJ: 5 TOP: Human Genome Project KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 5. The Tax Equity Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA) established the development of: a. diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). b. Medicaid access for the poor. c. aid to families with dependent children. d. maternal and child health services block grants. ANS: A TEFRA amended the Social Security Act to establish the development of DRGs in 1982. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 24, Box 2.1 OBJ: 2 TOP: Diagnosis-related groups KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 6. The scope of practice for nursing is stipulated by the: a. American Nurses Association. b. Board of Nurse Examiners. c. Nursing Licensure Pact. d. Nurse practice act. ANS: D Nurse practice acts of each state establish the scope of practice for nursing in that state. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 18 OBJ: 6 TOP: Nurse Practice Acts KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 7. The roles of the nurse have changed as a result of the national health-care focus on: a. illness prevention and health maintenance. b. increased accountability to professional codes and international standards of care. c. treatment of disease or disability. d. planning for nationalized health care. ANS: A Prevention and early intervention appear to be critical to reducing health-care costs and are at the heart of the object ives of Healthy People 2030. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 27 OBJ: 6 TOP: Illness prevention KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 8. An informed consent form requires that: a. the patient is informed of all adverse problems of a procedure. b. the nurse signs as a witness that the patient received the necessary information. c. the nurse questions the patient to confirm that all aspects of treatment are understood. d. the nurse documents that the consent has been signed. ANS: B The nurse is required to sign the informed consent form as witness that the patient received pertinent information. Extra documentation is not required. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 18 OBJ: 2 TOP: Informed consent KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 9. A diagnosis-related group (DRG) is: a. a standard used by health-care facilities to determine charges for health-care services. b. a medical condition classification system that determines what Medicare will pay for health-care services. c. the method that health-care agencies use to decide what health-care services are needed for patients. d. a system used by all insurance companies to determine what health-care services will be covered. ANS: B DRGs are a government-mandated program that radically changed the face of health care by establishing strict rules for reimbursement. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 23 OBJ: 2 TOP: Policy setting KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 10. Prospective payment systems for health-care services: a. reimburse only preapproved treatments. b. pay only health-care providers under contract with the system to provide the lowest-priced services. c. require that health care be provided by preapproved health professionals. d. provide payment based on flat predetermined rates regardless of actual cost. ANS: D Prospective payment systems are part of the efforts of managed care organizations to standardize and control costs of health care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 28 OBJ: 4 TOP: Delivery of health care KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 11. To conform to the national trend in health care, health-care agencies of the future may need to depend on: a. accountants to implement cost-saving measures. b. legislators to set limits on health-care funding. c. nurses to plan and implement self-care education programs. d. insurance companies to provide more coverage for high-technology procedures. ANS: C The focus of health care has changed from treatment to prevention. Health-care agencies may depend on self-care education to promote health and prevent disease as an effective cost-containment strategy. Nurses are ideally suited through education and experience to develop and implement these programs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 27 OBJ: 6 TOP: Self-care KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 12. Standards of practice are the foundations for: a. plans of care. b. insurance reimbursement. c. licensure. d. consumer protection laws. ANS: D Standards of practice, which have evolved over the years, have been used as the foundation of laws relative to consumer protection. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 18 OBJ: 2 TOP: Standards of care KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 13. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides for: a. health insurance for emergency treatment. b. confidentiality of medical information. c. payment for home health care. d. medical care for single mothers and their children. ANS: B HIPAA provides for portability of health insurance, confidentiality of medical information, and coverage for preexisting conditions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 24, Table 2.1 OBJ: 5 TOP: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 14. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 caused controversy because it mandated: a. limited treatment for specified illnesses. b. all recipients must have a picture identification card. c. strict confidentiality of all medical records and medical communications. d. health-care coverage for 32 million uninsured persons. ANS: D The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 mandated care to 32 million uninsured persons, which would be financed from Medicare payroll taxes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 25, Table 2.1 OBJ: 5 TOP: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 provided money for the development of: (Select all that apply.) a. treatment centers for drug dependency. b. skilled nursing facilities. c. nursing schools. d. home health agencies. e. day care centers. ANS: B, D The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 provided money for the development of various health-care projects such as nursing homes, skilled nursing facilities, and home health agencies. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 24 OBJ: 1 TOP: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 2. The Patient Bill of Rights ensures that all patients may: (Select all that apply.) a. select their health-care provider. b. be assured of having a private room. c. take part in treatment decisions. d. expect confidentiality. e. utilize channels for complaint. ANS: A, C, D, E The Consumer Patient Bill of Rights assures patients that they may select their provider, take part in treatment decisions, expect confidentiality, use resources for complaint and appeal, be free from discrimination, and have access to emergency services. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 18 OBJ: 2 TOP: Patient Bill of Rights KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 3. Political action committees (PACs) can influence legislation by: (Select all that apply.) a. providing lobbying. b. selecting candidates to run for office. c. creating an awareness of the need for new legislation. d. introducing legislation themselves. e. contributing money to legislators. ANS: A, C, E PACs can influence legislation by contributing money to legislators and by providing lobbying services to create an awareness of the need for legislation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 28 OBJ: 1 TOP: Political action committees (PACs) KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA COMPLETION 1. The nursing theorist that proposed a holistic view of health care in the 1960s was ___________ _____________. ANS: Martha Rogers In the 1960s, Martha Rogers proposed a theory of holistic health care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 27 OBJ: 6 TOP: Holistic health care KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 2. The plan of care is the tool that directs patient care for a health care delivered by a _______________ team. ANS: multidisciplinary The plan of care allows for the communication among the various team members to meet the individual patient’s health-care needs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 17 OBJ: 3 TOP: Plan of care KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 Chapter 3: Cultural Considerations Across the Lifespan and in Health and Illness Leifer: Growth and Development Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Cultural competence in health care is demonstrated by: a. sensitivity to cultural differences. b. discussing cultural differences. c. being able to differentiate between cultures. d. adapting care to meet cultural needs. ANS: D Cultural competence is the ability to adapt care so that it does not violate the culture of the patient. Being aware and sensitive to cultural differences is not the same thing as incorporating those skills into care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 32 OBJ: 1 TOP: Cultural competence KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 2. The home health-care worker is aware that the development of initiative may be delayed in a family that practices a(n) __________ parenting style. a. laissez-faire b. permissive c. authoritarian d. democratic ANS: C The authoritarian parenting style stresses obedience and conformity and may delay the development of initiative in the school-age child. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 35 OBJ: 4 TOP: Child rearing influence on development KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 3. When caring for an 8-hour postpartum patient who adheres to the cultural philosophy that pregnancy is a “cold” condition, the health-care worker will remember to: a. offer no fluids at all. b. thoroughly chill all food and drink. c. turn up the thermostat. d. restrict all spicy foods from the diet. ANS: C The belief in “hot” and “cold” physical conditions requires that the treatment modes offer the opposite in terms of intake. The “cold” pregnancy and postpartum period will require a warmer room and warm food and drink. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 34 OBJ: 3 TOP: Culture KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 4. The culturally competent health-care worker helping a family dress the recently deceased family member will be careful to first: a. avoid looking at the deceased. b. keep the deceased covered. c. assess for the families beliefs about death. d. arrange bowls of food near the body. ANS: C The culturally competent health care worker should first assess for the families beliefs about death and once aware follow through with their requests. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 37 OBJ: 3 TOP: Care of the deceased KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 5. The health-care worker is caring for a 3-month-old child hospitalized for dehydration. The family believes that the head is sacred. The health care worker would ask the parents’ permission prior to: a. exposing the child’s genitals. b. assessing the fontanel. c. hanging an IV medication. d. offering the child a milk-based formula. ANS: B Some cultures believe the head is sacred and should not be touched or patted unless required by medical protocol. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: pp. 37-38 OBJ: 3 TOP: A Culture and teaching KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 6. In planning the information sent to the diet kitchen for a patient that follows a vegetarian diet, the health-care worker would make a note to prohibit: a. the serving of milk and fruit together. b. all meat dishes. c. cheese in any form. d. tea or coffee. ANS: B People that follow a vegetarian avoid all meat in their diet. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 38 OBJ: 3 TOP: Culture and food KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 7. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) promotes: a. increased availability of interpreters in general hospitals. b. culturally competent health care. c. consistency in folk cures and alternative medical remedies. d. a culturally diverse health staff. ANS: B The AHRQ promotes cultural competence in health care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: pp. 39-40 OBJ: 7 TOP: AHRQ KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 8. The health-care worker assesses a new patient for the use of alternative therapies. Such remedies have become widely used because these protocols: a. are recognized as being superior to traditional remedies. b. require a large number of unusual prescription drugs. c. have become very popular as they focus on health promotion. d. must all be terminated when traditional medicine is used. ANS: C The desire to promote health and take control of one’s own body and health-care decisions has been at the root of the popularity of CAM remedies. CAM can be used alone or in conjunction with traditional medicine. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: pp. 38-39 OBJ: 6 TOP: CAM KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: prevention and early detection of disease 9. The young, female health-care worker who is giving admission information to an elderly man. The man looks at the floor while getting information. The culturally competent nurse suspects the patient may avoid eye contact because he: a. does not value women. b. believes eye contact is disrespectful. c. resists instruction from a younger person. d. prefers to be instructed by a man. ANS: B Some cultures feel eye contact is disrespectful and will look at the floor rather than eye-to-eye. This cultural trait is frequently mistaken for a lack of attention. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 34 OBJ: 5 TOP: Culturally sensitive instruction KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 10. The assumption that all people of one culture behave the same way and believe the same thing is called: a. Ethnocentrism b. Cultural Sensitivity c. Acculturation d. Cultural Stereotyping ANS: D The assumption that all people of one culture behave the same way and believe the same thing is called cultural stereotyping which can be offensive and become a barrier to providing competent care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 32 OBJ: 1 TOP: Culturally sensitive instruction KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 11. The Self Determination Act of 1991granted patients in the United States the: a. legal right of full disclosure of medical information b. ability to refuse medical treatment c. access to payment for care d. interpreter services for those with a language barrier ANS: A The Self Determination Act of 1991granted patients in the United States the legal right of full disclosure of medical information to allow individuals to participate in their own care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: pp. 39-40 OBJ: 7 TOP: Culture and government KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Culture affects broad areas of: (Select all that apply.) a. food preferences. b. socioeconomic status. c. parenting styles. d. health treatment. e. discipline measures. ANS: A, C, D, E Culture influences food, parenting, discipline techniques, and health measures. Socioeconomic status does not affect basic culture. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 32 OBJ: 1 TOP: Culture KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: psychosocial adaptation 2. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities include: (Select all that apply.) a. acupuncture. b. energy healing. c. intravenous therapies. d. physical therapy. e. guided imagery. ANS: A, B, E CAM therapies include acupuncture, acupressure, energy healing, guided imagery, aromatherapy, massage, biofeedback, and others. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 39 OBJ: 6 TOP: CAM modalities KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: psychosocial adaptation COMPLETION 1. Deep feelings a person has about what is morally right are __________. ANS: values Values are deep feelings a person holds about what is morally right or wrong, good or bad. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 33 OBJ: 2 TOP: Values KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: psychosocial adaptation 2. ________ are cultural teachings of practices and values that are handed down for generations and determine how one behaves and responds to daily life and health-care practices. ANS: Beliefs Beliefs are cultural teachings of practices and values that are handed down for generations and determine how one behaves and responds to daily life and health-care practices DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 33 OBJ: 2 TOP: Stereotyping KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 3. Typically in the United States, the comfortable personal space is from 1.5 feet to ____ feet. ANS: 4 four The size of the personal space changes from culture to culture. In the United States, the comfortable personal space is from 1.5 feet to 4 feet. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: pp. 32-33 OBJ: 1 TOP: Personal space KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: psychosocial adaptation Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 Chapter 4: The Influence of Family on Developing a Lifestyle Leifer: Growth and Development Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The family can be defined as: a. the coexistence of two or more humans. b. a basic human social system. c. a hierarchal partnership. d. a group of persons who are related by blood. ANS: B The family has been defined as a basic human social system that involves commitment and interaction among its members. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 44 OBJ: 3 TOP: Family KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 2. The health-care worker assesses ethnocentrism in a patient when the patient says: a. “There is no culture that can claim superiority to any other.” b. “A person’s culture is central to his adjustment to reality.” c. “All cultures have something to teach us.” d. “White Anglo-Saxons will always set the civilization standard.” ANS: D Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is the standard of behavior and is superior to other cultures. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 57 OBJ: 8 TOP: Ethnocentrism KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: psychosocial adaptation 3. A Spanish-speaking 6-year-old who has started first grade in an English-speaking school spends most of her time alone and seems helpless and unable to function in this new environment. This situation as an indication of: a. inadequate preparation for attending school. b. school phobia. c. culture shock. d. discrimination. ANS: C Culture shock occurs when persons who are exposed to a sudden, drastic change of cultural environment are unable to cope with the new situation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 57 OBJ: 8 TOP: Culture shock KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 4. The family systems theory proposes that: a. family functions are interconnected, so what happens to one family member affects the entire family. b. family is viewed as the sum of its individual members. c. change in one family member cannot create a change in other family members. d. individual family members are readily identifiable as the source of a problem. ANS: A Family systems theory is based on family interconnectedness, with the understanding that what happens to one family member affects the entire family. Everything is viewed in the context of family interactions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 50 OBJ: 3 TOP: Family systems theory KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: NA 5. An example of a blended family is one made up of: a. three unmarried couples and six minor children. b. a paternal grandmother, parents, three minor children. c. a husband, wife, one biological child, one adopted child. d. a mother, her children, stepfather. ANS: D An example of a blended family is a mother or father, stepparent, children. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 46, Table 4-1 OBJ: 1 TOP: Family structures KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 6. When an Asian dinner guest startles his Western host by belching loudly to show appreciation of the meal, this behavior is an example of: a. cultural assimilation. b. cultural sensitivity. c. culture shock. d. cultural relativism. ANS: D Cultural relativism is the concept that what is normal in one culture may not be considered normal in another culture. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 57 OBJ: 1 TOP: Cultural relativism KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 7. The health-care worker would advise parents who are in the process of divorce to support their adolescent children by: a. delegating more home responsibility to them. b. discouraging discussion with a neutral party. c. encouraging pursuit of own interests. d. using adolescent as a confidant. ANS: C Adolescents need to be encouraged to pursue their own interests and not be burdened with extra home responsibility. Discussion with a neutral party is helpful to the adolescent. Parents should avoid using the adolescent as a confidant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: pp. 47-48 OBJ: 4 TOP: Divorce KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 8. A mother with a 6-month-old infant says, “I want to go back to work, but I don’t want there to be a problem since I’ll have less time to spend with the baby.” The best response should be: a. “I’m sure the baby will be fine if you get a good babysitter.” b. “Let’s talk about child-care options that will be best for the baby.” c. “You should stay home until the baby starts school.” d. “You should go back to work so the baby will get used to being with others.” ANS: B Adequate child-care arrangements should be established prior to employment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 50 OBJ: 5 TOP: Child-care services KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 9. The home health-care worker assesses cultural assimilation when: a. a Native American child living in Florida learns to cook traditional dishes. b. a Muslim man living in Illinois performs ritual prayers daily at his workplace. c. an Asian woman living in Texas wears blue jeans and boots. d. a young Hindu woman living in Arkansas agrees to marry a man chosen by her father. ANS: C Cultural assimilation occurs when a person of one culture adopts the practices of another. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 57 OBJ: 8 TOP: Cultural assimilation KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 10. Because age differences between siblings may affect family dynamics, there is more affection and less rivalry and hostility between siblings whose ages differ by: a. 5 or more years. b. 4 years. c. 3 years. d. 2 or fewer years. ANS: A Children older than 4 years of age may feel protective of the newborn and feel less competition for parental affection and approval. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 47 OBJ: 5 TOP: Spacing of siblings KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 11. The laissez-faire parenting style: a. allows children to regulate their own activity; sees parenting role as resource rather than role model. b. establishes rules, regulations, and standards of conduct for children that are to be followed without question. c. respects each child’s individuality; directs child’s behavior by emphasizing the reasons for the rules. d. employs only one-way communication with the children. ANS: A The laissez-faire style offers complete freedom for all members, with no rules, minimal discipline (if any), and no effort at impulse control. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 56 OBJ: 6 TOP: Childrearing styles KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 12. The health-care worker designing culturally competent care will employ interventions that: a. go beyond the awareness of similarities and differences to implementing care that is sensitive. b. recognize awareness of cultural similarities and differences. c. will judge behavior first in relation to the context of the culture in which it occurs. d. teach health beliefs of the dominant culture. ANS: A Culturally competent care shows respect and acceptance of another culture and does not violate the culture of the patient. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 57 OBJ: 8 TOP: Cultural competence KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 13. Studies suggest that viewing violent television programs or playing violent video games may cause: a. visual disorders in preschool-age children. b. sleep disorders in school-age children. c. mental fatigue and irritability. d. release of dopamine, which affects attention and learning. ANS: D Violent TV and video games may cause the release of dopamine, which has a negative effect on attention and learning. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 58 OBJ: 10 TOP: Electronic media KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 14. In the launching stage of the growth and development of a family unit, the focus of the family will be on: a. maintaining a stable home base as children mature. b. establishing financial independence. c. negotiating tasks related to childrearing and household maintenance. d. maintaining own and/or couple functioning and interests in the face of physiologic decline. ANS: A As children begin to mature, they need a stable home base as they begin to form an adult relationship with their parents. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 55, Table 4.5 OBJ: 2 TOP: Developmental tasks of the family life cycle KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 15. Parents tell the school nurse that their second-grade child watches television about 4 hours a day. When discussing this issue with the parents, the nurse would best advise the parent that: a. if the programs are educational, the length of time spent watching television is not important. b. if the child is doing well in school, the length of time spent watching television is not important. c. parents need to supervise the amount and type of television programs their children watch. d. most children watch this much or more television without negative effects. ANS: C The best television viewing is family viewing, with parents selecting the programs and sharing thoughts with the child about what they are watching. Parents can point out the purpose of the program (entertainment, education), distinguish between what is real and unreal, correlate consequences with actions, and so on. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 58 OBJ: 11 TOP: Electronic media and technology KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 16. The culturally competent health-care worker is aware that when caring for members of a culturally diverse population, care must focus on: a. overcoming their own cultural barriers to avoid stereotyping. b. the tendency to develop ethnocentricity. c. unconsciously imposing one’s own culture on others. d. confusing the values and beliefs of one culture with another. ANS: A Knowledge of cultural beliefs and behaviors can be used to determine the degree to which a family or person shares commonalities with a particular culture, but care must be taken not to assume that all members of a specific culture are alike and share the same values and beliefs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 57 OBJ: 8 TOP: Cultural competence KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 17. A distressed mother of a 2-year-old is at her “wit’s end” with the toddler’s desire to do activities that may be dangerous. The health-care worker counsels the parent that to assist the child with the development of autonomy, the parent should: a. be vigilant and protective and remind the child to be careful. b. discourage the child’s independence at this early age. c. direct the child in quiet pursuits with close supervision. d. allow independent activity in a safe environment. ANS: D The task of developing autonomy should be encouraged and allowed in a safe environment. For instance, let the child climb on the slide, but be available without constant caution to “be careful.” DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 54, Table 4-4 OBJ: 7 TOP: Supporting autonomy KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 18. A child who has a brother or a sister in the family unit will have the support to develop: a. a sense of autonomy. b. a sense of self. c. concepts of social interaction. d. a greater attention span. ANS: C The presence of a sibling provides support and gives early experience with the development of social interaction. Siblings do not necessarily improve sense of self, attention span, or autonomy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 47 OBJ: 5 TOP: Siblings KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 19. Using family development theory of Duvall as a basis, the health-care worker counsels a couple expecting their first baby that in addition to integrating the child into the family unit, the couple should examine: a. reestablishing their relationship with their best friends. b. how they will help each other with household chores. c. finding reliable child care. d. developing hobbies for both the parents. ANS: B Families with new infants must integrate the newborn into the family unit and expand roles and responsibilities as they remold their family unit. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: pp. 52-53, Table 4-5 OBJ: 2 TOP: Developmental tasks of the family life cycle KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 20. The Family Apgar scoring system to assess family function was created by: a. Erik Erikson. b. Robert Havighurst. c. Gabriel Smilkstein. d. Betty Neuman. ANS: C Gabriel Smilkstein created the Family Apgar scoring system in 1978 to help assess a family’s ability to adapt and resolve issues. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 51 OBJ: 2 TOP: Family apgar KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 21. Altered sleep patterns, disorganized eating patterns, and social isolation in a 13-year-old who is very involved in social networking could be symptoms of: a. regression. b. Facebook depression. c. anorexia nervosa. d. loss of autonomy. ANS: B Facebook depression occurs in young persons who spend inordinate amounts of time involved with social media and, as a result, exhibit typical signs of depression. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 60 OBJ: 10 TOP: Facebook depression KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 22. The Children’s Television Act of 1990 mandated that television networks: a. provide at least 2 hours of educational programs each afternoon. b. depict multiethnic characters in programs designed for young children. c. censor the content of programs being aired during prime time. d. avoid any religious references in their programming. ANS: C The Children’s Television Act of 1990 mandated that the content of programs shown during prime time be appropriate for young viewers. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 58 OBJ: 10 TOP: Children’s Television Act of 1991 KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 23. Robert Havighurst designed a developmental theory for the learning of developmental tasks for persons of: a. preschool age. b. school age. c. adolescent age. d. late adulthood age. ANS: D Robert Havighurst described a sequence for learning developmental tasks for the period of late adulthood. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 51 OBJ: 7 TOP: Developmental theories KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 24. While talking with the upset and tearful family of a patient newly diagnosed with a chronic illness, the health-care worker asks, “When something is bothering you, what do you do?” This should be interpreted as: a. part of assessing the family’s coping skills. b. inappropriate, because the family is so upset. c. a way to stop the family from crying. d. comparing this crisis to similar situations with which the family has dealt. ANS: A The health-care worker needs to identify family strengths and coping skills so a comprehensive plan of care can be developed and implemented by the health-care team. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 49 OBJ: 5 TOP: Chronic illness KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation 25. The health-care worker is alert for signs of _________________ after the entire family was involved in a flood that swept their house away. a. social isolation b. posttraumatic stress c. aggressive behavior d. regression ANS: B Families who have been involved in a disaster can suffer from posttraumatic stress syndrome. Their reaction should not be minimized, but carefully assessed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: pp. 60-61 OBJ: 11 TOP: Effects of disaster KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 26. After the death of a child, what might the parents exhibit toward the surviving children? a. Increased anxiety b. Insistence on greater self-reliance c. Overprotectiveness d. Indifference ANS: C Family members may exhibit overprotectiveness toward the surviving children, depriving them of normal interaction with their peers. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 42 OBJ: 5 TOP: Death of a sibling KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 27. The health-care worker points out to the family of a hospitalized child evidence that the facility supports family-centered health care by such practices as: a. presenting the family with the completed plan of care. b. nursing staff performing all care of the child. c. rigid times for meal service. d. expanded or totally open visiting hours. ANS: D Expanded or totally open visiting hours allow time for a family to be with their child. Designing the plan of care without family input does not support family-centered health care, nor does assuming every aspect of care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 63 OBJ: 8 TOP: Family-centered health care KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 28. A positive outcome of video games is: a. improved hand-eye coordination. b. gain of visual acuity. c. improved school performance. d. enhanced cardiovascular health. ANS: A There are many positive outcomes of media use by children Video games can help increase hand-eye coordination. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 59 OBJ: 10 TOP: Positive affects of video KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 29. The parents of two children, ages 7 and 2, are concerned about the language development of their 2-year-old. They tell the health-care worker that their older child began talking in two- or three-word phrases by age 2, but their younger child is still using mostly one-word sentences. The best response by the health-care worker is: a. “Your child should be evaluated as soon as possible for a language disorder.” b. “First-born children generally have a larger vocabulary and better conversational skills at an earlier age.” c. “Your child will not begin to develop better language skills until she enters preschool.” d. “Make arrangements for your child to attend a day care center to improve language skills.” ANS: B Older siblings may help younger children grasp language skills, but first-born children may have longer, more intense verbal interaction with parents, resulting in a wider vocabulary and better conversational skills at an earlier age. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 47 OBJ: 5 TOP: Effect of family on growth and development of the child KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The changes that have occurred to the traditional nuclear family over the past 40 years include: (Select all that apply.) a. decreased daily availability of both parents. b. dual-career parents. c. larger families with young children. d. increase in number of single-parent families. e. expectation that children be more independent. ANS: A, B, D, E More families are dual-career families or single-parent families, which requires the child to be more independent at an earlier age. There is often decreased daily time with the parents due to demands of the workplace. Families are smaller with fewer young children. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 44 OBJ: 5 TOP: Changes in family life KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 2. To make an effective cultural assessment of a family that is dealing with a child with a terminal illness, the health-care worker must consider: (Select all that apply.) a. socioeconomic status. b. availability of other family members. c. religious practices. d. health beliefs. e. significance of the disease. ANS: A, C, D, E The cultural assessment should include values, socioeconomic status, religious practices, and health beliefs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 57 OBJ: 8 TOP: Cultural assessment KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development COMPLETION 1. The health-care worker uses as a basis for interventions for children the developmental theory of the theorist ________ ____________ that is based on the mastery of developmental tasks at specific ages. ANS: Erik Erikson Erik Erikson developed the growth and development theory in which particular life skills are mastered at a particular age. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 53, Table 4-4 OBJ: 7 TOP: Developmental theory: Erikson KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 2. Families who have poor communication among members, who tend to be isolated from the community, and who have inconsistent rules are labeled as _______________. ANS: dysfunctional Dysfunctional family styles often result in antisocial behaviors of family members, where behavior of individuals may violate the rights of others. Even families labeled as dysfunctional have certain strengths, so the role of health-care providers are to refer the family to appropriate community resources to help family members regain self-esteem and break the cycle of dysfunction in future generations. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: pp. 56-57 OBJ: 10 TOP: Childrearing styles KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: coping and adaptation Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 Chapter 5: Theories of Development Leifer: Growth and Development Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The theorist who proposed a psychosocial theory that human development occurs as a result of interactions among the environment, culture, and the individual was: a. Erik Erikson. b. Daniel Levinson. c. Carl Jung. d. Robert Keegan. ANS: B Daniel Levinson proposed that a person’s interactions with the environment and culture form the “fabric of life.” DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 72 OBJ: 3 TOP: Daniel Levinson KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 2. The characteristic common to all developmental models is that: a. chronological age is the most important factor. b. development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan. c. development depends on physical growth. d. developmental progress continues regardless of environment. ANS: B The study of growth and development begins with conception and continues throughout the lifespan. Developmental theories are designed to explain the occurrence of specific behaviors and to suggest relationships of behavior to other developing skills. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 67 OBJ: 7 TOP: Developmental theories KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 3. When the health-care worker praises a child for eating all of the meal and expresses disappointment when the child does not eat, the health-care worker is following the behavioral theory of: a. Skinner. b. Erikson. c. Freud. d. Havighurst. ANS: A Skinner attributed learning to operant conditioning, which involves the use of rewards or punishment for certain behaviors. Reinforcing positive behavior with a reward will eventually lead to regular practice of that behavior. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 69 OBJ: 2 TOP: Selected theories of development (Skinner) KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 4. The function of Freud’s defense mechanism is to: a. foster learning, growth, and adaptation. b. inflate the self-image. c. resolve interpersonal conflicts. d. relieve anxiety. ANS: D Freud described defense mechanisms that protect the ego by hiding unpleasant feelings or memories from a person’s awareness and serve as a defense against anxiety. Defense mechanisms may provide time for the person to develop or mobilize coping strategies to deal with the situation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 69 OBJ: 1 TOP: Defense mechanism KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 5. A school-age child who is helping his father wash the car is told by his father that he is leaving “streaks all over the windows.” The child feels his father thinks he’s stupid for not being able to wash windows correctly. This incorporation of “being stupid” into the child’s self-concept illustrates an example of: a. moral reasoning (Kohlberg). b. information processing (Piaget). c. looking-glass self (Cooley and Mead). d. imitation of behavior (Bandura and Mischel). ANS: C Cooley and Mead’s theory of development of self-image includes a combination of imagining how we portray ourselves to others and imagining how others evaluate us to form a self concept. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 78 OBJ: 2 TOP: Looking-glass self KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 6. A 73-year-old man scheduled for surgery tells the health-care worker that if things do not go well during surgery, he has lived a full life and has no regrets. The health-care worker recognizes that this statement is consistent with: a. the changes and redirected goals characteristic of Levinson’s theory of late adulthood. b. achievement of the developmental task of integrity described by Erikson. c. the wisdom and judgment that maintains self-esteem in Peck’s theory of development. d. unsuccessful achievement of earlier developmental tasks described by Havighurst. ANS: B A sense of a life well lived and an acceptance of death are characteristic of Erikson’s task of ego-integrity. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 71, Table 5-2 OBJ: 3 TOP: Ego-integrity KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 7. When the driver who is stopped for speeding tells the officer that he was rushing to an important appointment, this is an example of the defense mechanism of: a. identification. b. rationalization. c. sublimation. d. repression. ANS: B Developing a plausible excuse to explain problematic behavior is considered rationalization. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 70, Box 5-1 OBJ: 7 TOP: Defense mechanism KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 8. To promote a sense of industry in a hospitalized school-age child, the health-care worker should: a. encourage the child to read a book. b. ask the parents of the child to bring a favorite toy from home. c. encourage the child to telephone friends and family members. d. ask the child to help pick up all the stuffed toys in the playroom. ANS: D Erikson’s stage of industry in the school-age child involves developing a sense of achievement. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 71, Table 5-2 OBJ: 7 TOP: Erikson’s stages KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 9. According to the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg, the health-care worker can anticipate that the moral development of a 2-year-old will follow the preconventional pattern by: a. obeying rules to avoid punishment. b. conforming to rules to gain reward. c. following rules to be thought of as “good.” d. desiring to do the “right” thing. ANS: A The preconventional pattern of behavior would lead the toddler to obey rules to avoid punishment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 77, Table 5-7 OBJ: 7 TOP: Moral development KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 10. The behavior most characteristic of the concrete operations stage of cognitive development is: a. progression from reflex activity to imitative behavior. b. inability to put oneself in another’s place. c. thought processes become increasingly logical and coherent. d. ability to think in abstract terms and draw logical conclusions. ANS: C According to Piaget, during the concrete operations stage of development, there is understanding of more than one piece of information at a time. There is a realistic understanding of the world, and thought processes become more logical. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 73, Table 5-4 OBJ: 5 TOP: Concrete operations KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 11. Behavior modification is basically designed to: a. probe the unconscious motives of behavior. b. alter current behavior patterns. c. produce basic changes in personality. d. relieve conflicts in behavior. ANS: B Behavior modification is based on Skinner’s operant conditioning method of learning. Reinforcing positive behavior with a reward will eventually lead to regular practice of that behavior. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 77 OBJ: 2 TOP: Behavior modification KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 12. According to the language/culture developmental theory of Lev Vygotsky, preschool-age children guide their own behavior by the use of: a. avoidance of punishment. b. imitating older children. c. relying on their autonomy. d. inner language. ANS: D The theory of Vygotsky proposes that children as young as 4 years old can guide their own behavior by heeding an inner language. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 74, Table 5-5 OBJ: 2 TOP: Inner language KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 13. A woman whose husband retired 6 months ago says that he is “driving me crazy” and is “underfoot all the time.” These complaints indicate that the wife is in the retirement developmental stage of: a. honeymoon. b. terminal. c. disenchantment. d. freedom. ANS: C Robert Atchley described the disenchantment stage of retirement as a time when new priorities are developed as a result of boredom. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 79, Table 5-8 OBJ: 9 TOP: Disenchantment stage KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 14. The best advice to parents who want to encourage autonomy in their toddler would be to: a. provide opportunities for the toddler to play with other children. b. help the toddler learn right from wrong. c. help the toddler to complete tasks. d. encourage the toddler to do things for himself. ANS: D This is the “me do” stage of development. Encouraging independence in the toddler will foster a sense of confidence, autonomy, and well-being. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 71, Table 5-2 OBJ: 3 TOP: Supporting autonomy KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 15. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states that basic physiological needs must be met before the individual can reach full potential. An example of a physiological need being met is: a. the need to be well thought of by oneself as well as by others. b. obtaining prenatal care early in pregnancy. c. drinking eight glasses of water a day and following a well-balanced diet. d. building an extra room for an elder onto a small house. ANS: C Examples of Maslow’s basic physiological needs are air, water, food, elimination, and rest. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 75 OBJ: 8 TOP: Theories of development KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 16. According to Kohlberg, children develop moral reasoning as they mature. Which action is most characteristic of a school-age child’s stage of moral development? a. Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment. b. Rules are followed to gain recognition. c. Behavior that pleases others is considered good. d. Showing respect for authority is important behavior. ANS: B During the school childhood stage of development, the child seeks to conform to rules to gain recognition. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 77, Table 5-7 OBJ: 2 TOP: School-age moral development (Kohlberg) KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 17. When the father of a 12-year-old says, “I must find some way to get my son to become serious about school. He just seems to want to play all the time.” The parent is in the __________ stage of parenting behaviors described by Erik Erikson. a. parental image b. authority c. integrative d. independent ANS: C The need a parent feels to motivate the child who is experiencing early independence is part of Erik Erikson’s stages of parenting, Stage 3: Integrative. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 72, Table 5-3 OBJ: 9 TOP: Integrative stage of parenting KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 18. A 10-year-old child has demonstrated exceptional spelling ability in several school and community contests and is recognized in his school by teachers and peers for his ability. He believes he can win the state championship. This situation is representative of the concept of: a. latency; achievement of skills (Freud). b. mastery of environment; match between ideal and actual self (Rogers). c. initiative; following rules (Erikson). d. academic recognition; value of the less aggressive child (Bronfenbrenner). ANS: B Rogers believed that mastery of environment helped form the self concept and that a person has an idea of the type of person he or she would like to be. If the ideal self shares much in common with the actual self, that person will achieve full potential. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 76 OBJ: 4 TOP: Mastery (Rogers) KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Psychodynamic developmental theories focus on resolution or development of: (Select all that apply.) a. thinking/reasoning skills. b. love/attachment. c. personality traits. d. cultural adjustment. e. psychological challenges. ANS: C, E Psychodynamic theories focus on the development of personality traits and the resolution of psychological challenges. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 67 OBJ: 3 TOP: Psychodynamic theories KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 2. What are major characteristic(s) of a self-actualized person? (Select all that apply.) a. Understands reality b. Makes judgments based on evidence c. Is reliant on significant others d. Is creative e. Has values that are constantly changing ANS: A, B, D The self-actualized person understands reality, uses evidence for judgments, is self-reliant and creative, and has a sound set of values. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 75 OBJ: 9 TOP: Self actualization KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 COMPLETION 1. The school nurse recognizes the defense mechanism of _____________ when the 7-year-old first grader throws his crayons on the floor after he has been reprimanded by the teacher for boisterous behavior. ANS: displacement Displacement is the defense mechanism in which an individual expresses feelings (usually anger) he has about one person again another person or object. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 70, Box 5-1 OBJ: 7 TOP: Defense mechanism: Displacement KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development 2. According to Piaget, children typically solve problems by trial and error during the ____________ stage of development. ANS: sensorimotor Piaget’s theory involves sensory and motor interactions with the environment, leading to information processing. This information processing is believed to be the basis of problem-solving and critical thinking skills. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 73, Table 5-4 OBJ: 5 TOP: Cognitive theories KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development Copyright © 2022, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Downloaded by kaka max ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|26218436 Chapter 6: Prenatal Influences on Healthy Development Leifer: Growth and Development Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The Human Genome Project is credited with the development of significant research on the subject of: a. analysis of chemicals that make up RNA. b. prevention of birth defects. c. ethical use of stem cells. d. gene mapping. ANS: D The Human Genome Project was involved in gene mapping, which determined the make-up of all human genes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 84 OBJ: 1 TOP: The Genome Project KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: NA 2. The ELSI program has been developed for the purpose of: a. promoting fund raising for the study of gene therapy. b. publishing up-to-date information on the progress of gene therapy. c. evaluating the ethical, legal, and social implications of gene therapy. d. educating the general public about the benefits of gene therapy. ANS: C The ELSI program’s purpose is to evaluate the ethical, legal, and social implications of gene therapy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 87 OBJ: 1 TOP: ELSI program KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA MSC: NCLEX: NA 3. The newlywed couple most appropriately referred to genetic counseling would be the: a. couple who feel they must have a male child. b. couple who both have family histori